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108 222.1 R 3.458(ea)-.88 G(ssume)-3.458 E F2(POSTGRES)3.458 E F1 .708
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(installed. \(Refer to the installation notes for ho)108 235.3 Q 2.75
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.637(Some of the steps listed in this section will apply to all)108
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.827(If you did not fully understand the)6.327 F .056
(last paragraph on modifying your search path, you should consult the)
108 391.6 R F1(UNIX)2.806 E F0 .056(manual pages)2.806 F
(that describe your shell before going an)108 404.8 Q 2.75(yf)-.165 G
(urther)-2.75 E(.)-.605 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.2. Admin:)72 431 R
(Starting the P)3 E(ostmaster)-.24 E F0 1.227(It should be clear from t\
he preceding discussion that nothing can happen to a database)108 448.1
R .602(unless the)108 461.3 R F2(postmaster)3.352 E F0 .602
(process is running.)3.352 F .602(As the site administrator)6.102 F
3.351(,t)-.44 G .601(here are a num-)-3.351 F 1.686
(ber of things you should remember before starting the)108 474.5 R F2
(postmaster)4.436 E F0 7.186(.T)C 1.686(hese are dis-)-7.186 F 2.24
(cussed in the section of this manual titled, \231)108 487.7 R
(Administering)-.88 E F1(POSTGRES)4.989 E F0 6.529 -.77(.\232 H)D -.275
(ow).77 G -2.365 -.275(ev e).275 H 3.119 -.44(r, i).275 H(f).44 E F1
(POSTGRES)108 500.9 Q F0 .106(has been installed by follo)2.856 F .107
(wing the installation instructions e)-.275 F .107(xactly as written,)
-.165 F(the follo)108 514.1 Q
(wing simple command is all you should need to start the)-.275 E F2
(postmaster)2.75 E F0(:)A F4 6(%p)148 539.3 S(ostmaster &)-6 E F0(The)
108 569.4 Q F2(postmaster)3.005 E F0 .255
(occasionally prints out messages which are often helpful during trou-)
3.005 F 3.201(bleshooting. If)108 582.6 R .451(you wish to vie)3.201 F
3.201(wd)-.275 G(eb)-3.201 E .451(ugging messages from the postmaster)
-.22 F 3.201(,y)-.44 G .451(ou can start)-3.201 F
(it with the -d option and redirect the output to the log \214le:)108
595.8 Q F4 6(%p)148 621 S(ostmaster -d >& pm.log &)-6 E F0
(If you do not wish to see these messages, you can type)108 647.2 Q F4 6
(%p)148 672.4 S(ostmaster -S)-6 E F0 .921(and the)108 698.6 R F2
(postmaster)3.671 E F0 .921(will be \231S\232ilent.)3.671 F .921
(Notice that there is no ampersand \(\231&\232\) at the)6.421 F
(end of the last e)108 711.8 Q(xample.)-.165 E/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(8)
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.3. Admin:)72 97.2 R
(Adding and Deleting Users)3 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 114.3 Q/F2
11/Courier@0 SF(createuser)7.893 E F1 5.144
(command enables speci\214c users to access)7.894 F/F3 10/Times-Roman@0
SF(POSTGRES)7.894 E F1 10.644(.T)C(he)-10.644 E F2(destroyuser)108 127.5
Q F1 .524(command remo)3.274 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.274(su).165 G .524
(sers and pre)-3.274 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .524(nts them from accessing)
.165 F F3(POSTGRES)3.273 E F1(.)A 1.744
(Note that these commands only af)108 140.7 R 1.744
(fect users with respect to)-.275 F F3(POSTGRES)4.495 E F1 4.495(;t)C
(he)-4.495 E 4.495(yh)-.165 G -2.475 -.22(av e)-4.495 H(no)4.715 E(ef)
108 153.9 Q
(fect administration of users that the operating system manages.)-.275 E
F0 3(3.4. User:)72 180.1 R(Starting A)3 E(pplications)-.3 E F1 .087
(Assuming that your site administrator has properly started the)108
197.2 R F2(postmaster)2.837 E F1 .087(process and)2.837 F .186
(authorized you to use the database, you \(as a user\) may be)108 210.4
R .187(gin to start up applications.)-.165 F(As)5.687 E(pre)108 223.6 Q
.303(viously mentioned, you should add)-.275 F F2
(/usr/local/postgres95/bin)3.052 E F1 .302(to your shell)3.052 F
(search path.)108 239 Q(In most cases, this is all you should ha)5.5 E
.33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(od).165 G 2.75(oi)-2.75 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G
(erms of preparation.)-2.75 E/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)-4.4 I F1 1.245
(If you get the follo)108 256.1 R 1.245(wing error message from a)-.275
F F3(POSTGRES)3.995 E F1 1.245(command \(such as)3.995 F F2(psql)3.995 E
F1(or)3.996 E F2(createdb)108 269.3 Q F1(\):)A/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(conne\
ctDB\(\) failed: Is the postmaster running at 'localhost' on port '4322\
'?)148 294.5 Q F1 1.103(it is usually because \(1\) the)108 320.7 R F2
(postmaster)3.852 E F1 1.102
(is not running, or \(2\) you are attempting to)3.852 F
(connect to the wrong serv)108 333.9 Q(er host.)-.165 E
(If you get the follo)108 351 Q(wing error message:)-.275 E F5
(FATAL 1:Feb 17 23:19:55:process userid \(2360\) !=)148 376.2 Q
(database owner \(268\))160 388.4 Q F1 .188
(it means that the site administrator started the)108 414.6 R F2
(postmaster)2.938 E F1 .188(as the wrong user)2.938 F 5.688(.T)-.605 G
.188(ell him)-6.458 F(to restart it as the)108 427.8 Q F3(POSTGRES)2.75
E F1(superuser)2.75 E(.)-.605 E F0 3(3.5. User:)72 454 R
(Managing a Database)3 E F1(No)108 471.1 Q 2.859(wt)-.275 G(hat)-2.859 E
F3(POSTGRES)2.859 E F1 .109
(is up and running we can create some databases to e)2.859 F .108
(xperiment with.)-.165 F
(Here, we describe the basic commands for managing a database.)108 484.3
Q F0 3(3.5.1. Cr)72 510.5 R(eating a Database)-.216 E F1(Let')108 527.6
Q 2.96(ss)-.605 G .21(ay you w)-2.96 F .21
(ant to create a database named)-.11 F F2(mydb)2.96 E F1 5.71(.Y)C .211
(ou can do this with the follo)-6.92 F(wing)-.275 E(command:)108 540.8 Q
F5 6(%c)148 566 S(reatedb mydb)-6 E F3(POSTGRES)108 592.2 Q F1(allo)2.8
E .05(ws you to create an)-.275 F 2.8(yn)-.165 G .05
(umber of databases at a gi)-2.8 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.799(ns).165 G .049
(ite and you automat-)-2.799 F 2.104(ically become the)108 605.4 R/F6 11
/Times-Italic@0 SF 2.104(database administr)4.854 F(ator)-.165 E F1
2.104(of the database you just created.)4.854 F(Database)7.604 E
(names must ha)108 618.6 Q .33 -.165(ve a)-.22 H 2.75(na).165 G(lphabet\
ic \214rst character and are limited to 16 characters in length.)-2.75 E
.32 LW 76 638.6 72 638.6 DL 80 638.6 76 638.6 DL 84 638.6 80 638.6 DL 88
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/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 649 Q F4 .431
(If your site administrator has not set things up in the def)2.431 3.2 N
.431(ault w)-.08 F(ay)-.08 E 2.431(,y)-.52 G .431(ou may ha)-2.431 F
.671 -.12(ve s)-.16 H .431(ome more w).12 F .431(ork to do.)-.08 F -.12
(Fo)4.432 G 2.432(re).12 G .432(xample, if the)-2.552 F .068
(database serv)72 661.8 R .068
(er machine is a remote machine, you will need to set the)-.12 F/F8 8
/Courier@0 SF(PGHOST)2.068 E F4(en)2.068 E .067(vironment v)-.32 F .067
(ariable to the name of the database serv-)-.2 F .131(er machine.)72
671.4 R .131(The en)4.131 F .131(vironment v)-.32 F(ariable)-.2 E F8
(PGPORT)2.131 E F4 .131(may also ha)2.131 F .372 -.12(ve t)-.16 H 2.132
(ob).12 G 2.132(es)-2.132 G 2.132(et. The)-2.132 F .132
(bottom line is this: if you try to start an application pro-)2.132 F
.614(gram and it complains that it cannot connect to the)72 681 R F8
(postmaster)2.613 E F4 2.613(,y)C .613
(ou should immediately consult your site administrator to mak)-2.613 F
(e)-.08 E(sure that your en)72 690.6 Q(vironment is properly set up.)
-.32 E/F9 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(9)285.25 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.528(Not e)108 97.2 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.528
(ry user has authorization to become a database administrator).165 F
8.027(.I)-.605 G(f)-8.027 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)5.277 E F0
.333(refuses to create databases for you, then the site administrator n\
eeds to grant you permis-)108 110.4 R(sion to create databases.)108
123.6 Q(Consult your site administrator if this occurs.)5.5 E/F2 12
/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.5.2. Accessing)72 149.8 R 3(aD)3 G(atabase)-3 E F0
(Once you ha)108 166.9 Q .33 -.165(ve c)-.22 H
(onstructed a database, you can access it by:).165 E 5.5<8372>113.5 184
S 2.696(unning the)-5.5 F F1(POSTGRES)5.446 E F0 2.696
(terminal monitor programs \()5.446 F/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(monitor)5.446 E
F0(or)5.445 E F3(psql)5.445 E F0 5.445(\)w)C(hich)-5.445 E(allo)122.85
197.2 Q(ws you to interacti)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly enter).165 E
2.75(,e)-.44 G(dit, and e)-2.75 E -.165(xe)-.165 G(cute SQL commands.)
.165 E 5.5<8377>113.5 210.4 S 1.107(riting a C program using the)-5.5 F
F1(LIBPQ)3.857 E F0 1.107(subroutine library)3.857 F 6.607(.T)-.715 G
1.108(his allo)-6.607 F 1.108(ws you to submit)-.275 F .883(SQL command\
s from C and get answers and status messages back to your program.)
122.85 223.6 R(This interf)122.85 236.8 Q
(ace is discussed further in section ??.)-.11 E -1.21(Yo)108 253.9 S
3.472(um)1.21 G .722(ight w)-3.472 F .722(ant to start up)-.11 F F3
(psql)3.472 E F0 3.472(,t)C 3.472(ot)-3.472 G .722(ry out the e)-3.472 F
.723(xamples in this manual. It can be acti-)-.165 F -.275(va)108 267.1
S(ted for the).275 E F3(mydb)2.75 E F0(database by typing the command:)
2.75 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(%p)148 292.3 S(sql mydb)-6 E F0 -1.21(Yo)108
318.5 S 2.75(uw)1.21 G(ill be greeted with the follo)-2.75 E
(wing message:)-.275 E F4
(Welcome to the POSTGRES95 interactive sql monitor:)148 343.7 Q
(type \\? for help on slash commands)166 368.1 Q(type \\q to quit)166
380.3 Q(type \\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query)166 392.5
Q(You are currently connected to the database: mydb)154 404.7 Q(mydb=>)
148 429.1 Q F0 .632(This prompt indicates that the terminal monitor is \
listening to you and that you can type)108 455.3 R(SQL queries into a w)
108 468.5 Q(orkspace maintained by the terminal monitor)-.11 E(.)-.605 E
(The)108 485.6 Q F3(psql)2.959 E F0 .209
(program responds to escape codes that be)2.959 F .209
(gin with the backslash character)-.165 F 2.959<2c99>-.44 G<5c9a2e>
-2.959 E -.165(Fo)108 498.8 S 3.786(re).165 G 1.035
(xample, you can get help on the syntax of v)-3.951 F(arious)-.275 E F1
(POSTGRES)3.785 E F0 1.035(SQL commands by)3.785 F(typing:)108 512 Q F4
(mydb=> \\h)148 537.2 Q F0 .761(Once you ha)108 563.4 R 1.091 -.165
(ve \214)-.22 H .761(nished entering your queries into the w).165 F .762
(orkspace, you can pass the con-)-.11 F(tents of the w)108 576.6 Q
(orkspace to the)-.11 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E F0(serv)2.75 E(er by typing:)
-.165 E F4(mydb=> \\g)148 601.8 Q F0 .593(This tells the serv)108 628 R
.593(er to process the query)-.165 F 6.093(.I)-.715 G 3.342(fy)-6.093 G
.592(ou terminate your query with a semicolon,)-3.342 F
(the \\g is not necessary)108 641.2 Q 5.5(.P)-.715 G
(sql will automatically process semicolon-terminated queries.)-5.5 E
1.76 -.88(To r)108 658.3 T(ead queries from a \214le, say).88 E F3
(myFile,)2.75 E F0(instead of entering them interacti)2.75 E -.165(ve)
-.275 G(ly).165 E 2.75(,t)-.715 G(ype:)-2.75 E F4(mydb=> \\i fileName)
148 683.5 Q F0 1.76 -.88(To g)108 709.7 T(et out of psql and return to)
.88 E F1(UNIX)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C(ype)-2.75 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(10)
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(mydb=> \\q)148 96.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(and)108
122.4 Q/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(psql)3.184 E F1 .434
(will quit and return you to your command shell. \(F)3.184 F .434
(or more escape codes, type)-.165 F F2(\\h)108 135.6 Q F1(at the)2.75 E
F2(monitor)2.75 E F1(prompt.\))2.75 E .855
(White space \(i.e., spaces, tabs and ne)108 152.7 R .855
(wlines\) may be used freely in SQL queries.)-.275 F(Com-)6.354 E .099
(ments are denoted by)108 165.9 R F2(--)2.849 E F1 5.599(.E)C -.165(ve)
-5.599 G .1
(rything after the dashes up to the end of the line is ignored.).165 F
/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.5.3. Destr)72 183 R(oying a Database)-.216 E
F1 .453(If you are the database administrator for the database)108 200.1
R F2(mydb)3.202 E F1 3.202(,y)C .452(ou can destro)-3.202 F 3.202(yi)
-.11 G 3.202(tu)-3.202 G .452(sing the)-3.202 F(follo)108 213.3 Q(wing)
-.275 E/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.75 E F1(command:)2.75 E F0 6(%d)
148 238.5 S(estroydb mydb)-6 E F1 .08(This action ph)108 264.7 R .08
(ysically remo)-.055 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.83(sa).165 G .08(ll of the)
-2.83 F F4(UNIX)2.83 E F1 .081
(\214les associated with the database and can-)2.83 F(not be undone, so\
 this should only be done with a great deal of forethought.)108 277.9 Q
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178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6
273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6
289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5
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178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL
344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6
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178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL
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208.9 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.209 E F1 .459
(query language is a v)3.209 F .459(ariant of SQL-3. It has man)-.275 F
3.209(ye)-.165 G .458(xtensions such as an)-3.374 F -.165(ex)108 222.1 S
1.643(tensible type system, inheritance, functions and production rules\
. Those are features).165 F .139(carried o)108 235.3 R -.165(ve)-.165 G
2.889(rf).165 G .139(rom the original)-2.889 F F2(POSTGRES)2.889 E F1
.139(query language, POSTQ)2.889 F .138(UEL. This section pro-)-.11 F
(vides an o)108 248.5 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rvie).165 E 2.75(wo)-.275 G
2.75(fh)-2.75 G .55 -.275(ow t)-2.75 H 2.75(ou).275 G(se)-2.75 E F2
(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(SQL to perform simple operations.)2.75 E .357
(This manual is only intended to gi)108 265.6 R .687 -.165(ve y)-.275 H
.357(ou an idea of our \215a).165 F -.22(vo)-.22 G 3.107(ro).22 G 3.107
(fS)-3.107 G .357(QL and is in no w)-3.107 F .357(ay a)-.11 F .093
(complete tutorial on SQL. Numerous books ha)108 278.8 R .423 -.165
(ve b)-.22 H .093(een written on SQL. F).165 F .093(or instance, con-)
-.165 F .283(sult [MEL)108 292 R .283(T93] or [D)-1.012 F -1.221(AT)-.44
G .283(E93]. Y)1.221 F .283(ou should also be a)-1.21 F -.11(wa)-.165 G
.283(re that some features are not part of).11 F(the ANSI standard.)108
305.2 Q 2.094(In the e)108 322.3 R 2.093(xamples that follo)-.165 F
3.523 -.715(w, w)-.275 H 4.843(ea).715 G 2.093(ssume that you ha)-4.843
F 2.423 -.165(ve c)-.22 H 2.093(reated the).165 F/F3 11/Courier@0 SF
(mydb)4.843 E F1 2.093(database as)4.843 F(described in the pre)108
335.5 Q(vious subsection and ha)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve s)-.22 H
(tarted psql.).165 E 24.523
(Examples in this manual can also be found in)108 352.6 R F3
(/usr/local/postgres95/src/tutorial)108 365.8 Q F1 7.623(.R)C 2.123
(efer to the README \214le in that)-7.623 F(directory for ho)108 379 Q
2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(ou)-2.75 G(se them.)-2.75 E 1.76 -.88(To s)5.5 H
(tart the tutorial, do the follo).88 E(wing:)-.275 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
6(%c)148 404.2 S 6(d/)-6 G(usr/local/postgres95/src/tutorial)-6 E 6(%p)
148 416.4 S(sql -s mydb)-6 E
(Welcome to the POSTGRES95 interactive sql monitor:)148 428.6 Q
(type \\? for help on slash commands)166 453 Q(type \\q to quit)166
465.2 Q(type \\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query)166 477.4
Q(You are currently connected to the database: jolly)154 489.6 Q
(mydb=> \\i basics.sql)148 526.2 Q F1(The)108 556.3 Q F3(\\i)3.107 E F1
.357(command read in queries from the speci\214ed \214les. The)3.107 F
F3(-s)3.108 E F1 .358(option puts you in sin-)3.108 F .868
(gle step mode which pauses before sending a query to the back)108 569.5
R .868(end. Queries in this sec-)-.11 F(tion are in the \214le)108 582.7
Q F3(basics.sql)2.75 E F1(.)A/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.1. Concepts)72
608.9 R F1 .824(The fundamental notion in)108 626 R F2(POSTGRES)3.574 E
F1 .824(is that of a)3.574 F/F6 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(class,)3.574 E F1
.824(which is a named collection of)3.574 F(object)108 639.2 Q F6
(instances)4.277 E F1 7.027(.E)C 1.526
(ach instance has the same collection of named)-7.027 F F6(attrib)4.276
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.728(ute is of a speci\214c)-.22 F F6(type)3.478 E F1 6.228(.F)C .729
(urthermore, each instance has a permanent)-6.228 F F6 .729
(object identi-)3.479 F(\214er)108 665.6 Q F1 .004
(\(OID\) that is unique throughout the installation.)2.754 F .003
(Because SQL syntax refers to)5.503 F F6(tables,)2.753 E F1 .191
(we will use the terms)108 678.8 R F6(table)2.941 E F1(and)2.941 E F6
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F1(are)2.75 E F6(attrib)2.75 E(utes.)-.22 E F1 .183(As pre)108 709.1 R
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(postmaster)2.75 E F1(process constitutes an installation or site.)2.75
E/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(12)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.2. Cr)72 97.2 R(eating a New Class)-.216 E/F1
11/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.21(Yo)108 114.3 S 3.643(uc)1.21 G .893
(an create a ne)-3.643 F 3.643(wc)-.275 G .893
(lass by specifying the class name, along with all attrib)-3.643 F .894
(ute names)-.22 F(and their types:)108 127.5 Q/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(CREATE TABLE weather \()148 152.7 Q 66(city varchar\(80\),)196 164.9 R
48(temp_lo int,)196 177.1 R(-- low temperature)66 E 48(temp_hi int,)196
189.3 R(-- high temperature)66 E 66(prcp real,)196 201.5 R
(-- precipitation)54 E 66(date date)196 213.7 R(\);)160 225.9 Q F1 2.323
(Note that k)108 256 R -.165(ey)-.11 G -.11(wo).165 G 2.323
(rds are case-insensiti).11 F 2.653 -.165(ve b)-.275 H 2.323
(ut identi\214ers are case-sensiti)-.055 F -.165(ve)-.275 G(.).165 E/F3
10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)7.823 E F1 .214(SQL supports the usual SQL\
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(archar\(N\), date, and)-.275 F 4.038(time. As)108 282.4 R 1.288
(we will see later)4.038 F(,)-.44 E F3(POSTGRES)4.038 E F1 1.287
(can be customized with an arbitrary number of)4.038 F(user)108 295.6 Q
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(table in a traditional relational system.)108 325.9 R(Ho)6.188 E(we)
-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.568 -.44(r, w).165 H 3.438(ew).44 G .688
(ill presently see that classes ha)-3.438 F -.165(ve)-.22 G
(properties that are e)108 339.1 Q(xtensions of the relational model.)
-.165 E F0 3(4.3. P)72 365.3 R(opulating a Class with Instances)-.24 E
F1(The)108 382.4 Q F4(insert)2.75 E F1
(statement is used to populate a class with instances:)2.75 E F2
(INSERT INTO weather)148 407.6 Q
(VALUES \('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '11/27/1994'\))166 419.8 Q F1
-1.21(Yo)108 449.9 S 4.457(uc)1.21 G 1.707(an also use the)-4.457 F F4
(copy)4.457 E F1 1.707(command to perform load lar)4.457 F 1.708
(ge amounts of data from \215at)-.198 F(\(ASCII\) \214les.)108 463.1 Q
F0 3(4.4. Querying)72 489.3 R 3(aC)3 G(lass)-3 E F1(The)108 506.4 Q/F5
11/Courier@0 SF(weather)5.528 E F1 2.778
(class can be queried with normal relational selection and projection)
5.528 F 3.033(queries. A)108 519.6 R F3(SQL)3.033 E F4(select)3.033 E F1
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5.784 F .284(vided into a)-.275 F/F6 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(tar)3.034 E
-.11(ge)-.407 G(t).11 E(list)108 532.8 Q F1 .208
(\(the part that lists the attrib)2.958 F .208
(utes to be returned\) and a)-.22 F F6(quali\214cation)2.957 E F1 .207
(\(the part that speci-)2.957 F(\214es an)108 546 Q 2.75(yr)-.165 G 2.75
(estrictions\). F)-2.75 F(or e)-.165 E(xample, to retrie)-.165 E .33
-.165(ve a)-.275 H(ll the ro).165 E(ws of)-.275 E F5(weather)2.75 E F1
2.75(,t)C(ype:)-2.75 E F2(SELECT * FROM WEATHER;)148 571.2 Q F1
(and the output should be:)108 596.4 Q .4 LW 464 613.9 148 613.9 DL F2
63(city temp_lo)153 623.6 R 9(temp_hi prcp date)15 F 464 628.1 148 628.1
DL(San Francisco)153 637.8 Q 39(46 50 0.25)15 F(11-27-1994)15 E 464
642.3 148 642.3 DL(San Francisco)153 652 Q 39(43 57 0)15 F(11-29-1994)33
E 464 656.5 148 656.5 DL 45(Hayward 37)153 666.2 R 78(54 11-29-1994)45 F
464 670.7 148 670.7 DL 464 613.9 464 670.7 DL 148 613.9 148 670.7 DL
391.5 613.9 391.5 670.7 DL 352.5 613.9 352.5 670.7 DL 295.5 613.9 295.5
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G(ay specify an)-2.75 E 2.75(ya)-.165 G(ribitrary e)-2.75 E
(xpressions in the tar)-.165 E(get list. F)-.198 E(or e)-.165 E
(xample, you can do:)-.165 E F4(13)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*S)148 96.2 S
(ELECT city, \(temp_hi+temp_lo\)/2 AS temp_avg, date FROM weather;)-6 E
/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.411(Arbitrary Boolean operators \()108 126.3 R
/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(and)4.161 E F1(,)A F2(or)4.161 E F1(and)4.161 E
F2(not)4.161 E F1 4.161(\)a)C 1.411(re allo)-4.161 F 1.411
(wed in the quali\214cation of an)-.275 F(y)-.165 E(query)108 139.5 Q
5.5(.F)-.715 G(or e)-5.665 E(xample,)-.165 E F0(SELECT *)148 164.7 Q
(FROM weather)160 176.9 Q(WHERE city = 'San Francisco')160 189.1 Q
(and prcp > 0.0;)178 201.3 Q .4 LW 464 231.8 148 231.8 DL 63
(city temp_lo)153 241.5 R 9(temp_hi prcp date)15 F 464 246 148 246 DL
(San Francisco)153 255.7 Q 39(46 50 0.25)15 F(11-27-1994)15 E 464 260.2
148 260.2 DL 464 231.8 464 260.2 DL 148 231.8 148 260.2 DL 391.5 231.8
391.5 260.2 DL 352.5 231.8 352.5 260.2 DL 295.5 231.8 295.5 260.2 DL
238.5 231.8 238.5 260.2 DL F1 1.312
(As a \214nal note, you can specify that the results of a)108 285.8 R F2
(select)4.062 E F1 1.312(can be returned in a sorted)4.062 F
(order or with duplicate instances remo)108 299 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(d.)
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(ORDER BY city;)160 348.6 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.5. Redir)72 387.8
R(ecting SELECT Queries)-.216 E F1(An)108 404.9 Q(y)-.165 E F2(select)
2.75 E F1(query can be redirected to a ne)2.75 E 2.75(wc)-.275 G(lass)
-2.75 E F0(SELECT * INTO temp from weather;)148 430.1 Q F1 1.177
(This creates an implicit)108 460.2 R F2(cr)3.928 E(eate)-.198 E F1
1.178(command, creating a ne)3.928 F 3.928(wc)-.275 G(lass)-3.928 E/F4
11/Courier@0 SF(temp)3.928 E F1 1.178(with the attrib)3.928 F(ute)-.22 E
1.316(names and types speci\214ed in the tar)108 473.4 R 1.315
(get list of the)-.198 F F2 1.315(SELECT INT)4.065 F(O)-.198 E F1 4.065
(command. W)4.065 F 4.065(ec)-.88 G(an)-4.065 E 1.632
(then, of course, perform an)108 486.6 R 4.383(yo)-.165 G 1.633
(perations on the resulting class that we can perform on)-4.383 F
(other classes.)108 499.8 Q F3 3(4.6. J)72 526 R(oins Between Classes)
-.18 E F1 .273(Thus f)108 543.1 R(ar)-.11 E 3.023(,o)-.44 G .273
(ur queries ha)-3.023 F .603 -.165(ve o)-.22 H .273
(nly accessed one class at a time.).165 F .272
(Queries can access multiple)5.773 F .191
(classes at once, or access the same class in such a w)108 556.3 R .191
(ay that multiple instances of the class)-.11 F 1.49
(are being processed at the same time.)108 569.5 R 4.24(Aq)6.99 G 1.489
(uery that accesses multiple instances of the)-4.24 F(same or dif)108
582.7 Q(ferent classes at one time is called a)-.275 E/F5 11
/Times-Italic@0 SF(join query)2.75 E F1(.)A 1.057(As an e)108 599.8 R
1.057(xample, say we wish to \214nd all the records that are in the tem\
perature range of)-.165 F 1.094(other records. In ef)108 613 R 1.093
(fect, we need to compare the)-.275 F F4(temp_lo)3.843 E F1(and)3.843 E
F4(temp_hi)3.843 E F1(attrib)3.843 E 1.093(utes of)-.22 F(each)108 628.4
Q F4(EMP)3.027 E F1 .277(instance to the)3.027 F F4(temp_lo)3.027 E F1
(and)3.027 E F4(temp_hi)3.027 E F1(attrib)3.027 E .277
(utes of all other)-.22 F F4(EMP)3.027 E F1(instances.)3.027 E/F6 8
/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)-4.4 I F1 1.76 -.88(We c)108 641.6 T
(an do this with the follo).88 E(wing query:)-.275 E F0
(SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo, W1.temp_hi,)148 666.8 Q
(W2.city, W2.temp_lo, W2.temp_hi)202 679 Q .32 LW 76 688.6 72 688.6 DL
80 688.6 76 688.6 DL 84 688.6 80 688.6 DL 88 688.6 84 688.6 DL 92 688.6
88 688.6 DL 96 688.6 92 688.6 DL 100 688.6 96 688.6 DL 104 688.6 100
688.6 DL 108 688.6 104 688.6 DL 112 688.6 108 688.6 DL 116 688.6 112
688.6 DL 120 688.6 116 688.6 DL 124 688.6 120 688.6 DL 128 688.6 124
688.6 DL 132 688.6 128 688.6 DL 136 688.6 132 688.6 DL 140 688.6 136
688.6 DL 144 688.6 140 688.6 DL 148 688.6 144 688.6 DL 152 688.6 148
688.6 DL 156 688.6 152 688.6 DL 160 688.6 156 688.6 DL 164 688.6 160
688.6 DL 168 688.6 164 688.6 DL 172 688.6 168 688.6 DL 176 688.6 172
688.6 DL 180 688.6 176 688.6 DL 184 688.6 180 688.6 DL 188 688.6 184
688.6 DL 192 688.6 188 688.6 DL 196 688.6 192 688.6 DL 200 688.6 196
688.6 DL 204 688.6 200 688.6 DL 208 688.6 204 688.6 DL 212 688.6 208
688.6 DL 216 688.6 212 688.6 DL/F7 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)93.6 699 Q F6
.094(This is only a conceptual model.)2.094 3.2 N .095
(The actual join may be performed in a more ef)4.095 F .095
(\214cient manner)-.2 F 2.095(,b)-.32 G .095(ut this is in)-2.255 F .095
(visible to the user)-.32 F(.)-.44 E F2(14)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(FROM weather W1, weather W2)148 96.2 Q
(WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo)148 108.4 Q(and W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi;)
178 120.6 Q .4 LW 557 151.1 148 151.1 DL 63(city temp_lo)153 160.8 R 9
(temp_hi city)15 F 9(temp_lo temp_hi)69 F 557 165.3 148 165.3 DL
(San Francisco)153 175 Q 39(43 57 San)15 F 9(Francisco 46)6 F(50)45 E
557 179.5 148 179.5 DL(San Francisco)153 189.2 Q 39(37 54 San)15 F 9
(Francisco 46)6 F(50)45 E 557 193.7 148 193.7 DL 557 151.1 557 193.7 DL
148 151.1 148 193.7 DL 502.5 151.1 502.5 193.7 DL 445.5 151.1 445.5
193.7 DL 352.5 151.1 352.5 193.7 DL 295.5 151.1 295.5 193.7 DL 238.5
151.1 238.5 193.7 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .966(In this case, both)108
215.4 R/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(W1)3.716 E F1(and)3.716 E F2(W2)3.716 E F1
(are)3.716 E/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(surr)3.716 E -.11(og)-.495 G(ates)
.11 E F1 .966(for an instance of the class)3.716 F F2(weather)3.716 E F1
3.716(,a)C(nd)-3.716 E .53(both range o)108 228.6 R -.165(ve)-.165 G
3.28(ra).165 G .53(ll instances of the class.)-3.28 F .529
(\(In the terminology of most database systems,)6.03 F F2(W1)108 241.8 Q
F1(and)3.184 E F2(W2)3.184 E F1 .434(are kno)3.184 F .434
(wn as \231range v)-.275 F(ariables.)-.275 E 3.184(\232\) A)-.77 F .434
(query can contain an arbitrary number of)3.184 F
(class names and surrog)108 257.2 Q(ates.)-.055 E/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF
(3)-4.4 I/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.7. Updates)72 283.4 R F1 -1.21(Yo)
108 300.5 S 3.226(uc)1.21 G .476(an update e)-3.226 F .476
(xisting instances using the)-.165 F/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(update)3.226
E F1 .475(command. Suppose you disco)3.226 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.225(rt)
.165 G(he)-3.225 E .94(temperature readings are all of)108 313.7 R 3.69
(fb)-.275 G 3.69(y2d)-3.69 G -.165(eg)-3.69 G .94(rees as of No).165 F
3.69(v2)-.165 G .94(8, you may update the data as)-3.69 F(follo)108
326.9 Q(w:)-.275 E F0 6(*U)148 352.1 S(PDATE weather)-6 E
(SET temp_hi = temp_hi - 2,)160 364.3 Q(temp_lo = temp_lo - 2)12 E
(WHERE date > '11/28/1994;)160 376.5 Q F5 3(4.8. Deletions)72 415.7 R F1
(Deletions are performed using the)108 432.8 Q F6(delete)2.75 E F1
(command:)2.75 E F0 6(*D)148 458 S
(ELETE FROM weather WHERE city = 'Hayward';)-6 E F1
(All weather recording belongs to Hayw)108 484.2 Q(ard is remo)-.11 E
-.165(ve)-.165 G(d.).165 E(One should be w)108 501.3 Q
(ary of queries of the form)-.11 E F0(DELETE FROM)148 526.5 Q/F7 10
/Times-Italic@0 SF(classname;)6 E F1 -.44(Wi)108 552.7 S .494
(thout a quali\214cation, the).44 F F6(delete)3.244 E F1 .493
(command will simply delete all instances of the gi)3.243 F -.165(ve)
-.275 G(n).165 E(class, lea)108 565.9 Q(ving it empty)-.22 E 5.5(.T)
-.715 G(he system)-5.5 E F6(will not r)2.75 E(equest con\214rmation)
-.198 E F1(before doing this.)2.75 E F5 3(4.9. Using)72 592.1 R(Aggr)3 E
(egate Functions)-.216 E F1(Lik)108 609.2 Q 2.854(em)-.11 G .104
(ost other query languages,)-2.854 F/F8 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)
2.854 E F1 .104(supports aggre)2.854 F -.055(ga)-.165 G .104
(te functions.).055 F(Ho)5.604 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .985 -.44
(r, t).165 H(he).44 E 1.225(current implementation of)108 622.4 R F8
(POSTGRES)3.974 E F1(aggre)3.974 E -.055(ga)-.165 G 1.224
(te functions is v).055 F 1.224(ery limited.)-.165 F(Speci\214cally)
6.724 E(,)-.715 E 3.444(while there are aggre)108 635.6 R -.055(ga)-.165
G 3.444(tes to compute such functions as the count, sum, a).055 F -.165
(ve)-.22 G(rage,).165 E .32 LW 76 645.2 72 645.2 DL 80 645.2 76 645.2 DL
84 645.2 80 645.2 DL 88 645.2 84 645.2 DL 92 645.2 88 645.2 DL 96 645.2
92 645.2 DL 100 645.2 96 645.2 DL 104 645.2 100 645.2 DL 108 645.2 104
645.2 DL 112 645.2 108 645.2 DL 116 645.2 112 645.2 DL 120 645.2 116
645.2 DL 124 645.2 120 645.2 DL 128 645.2 124 645.2 DL 132 645.2 128
645.2 DL 136 645.2 132 645.2 DL 140 645.2 136 645.2 DL 144 645.2 140
645.2 DL 148 645.2 144 645.2 DL 152 645.2 148 645.2 DL 156 645.2 152
645.2 DL 160 645.2 156 645.2 DL 164 645.2 160 645.2 DL 168 645.2 164
645.2 DL 172 645.2 168 645.2 DL 176 645.2 172 645.2 DL 180 645.2 176
645.2 DL 184 645.2 180 645.2 DL 188 645.2 184 645.2 DL 192 645.2 188
645.2 DL 196 645.2 192 645.2 DL 200 645.2 196 645.2 DL 204 645.2 200
645.2 DL 208 645.2 204 645.2 DL 212 645.2 208 645.2 DL 216 645.2 212
645.2 DL/F9 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(3)93.6 655.6 Q F4 .265
(The semantics of such a join are that the quali\214cation is a truth e)
2.265 3.2 N .264
(xpression de\214ned for the Cartesian product of the classes in-)-.12 F
.273(dicated in the query)72 668.4 R 4.273(.F)-.52 G .273(or those inst\
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-4.393 F/F10 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.274 E F4 .274
(computes and returns)2.274 F .98(the v)72 678 R .98
(alues speci\214ed in the tar)-.2 F .979(get list.)-.144 F F10(POSTGRES)
4.979 E F4 .979(SQL does not assign an)2.979 F 2.979(ym)-.12 G .979
(eaning to duplicate v)-2.979 F .979(alues in such e)-.2 F 2.979
(xpressions. This)-.12 F .344(means that)72 687.6 R F10(POSTGRES)2.344 E
F4 .344(sometimes recomputes the same tar)2.344 F .344(get list se)-.144
F -.12(ve)-.2 G .344
(ral times \212 this frequently happens when Boolean e).12 F(xpressions)
-.12 E(are connected with an)72 697.2 Q/F11 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(or)2 E F4
4(.T)C 2(or)-4.64 G(emo)-2 E .24 -.12(ve s)-.12 H
(uch duplicates, you must use the).12 E F11(select distinct)2 E F4
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .561(maximum and minimum o)108 97.2 R -.165(ve)
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-.165 G .56(tes can only appear in the tar).055 F(get)-.198 E
(list of a query and not in the quali\214cation \()108 110.4 Q/F1 11
/Courier@0 SF(where)2.75 E F0(clause\) As an e)2.75 E(xample,)-.165 E/F2
10/Courier@0 SF(SELECT max\(temp_lo\))148 135.6 Q(FROM weather;)148
147.8 Q F0(Aggre)108 174 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G(tes may also ha).055 E .33
-.165(ve G)-.22 H -.44(RO).165 G(UP BY clauses:).44 E F2
(SELECT city, max\(temp_lo\))148 199.2 Q(FROM weather)148 211.4 Q
(GROUP BY city;)148 223.6 Q/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(16)282.5 756 Q EP
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.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL
91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
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97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5
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97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5
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97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5
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.4 LW 275 88.5 148 88.5 DL/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 39(name altitude)153 98.2
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588.1 Q(VALUES \('Carol',)178 600.3 Q('{20000, 25000, 25000, 25000}',)
226 612.5 Q('{{"talk", "consult"}, {"meeting"}}'\);)226 624.7 Q F1 .582
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(tore information about databases, tables,)-2.961 F .408
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F4 .408(system catalo)3.158 F(gs)-.11 E F1 5.908(.\()C .407
(Some systems call this)-5.908 F(the)108 361.7 Q F4 1.187
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(catalogs \212 not only information about tables and columns, b)108
401.3 R .253(ut also information about its)-.22 F .778
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4.499(em)-.11 G 1.75(ost other data managers in that the serv)-4.499 F
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3.184 E F1(,)A 1.371(that are implemented in a language such as C.)108
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(Composite types are created whene)6.236 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.486(rt)
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(ay \(within the \214le that stores all instances of the class\) b)-.11
F .579(ut the user can \231look)-.22 F 2.912(inside\232 at the attrib)
108 720.3 R 2.913
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436.564 488.85 175.435 488.85 DL 268.385 284.85 268.385 488.85 DL
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2.299(ore detailed e)-5.049 F 2.299
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(utes. Ho)-.22 F(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.48 -.44(r, F).165 H .6
(igure 3 sho).44 F .6
(ws the major entities and their relationships in the sys-)-.275 F .557
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(wn unless the)-.275 F 3.308(ya)-.165 G(re)-3.308 E(part of a primary k)
108 549.9 Q -.165(ey)-.11 G(.\))-.55 E .221(This diagram is more or les\
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R .887(tents of the catalogs and see ho)108 580.2 R 3.638(wt)-.275 G(he)
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(\(1\) In)113.5 610.5 R(se)3.509 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .759
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(ome of these join queries \(which are often three- or)-3.069 F(four)
142.826 650.1 Q(-w)-.22 E 1.791(ay joins\) more understandable, because\
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(utes used in the queries form foreign k)-.22 E -.165(ey)-.11 G 2.75(si)
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649 Q(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, t).165 H(his is not al).44
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120.6 Q(25 AS age,)232 132.8 Q(\\'none\\'::char16 AS dept;')232 145 Q
(LANGUAGE 'sql';)166 157.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .103
(In this case we ha)108 183.4 R .433 -.165(ve s)-.22 H .103
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162.85 308.8 Q F1 5.5<8357>113.5 338.9 S 3.364
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(SELECT new_emp\(\).name AS nobody;)162.85 522.7 Q
(WARN:parser: syntax error at or near ".")162.85 534.9 Q F1(An)108 565 Q
3.873(yc)-.165 G 1.124(ollection of commands in the SQL query language \
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(#include "postgres.h")148 212.6 Q(#include "utils/palloc.h")148 224.8 Q
(...)148 249.2 Q(char buffer[40]; /* our source data */)148 273.6 Q(...)
148 298 Q(text *destination = \(text *\) palloc\(VARHDRSZ + 40\);)148
322.4 Q(destination->length = VARHDRSZ + 40;)148 334.6 Q
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F1(No)108 401.3 Q 2.913(wt)-.275 G .163(hat we')-2.913 F .493 -.165
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178 206 Q(memcpy\(\(void *\) VARDATA\(new_t\), /* destination */)172
218.2 Q(\(void *\) VARDATA\(t\),)214 230.4 Q(/* source */)30 E 78
(VARSIZE\(t\)-VARHDRSZ\); /*)214 242.6 R(how many bytes */)6 E
(return\(new_t\);)172 267 Q(})148 279.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(On)108
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(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)178
342.8 Q(CREATE FUNCTION concat16\(char16, char16\) RETURNS char16)148
367.2 Q(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)
178 379.4 Q(CREATE FUNCTION copytext\(text\) RETURNS text)148 403.8 Q
(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)178 416
Q F1 .412(On other systems, we might ha)108 442.2 R .742 -.165(ve t)-.22
H 3.162(om).165 G(ak)-3.162 E 3.162(et)-.11 G .412(he \214lename end in)
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598.9 Q(ant to write a function to answer the query)-.11 E F0 6(*S)148
624.1 S(ELECT name, c_overpaid\(EMP, 1500\) AS overpaid)-6 E(FROM EMP)
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(int4 salary;)172 157.2 Q
(salary = \(int4\) GetAttributeByName\(t, "salary", &isnull\);)172 181.6
Q(if \(isnull\))172 206 Q(return \(false\);)196 218.2 Q
(return\(salary > limit\);)172 230.4 Q(})148 242.6 Q/F1 11/Courier@0 SF
(GetAttributeByName)108 268.8 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .07(is the)2.82 F
/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.82 E F2 .07
(system function that returns attrib)2.82 F .07(utes out of)-.22 F .165
(the current instance.)108 282 R .164(It has three ar)5.665 F .164
(guments: the ar)-.198 F .164(gument of type TUPLE passed into the)-.198
F .471(function, the name of the desired attrib)108 295.2 R .472
(ute, and a return parameter that describes whether)-.22 F .917
(the attrib)108 308.4 R .917(ute is null.)-.22 F F1(GetAttributeByName)
6.417 E F2 .916(will align data properly so you can cast)3.667 F .472
(its return v)108 321.6 R .472(alue to the desired type.)-.275 F -.165
(Fo)5.972 G 3.222(re).165 G .472(xample, if you ha)-3.387 F .803 -.165
(ve a)-.22 H 3.223(na).165 G(ttrib)-3.223 E(ute)-.22 E F1(name)3.223 E
F2 .473(which is)3.223 F(of the type)108 334.8 Q F1(char16)2.75 E F2
2.75(,t)C(he)-2.75 E F1(GetAttributeByName)2.75 E F2(call w)2.75 E
(ould look lik)-.11 E(e:)-.11 E F0(char *str;)148 360 Q(...)148 372.2 Q
(str = \(char *\) GetAttributeByName\(t, "name", &isnull\))148 384.4 Q
F2(The follo)108 414.5 Q(wing query lets)-.275 E F3(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2
(kno)2.75 E 2.75(wa)-.275 G(bout the)-2.75 E F1(c_overpaid)2.75 E F2
(function:)2.75 E F0 6(*C)148 439.7 S
(REATE FUNCTION c_overpaid\(EMP, int4\) RETURNS bool)-6 E
(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)178
451.9 Q F2 .212(While there are w)108 482 R .212(ays to construct ne)
-.11 F 2.962(wi)-.275 G .211(nstances or modify e)-2.962 F .211
(xisting instances from within)-.165 F 2.75(aCf)108 495.2 S
(unction, these are f)-2.75 E(ar too comple)-.11 E 2.75(xt)-.165 G 2.75
(od)-2.75 G(iscuss in this manual.)-2.75 E/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3
(7.2.3. Ca)72 521.4 R -.12(ve)-.3 G(ats).12 E F2 2.789 -.88(We n)108
538.5 T 1.579 -.275(ow t).88 H 1.03(urn to the more dif).275 F 1.03
(\214cult task of writing programming language functions.)-.275 F(Be)
6.53 E -.11(wa)108 551.7 S 1.163
(rned: this section of the manual will not mak).11 F 3.913(ey)-.11 G
1.163(ou a programmer)-3.913 F 6.663(.Y)-.605 G 1.163(ou must ha)-7.873
F 1.493 -.165(ve a)-.22 H 1.023
(good understanding of C \(including the use of pointers and the)108
564.9 R F1(malloc)3.773 E F2 1.023(memory man-)3.773 F
(ager\) before trying to write C functions for use with)108 578.1 Q F3
(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2(.)A .757(While it may be possible to load functions\
 written in languages other than C into)108 595.2 R F3(POST)3.506 E(-)
-.92 E(GRES)108 608.4 Q F2 3.613(,t)C .863(his is often dif)-3.613 F
.864(\214cult \(when it is possible at all\) because other languages, s\
uch as)-.275 F F3(FOR)108 621.6 Q(TRAN)-.6 E F2 1.087(and P)3.837 F
1.087(ascal often do not follo)-.165 F 3.837(wt)-.275 G 1.086
(he same \231calling con)-3.837 F -.165(ve)-.44 G 1.086(ntion\232 as C.)
.165 F 1.086(That is,)6.586 F 1.24(other languages do not pass ar)108
634.8 R 1.24(gument and return v)-.198 F 1.241
(alues between functions in the same)-.275 F -.11(wa)108 648 S 4.214
-.715(y. F).11 H .034(or this reason, we will assume that your programm\
ing language functions are writ-).55 F(ten in C.)108 661.2 Q
(The basic rules for b)108 678.3 Q(uilding C functions are as follo)-.22
E(ws:)-.275 E 13.75(\(1\) Most)113.5 695.4 R 1.235
(of the header \(include\) \214les for)3.985 F F3(POSTGRES)3.985 E F2
1.236(should already be installed in)3.985 F F1
(/usr/local/postgres95/include)142.826 708.6 Q F2 2.464
(\(see Figure 2\).)5.214 F -1.21(Yo)7.964 G 5.214(us)1.21 G 2.464
(hould al)-5.214 F -.11(wa)-.11 G(ys).11 E(include)142.826 721.8 Q/F5 11
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(-I/usr/local/postgres95/include)182.826 96.2 Q/F1 11
/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.373(on your)142.826 122.4 R/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(cc)
4.123 E F1 1.373(command lines.)4.123 F 1.373
(Sometimes, you may \214nd that you require header)6.873 F .198
(\214les that are in the serv)142.826 135.6 R .197
(er source itself \(i.e., you need a \214le we ne)-.165 F .197
(glected to install)-.165 F(in)142.826 148.8 Q F2(include)2.75 E F1 2.75
(\). In)B(those cases you may need to add one or more of)2.75 E F0
(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend)182.826 174 Q
(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/include)182.826 186.2 Q
(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/port/<PORTNAME>)182.826 198.4 Q
(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/obj)182.826 210.6 Q F1(\(where)
142.826 236.8 Q F2(<PORTNAME>)2.75 E F1(is the name of the port, e.g.,)
2.75 E F2(alpha)2.75 E F1(or)2.75 E F2(sparc\).)2.75 E F1 13.75
(\(2\) When)113.5 253.9 R 2.892(allocating memory)5.642 F 5.642(,u)-.715
G 2.892(se the)-5.642 F/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)5.643 E F1
(routines)5.643 E F2(palloc)5.643 E F1(and)5.643 E F2(pfree)5.643 E F1
.088(instead of the corresponding C library routines)142.826 267.1 R F2
(malloc)2.838 E F1(and)2.838 E F2(free)2.838 E F1 5.588(.T)C .088
(he memory)-5.588 F .857(allocated by)142.826 280.3 R F2(palloc)3.607 E
F1 .857(will be freed automatically at the end of each transaction,)
3.607 F(pre)142.826 293.5 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(nting memory leaks.).165 E
13.75(\(3\) Al)113.5 310.6 R -.11(wa)-.11 G .427
(ys zero the bytes of your structures using).11 F F2(memset)3.177 E F1
(or)3.177 E F2(bzero)3.177 E F1 5.927(.S)C -2.365 -.275(ev e)-5.927 H
.427(ral rou-).275 F .521(tines \(such as the hash access method, hash \
join and the sort algorithm\) compute)142.826 323.8 R 1.463
(functions of the ra)142.826 337 R 4.213(wb)-.165 G 1.463
(its contained in your structure.)-4.213 F(Ev)6.963 E 1.463
(en if you initialize all)-.165 F .133
(\214elds of your structure, there may be se)142.826 350.2 R -.165(ve)
-.275 G .133(ral bytes of alignment padding \(holes in).165 F
(the structure\) that may contain g)142.826 363.4 Q(arbage v)-.055 E
(alues.)-.275 E 13.75(\(4\) Most)113.5 380.5 R .496(of the internal)
3.246 F F3(POSTGRES)3.246 E F1 .496(types are declared in)3.246 F F2
(postgres.h)3.245 E F1 3.245(,s)C 3.245(oi)-3.245 G(t')-3.245 E 3.245
(su)-.605 G(su-)-3.245 E
(ally a good idea to include that \214le as well.)142.826 393.7 Q 13.75
(\(5\) Compiling)113.5 410.8 R .214
(and loading your object code so that it can be dynamically loaded into)
2.964 F F3(POSTGRES)142.826 424 Q F1(al)2.83 E -.11(wa)-.11 G .08
(ys requires special \215ags.).11 F .079
(See Appendix A for a detailed e)5.58 F(xplana-)-.165 E(tion of ho)
142.826 437.2 Q 2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(od)-2.75 G 2.75(oi)-2.75 G 2.75(tf)
-2.75 G(or your particular operating system.)-2.75 E/F4 11/Times-Bold@0
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91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5
97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251
97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5
97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284
97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5
97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317
97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5
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97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5
97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383
97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5
97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416
97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5
97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449
97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5
97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482
97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5
97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(8. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: TYPES)
4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6
DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL
108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6
DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130
178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6
146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5
178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185
178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL
201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6
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178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6
240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6
256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5
178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295
178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL
311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6
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178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6
350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6
366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5
178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405
178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL
421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6
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178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6
460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6
476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5
178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .275
(As pre)108 208.9 R .275(viously mentioned, there are tw)-.275 F 3.025
(ok)-.11 G .276(inds of types in)-3.025 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(POSTGRES)3.026 E F1(:)A/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(base)3.026 E F1 .276
(types \(de\214ned)3.026 F(in a programming language\) and)108 222.1 Q
F3(composite)2.75 E F1(types \(instances\).)2.75 E 1.449
(Examples in this section up to interf)108 239.2 R 1.448
(acing indices can be found in)-.11 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF(complex.sql)
4.198 E F1(and)A F4(complex.c)108 252.4 Q F1 5.5(.C)C(omposite e)-5.5 E
(xamples are in)-.165 E F4(funcs.sql)2.75 E F1(.)A/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF
3(8.1. User)72 278.6 R(-De\214ned T)-.444 E(ypes)-.888 E 77.5 291.8 72
291.8 DL 80.5 291.8 75 291.8 DL 86 291.8 80.5 291.8 DL 91.5 291.8 86
291.8 DL 97 291.8 91.5 291.8 DL 102.5 291.8 97 291.8 DL 108 291.8 102.5
291.8 DL 113.5 291.8 108 291.8 DL 119 291.8 113.5 291.8 DL 124.5 291.8
119 291.8 DL 130 291.8 124.5 291.8 DL 135.5 291.8 130 291.8 DL 141 291.8
135.5 291.8 DL 146.5 291.8 141 291.8 DL 152 291.8 146.5 291.8 DL 157.5
291.8 152 291.8 DL 163 291.8 157.5 291.8 DL 168.5 291.8 163 291.8 DL 174
291.8 168.5 291.8 DL 179.5 291.8 174 291.8 DL 185 291.8 179.5 291.8 DL
190.5 291.8 185 291.8 DL 196 291.8 190.5 291.8 DL 201.5 291.8 196 291.8
DL 207 291.8 201.5 291.8 DL 212.5 291.8 207 291.8 DL 218 291.8 212.5
291.8 DL 223.5 291.8 218 291.8 DL 229 291.8 223.5 291.8 DL 234.5 291.8
229 291.8 DL 240 291.8 234.5 291.8 DL 245.5 291.8 240 291.8 DL 251 291.8
245.5 291.8 DL 256.5 291.8 251 291.8 DL 262 291.8 256.5 291.8 DL 267.5
291.8 262 291.8 DL 273 291.8 267.5 291.8 DL 278.5 291.8 273 291.8 DL 284
291.8 278.5 291.8 DL 289.5 291.8 284 291.8 DL 295 291.8 289.5 291.8 DL
300.5 291.8 295 291.8 DL 306 291.8 300.5 291.8 DL 311.5 291.8 306 291.8
DL 317 291.8 311.5 291.8 DL 322.5 291.8 317 291.8 DL 328 291.8 322.5
291.8 DL 333.5 291.8 328 291.8 DL 339 291.8 333.5 291.8 DL 344.5 291.8
339 291.8 DL 350 291.8 344.5 291.8 DL 355.5 291.8 350 291.8 DL 361 291.8
355.5 291.8 DL 366.5 291.8 361 291.8 DL 372 291.8 366.5 291.8 DL 377.5
291.8 372 291.8 DL 383 291.8 377.5 291.8 DL 388.5 291.8 383 291.8 DL 394
291.8 388.5 291.8 DL 399.5 291.8 394 291.8 DL 405 291.8 399.5 291.8 DL
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DL 427 291.8 421.5 291.8 DL 432.5 291.8 427 291.8 DL 438 291.8 432.5
291.8 DL 443.5 291.8 438 291.8 DL 449 291.8 443.5 291.8 DL 454.5 291.8
449 291.8 DL 460 291.8 454.5 291.8 DL 465.5 291.8 460 291.8 DL 471 291.8
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291.8 482 291.8 DL 493 291.8 487.5 291.8 DL 498.5 291.8 493 291.8 DL 504
291.8 498.5 291.8 DL 3(8.1.1. Functions)72 322.1 R(Needed f)3 E
(or a User)-.3 E(-De\214ned T)-.444 E(ype)-.888 E F1 3.097(Au)108 339.2
S(ser)-3.097 E .347(-de\214ned type must al)-.22 F -.11(wa)-.11 G .347
(ys ha).11 F -.165(ve)-.22 G F3(input)3.262 E F1(and)3.096 E F3(output)
3.096 E F1 3.096(functions. These)3.096 F .346(functions deter)3.096 F
(-)-.22 E 1.115(mine ho)108 352.4 R 3.865(wt)-.275 G 1.116(he type appe\
ars in strings \(for input by the user and output to the user\) and)
-3.865 F(ho)108 365.6 Q 2.93(wt)-.275 G .18(he type is or)-2.93 F -.055
(ga)-.198 G .18(nized in memory).055 F 5.679(.T)-.715 G .179
(he input function tak)-5.679 F .179(es a null-delimited character)-.11
F 1.27(string as its input and returns the internal \(in memory\) repre\
sentation of the type.)108 378.8 R(The)6.77 E .931(output function tak)
108 392 R .93(es the internal representation of the type and returns a \
null-delimited)-.11 F(character string.)108 405.2 Q .939(Suppose we w)
108 422.3 R .939(ant to de\214ne a)-.11 F F4(complex)3.69 E F1 .94
(type which represents comple)3.69 F 3.69(xn)-.165 G .94(umbers. Natu-)
-3.69 F(rally)108 435.5 Q 2.75(,w)-.715 G 2.75(ec)-2.75 G
(hoose to represent a comple)-2.75 E 2.75(xi)-.165 G 2.75(nm)-2.75 G
(emory as the follo)-2.75 E(wing C structure:)-.275 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF
(typedef struct Complex {)148 460.7 Q 30(double x;)172 472.9 R 30
(double y;)172 485.1 R 6(}C)148 497.3 S(omplex;)-6 E F1
(and a string of the form)108 523.5 Q F4(\(x,y\))2.75 E F1(as the e)2.75
E(xternal string representation.)-.165 E 1.12(These functions are usual\
ly not hard to write, especially the output function.)108 540.6 R(Ho)
6.62 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G -.44(r,).165 G
(there are a number of points to remember)108 553.8 Q(.)-.605 E 13.75
(\(1\) When)113.5 570.9 R 2.47(de\214ning your e)5.22 F 2.47
(xternal \(string\) representation, remember that you must)-.165 F
-2.365 -.275(ev e)142.826 584.1 T .113(ntually write a complete and rob)
.275 F .113(ust parser for that representation as your input)-.22 F
(function!)142.826 597.3 Q F6(Complex *)182.826 622.5 Q
(complex_in\(char *str\))182.826 634.7 Q({)182.826 646.9 Q(double x, y;)
206.826 659.1 Q(Complex *result;)206.826 671.3 Q
(if \(sscanf\(str, " \( %lf , %lf \)", &x, &y\) != 2\) {)206.826 695.7 Q
(elog\(WARN, "complex_in: error in parsing)230.826 707.9 Q(return NULL;)
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(})206.826 96.2 Q
(result = \(Complex *\)palloc\(sizeof\(Complex\)\);)206.826 108.4 Q
(result->x = x;)206.826 120.6 Q(result->y = y;)206.826 132.8 Q
(return \(result\);)206.826 145 Q(})182.826 157.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0
SF(The output function can simply be:)142.826 183.4 Q F0(char *)182.826
208.6 Q(complex_out\(Complex *complex\))182.826 220.8 Q({)182.826 233 Q
(char *result;)206.826 245.2 Q(if \(complex == NULL\))206.826 269.6 Q
(return\(NULL\);)230.826 281.8 Q(result = \(char *\) palloc\(60\);)
206.826 306.2 Q(sprintf\(result, "\(%g,%g\)", complex->x, complex->y\);)
206.826 318.4 Q(return\(result\);)206.826 330.6 Q(})182.826 342.8 Q F1
13.75(\(2\) Y)113.5 372.9 R .752(ou should try to mak)-1.21 F 3.502(et)
-.11 G .752(he input and output functions in)-3.502 F -.165(ve)-.44 G
.752(rses of each other).165 F 6.252(.I)-.605 G(f)-6.252 E .181
(you do not, you will ha)142.826 386.1 R .511 -.165(ve s)-.22 H -2.365
-.275(ev e).165 H .18(re problems when you need to dump your data into)
.275 F 3.169<618c>142.826 399.3 S .419
(le and then read it back in \(say)-3.169 F 3.17(,i)-.715 G .42
(nto someone else')-3.17 F 3.17(sd)-.605 G .42(atabase on another com-)
-3.17 F 3.672(puter\). This)142.826 412.5 R .922
(is a particularly common problem when \215oating-point numbers are)
3.672 F(in)142.826 425.7 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lv).22 E(ed.)-.165 E 3.371
-.88(To d)108 442.8 T 1.612(e\214ne the).88 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF
(complex)4.362 E F1 1.612(type, we need to create the tw)4.362 F 4.362
(ou)-.11 G(ser)-4.362 E 1.612(-de\214ned functions)-.22 F F2(com-)4.362
E(plex_in)108 456 Q F1(and)2.75 E F2(complex_out)2.75 E F1
(before creating the type:)2.75 E F0
(CREATE FUNCTION complex_in\(opaque\))148 481.2 Q(RETURNS complex)166
493.4 Q(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')166 505.6 Q
(LANGUAGE 'c';)166 517.8 Q(CREATE FUNCTION complex_out\(opaque\))148
542.2 Q(RETURNS opaque)166 554.4 Q
(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')166 566.6 Q
(LANGUAGE 'c';)166 578.8 Q(CREATE TYPE complex \()148 603.2 Q
(internallength = 16,)166 615.4 Q(input = complex_in,)166 627.6 Q
(output = complex_out)166 639.8 Q(\);)148 652 Q F1 .371
(As discussed earlier)108 682.1 R(,)-.44 E/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(POSTGRES)3.121 E F1 .371(fully supports arrays of base types.)3.121 F
(Additionally)5.87 E(,)-.715 E F3(POST)3.12 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 695.3 Q
F1 .32(supports arrays of user)3.069 F .32(-de\214ned types as well.)
-.22 F .32(When you de\214ne a type,)5.82 F F3(POSTGRES)3.07 E F1 1.231
(automatically pro)108 708.5 R 1.23
(vides support for arrays of that type.)-.165 F -.165(Fo)6.73 G 3.98(rh)
.165 G 1.23(istorical reasons, the array)-3.98 F 3.301
(type has the same name as the user)108 721.7 R 3.301
(-de\214ned type with the underscore character)-.22 F F2(_)6.051 E/F4 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF(34)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(prepended.)108 97.2 Q 1.849
(Composite types do not need an)108 114.3 R 4.599(yf)-.165 G 1.849
(unction de\214ned on them, since the system already)-4.599 F
(understands what the)108 127.5 Q 2.75(yl)-.165 G(ook lik)-2.75 E 2.75
(ei)-.11 G(nside.)-2.75 E/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(8.1.2. Lar)72 153.7 R
(ge Objects)-.12 E F0 .758(The types discussed to this point are all \
\231small\232 objects \212 that is, the)108 170.8 R 3.508(ya)-.165 G
.758(re smaller than)-3.508 F(8KB)108 186.2 Q/F2 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(7)
-4.4 I F0 .304(in size.)3.054 4.4 N .304(If you require a lar)5.804 F
.305(ger type for something lik)-.198 F 3.055(ead)-.11 G .305
(ocument retrie)-3.055 F -.275(va)-.275 G 3.055(ls).275 G(ystem)-3.055 E
(or for storing bitmaps, you will need to use the)108 199.4 Q/F3 10
/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.75 E/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(lar)2.75 E .22
-.11(ge o)-.407 H(bject).11 E F0(interf)2.75 E(ace.)-.11 E .32 LW 76
667.4 72 667.4 DL 80 667.4 76 667.4 DL 84 667.4 80 667.4 DL 88 667.4 84
667.4 DL 92 667.4 88 667.4 DL 96 667.4 92 667.4 DL 100 667.4 96 667.4 DL
104 667.4 100 667.4 DL 108 667.4 104 667.4 DL 112 667.4 108 667.4 DL 116
667.4 112 667.4 DL 120 667.4 116 667.4 DL 124 667.4 120 667.4 DL 128
667.4 124 667.4 DL 132 667.4 128 667.4 DL 136 667.4 132 667.4 DL 140
667.4 136 667.4 DL 144 667.4 140 667.4 DL 148 667.4 144 667.4 DL 152
667.4 148 667.4 DL 156 667.4 152 667.4 DL 160 667.4 156 667.4 DL 164
667.4 160 667.4 DL 168 667.4 164 667.4 DL 172 667.4 168 667.4 DL 176
667.4 172 667.4 DL 180 667.4 176 667.4 DL 184 667.4 180 667.4 DL 188
667.4 184 667.4 DL 192 667.4 188 667.4 DL 196 667.4 192 667.4 DL 200
667.4 196 667.4 DL 204 667.4 200 667.4 DL 208 667.4 204 667.4 DL 212
667.4 208 667.4 DL 216 667.4 212 667.4 DL/F5 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(7)93.6
677.8 Q F2 2.338(8*1)2.338 3.2 O .338(024 == 8192 bytes.)-2.338 F .338
(In f)4.338 F .338
(act, the type must be considerably smaller than 8192 bytes, since the)
-.08 F/F6 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.338 E F2 .338(tuple and page)
2.338 F -.12(ove)72 690.6 S
(rhead must also \214t into this 8KB limitation.).12 E(The actual v)4 E
(alue that \214ts depends on the machine architecture.)-.2 E/F7 11
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102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5
97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251
97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5
97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284
97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5
97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317
97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5
97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350
97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5
97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383
97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5
97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416
97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5
97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449
97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5
97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482
97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5
97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(9. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: OPERA)
4.75 E -.342(TO)-1.805 G(RS).342 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75
178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5
178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6
108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6
124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5
178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163
178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL
179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6
DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5
178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6
218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6
234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5
178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273
178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL
289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6
DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5
178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6
328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6
344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5
178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383
178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL
399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6
DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5
178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6
438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6
454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5
178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493
178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL
/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 208.9 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .485
(supports left unary)3.235 F 3.235(,r)-.715 G .485
(ight unary and binary operators.)-3.235 F .484(Operators can be)5.984 F
/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF -.11(ov)3.234 G(er).11 E(-)-.22 E(loaded)108
222.1 Q F2 3.116(,o)C 3.117(rr)-3.116 G .367(e-used with dif)-3.117 F
.367(ferent numbers and types of ar)-.275 F 3.117(guments. If)-.198 F
.367(there is an ambigu-)3.117 F .126(ous situation and the system cann\
ot determine the correct operator to use, it will return an)108 235.3 R
1.232(error and you may ha)108 248.5 R 1.562 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 3.982(ot)
.165 G 1.232
(ypecast the left and/or right operands to help it understand)-3.982 F
(which operator you meant to use.)108 261.7 Q 2.289 -.88(To c)108 278.8
T .529(reate an operator for adding tw).88 F 3.279(oc)-.11 G(omple)
-3.279 E 3.279(xn)-.165 G .529(umbers can be done as follo)-3.279 F
3.278(ws. First)-.275 F(we)3.278 E .436
(need to create a function to add the ne)108 292 R 3.186(wt)-.275 G .436
(ypes. Then, we can create the operator with the)-3.186 F(function.)108
305.2 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
(CREATE FUNCTION complex_add\(complex, complex\))148 330.4 Q
(RETURNS complex)166 342.6 Q(AS '$PWD/obj/complex.so')166 354.8 Q
(LANGUAGE 'c';)166 367 Q(CREATE OPERATOR + \()148 403.6 Q
(leftarg = complex,)166 415.8 Q(rightarg = complex,)166 428 Q
(procedure = complex_add,)166 440.2 Q(commutator = +)166 452.4 Q(\);)148
464.6 Q F2 -.88(We)108 506.9 S -1.815 -.55('v e).88 H(sho)4.31 E 1.01
(wn ho)-.275 F 3.76(wt)-.275 G 3.76(oc)-3.76 G 1.01
(reate a binary operator here. T)-3.76 F 3.759(oc)-.88 G 1.009
(reate unary operators, just omit)-3.759 F(one of)108 520.1 Q/F5 11
/Courier@0 SF(leftarg)2.75 E F2(\(for left unary\) or)2.75 E F5
(rightarg)2.75 E F2(\(for right unary\).)2.75 E 1.823(If we gi)108 537.2
R 2.153 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 1.824(he system enough type information, it \
can automatically \214gure out which).165 F(operators to use.)108 550.4
Q F4(SELECT \(a + b\) AS c FROM test_complex;)148 575.6 Q .4 LW 248
606.1 148 606.1 DL(c)153 615.8 Q 248 620.3 148 620.3 DL(\(5.2,6.05\))153
630 Q 248 634.5 148 634.5 DL(\(133.42,144.95\))153 644.2 Q 248 648.7 148
648.7 DL 248 606.1 248 648.7 DL 148 606.1 148 648.7 DL/F6 11
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.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL
91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5
97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251
97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5
97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284
97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5
97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317
97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5
97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350
97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5
97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383
97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5
97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416
97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5
97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449
97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5
97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482
97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5
97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(10. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: A)4.75
E(GGREGA)-1.045 E(TES)-1.805 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75
178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5
178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6
108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6
124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5
178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163
178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL
179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6
DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5
178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6
218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6
234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5
178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273
178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL
289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6
DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5
178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6
328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6
344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5
178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383
178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL
399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6
DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5
178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6
438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6
454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5
178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493
178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL
/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(Aggre)108 208.9 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G .241(tes in)
.055 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.991 E F1 .241(are e)2.991 F
.241(xpressed in terms of)-.165 F/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF .241(state tr)
2.991 F .241(ansition functions)-.165 F F1 5.741(.T)C .24(hat is, an)
-5.741 F(aggre)108 222.1 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G .924
(te can be de\214ned in terms of).055 F F3(state)3.675 E F1 .925
(that is modi\214ed whene)3.675 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.675(ra).165 G 3.675
(ni)-3.675 G .925(nstance is pro-)-3.675 F 3.74(cessed. Some)108 235.3 R
.989(state functions look at a particular v)3.74 F .989
(alue in the instance when computing)-.275 F 1.59(the ne)108 248.5 R
4.34(ws)-.275 G 1.59(tate \()-4.34 F F3(sfunc1)A F1 1.59(in the)4.34 F
/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)4.34 E 1.59(eate aggr)-.198 F(egate)-.198 E F1
1.59(syntax\) while others only k)4.34 F 1.591(eep track of)-.11 F
(their o)108 261.7 Q(wn internal state \()-.275 E F3(sfunc2)A F1(\).)A
.085(If we de\214ne an aggre)108 278.8 R -.055(ga)-.165 G .084
(te that uses only).055 F/F5 11/Courier@0 SF(sfunc1)2.834 E F1 2.834(,w)
C 2.834(ed)-2.834 G .084(e\214ne an aggre)-2.834 F -.055(ga)-.165 G .084
(te that computes a).055 F .488(running function of the attrib)108 292 R
.488(ute v)-.22 F .488(alues from each instance.)-.275 F .488
(\231Sum\232 is an e)5.988 F .488(xample of this)-.165 F .074
(kind of aggre)108 305.2 R -.055(ga)-.165 G 2.824(te. \231Sum\232).055 F
.073(starts at zero and al)2.824 F -.11(wa)-.11 G .073
(ys adds the current instance').11 F 2.823(sv)-.605 G .073(alue to its)
-3.098 F .19(running total.)108 318.4 R 1.95 -.88(We w)5.69 H .19
(ill use the).88 F F5(int4pl)2.94 E F1 .19(that is b)2.94 F .191
(uilt into)-.22 F F2(POSTGRES)2.941 E F1 .191(to perform this addi-)
2.941 F(tion.)108 331.6 Q/F6 10/Courier@0 SF
(CREATE AGGREGATE complex_sum \()148 356.8 Q(sfunc1 = complex_add,)178
369 Q(basetype = complex,)178 381.2 Q(stype1 = complex,)178 393.4 Q
(initcond1 = '\(0,0\)')178 405.6 Q(\);)160 417.8 Q
(SELECT complex_sum\(a\) FROM test_complex;)148 454.4 Q .4 LW 224 484.9
148 484.9 DL(complex_sum)153 494.6 Q 224 499.1 148 499.1 DL(\(34,53.9\))
153 508.8 Q 224 513.3 148 513.3 DL 224 484.9 224 513.3 DL 148 484.9 148
513.3 DL F1 .184(If we de\214ne only)108 535 R F5(sfunc2)2.934 E F1
2.934(,w)C 2.934(ea)-2.934 G .184(re specifying an aggre)-2.934 F -.055
(ga)-.165 G .184(te that computes a running func-).055 F .998
(tion that is independent of the attrib)108 548.2 R .999(ute v)-.22 F
.999(alues from each instance.)-.275 F .999(\231Count\232 is the most)
6.499 F 1.313(common e)108 561.4 R 1.313(xample of this kind of aggre)
-.165 F -.055(ga)-.165 G 4.063(te. \231Count\232).055 F 1.312
(starts at zero and adds one to its)4.063 F 1.665
(running total for each instance, ignoring the instance v)108 574.6 R
4.415(alue. Here,)-.275 F 1.666(we use the b)4.415 F(uilt-in)-.22 E F5
(int4inc)108 587.8 Q F1 .631(routine to do the w)3.381 F .631
(ork for us.)-.11 F .63(This routine increments \(adds one to\) its ar)
6.131 F(gu-)-.198 E(ment.)108 601 Q F6
(CREATE AGGREGATE my_count \(sfunc2 = int4inc, -- add one)148 626.2 Q
(basetype = int4, stype2 = int4,)322 638.4 Q(initcond2 = '0'\))322 650.6
Q(SELECT my_count\(*\) as emp_count from EMP;)148 675 Q F4(37)282.5 756
Q EP
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.4 LW 212 88.5 148 88.5 DL/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(emp_count)153 98.2 Q 212
102.7 148 102.7 DL(5)153 112.4 Q 212 116.9 148 116.9 DL 212 88.5 212
116.9 DL 148 88.5 148 116.9 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.804 -.88
(\231A v)108 138.6 T .095(erage\232 is an e).715 F .095
(xample of an aggre)-.165 F -.055(ga)-.165 G .096
(te that requires both a function to compute the run-).055 F .987
(ning sum and a function to compute the running count.)108 151.8 R .986
(When all of the instances ha)6.486 F -.165(ve)-.22 G .405
(been processed, the \214nal answer for the aggre)108 165 R -.055(ga)
-.165 G .405(te is the running sum di).055 F .405(vided by the run-)
-.275 F .923(ning count.)108 178.2 R 2.683 -.88(We u)6.423 H .923
(se the).88 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(int4pl)3.673 E F1(and)3.673 E F2
(int4inc)3.673 E F1 .922(routines we used before as well as the)3.673 F
/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 191.4 Q F1(inte)2.855 E .105
(ger di)-.165 F .105(vision routine,)-.275 F F2(int4div)2.855 E F1 2.855
(,t)C 2.855(oc)-2.855 G .105(ompute the di)-2.855 F .106
(vision of the sum by the)-.275 F(count.)108 204.6 Q F0
(CREATE AGGREGATE my_average \(sfunc1 = int4pl, --)148 229.8 Q(sum)12 E
(basetype = int4,)334 242 Q(stype1 = int4,)334 254.2 Q
(sfunc2 = int4inc, -- count)334 266.4 Q(stype2 = int4,)334 278.6 Q
(finalfunc = int4div, -- division)334 290.8 Q(initcond1 = '0',)334 303 Q
(initcond2 = '0'\))334 315.2 Q
(SELECT my_average\(salary\) as emp_average FROM EMP;)148 339.6 Q 224
370.1 148 370.1 DL(emp_average)153 379.8 Q 224 384.3 148 384.3 DL(1640)
153 394 Q 224 398.5 148 398.5 DL 224 370.1 224 398.5 DL 148 370.1 148
398.5 DL/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(38)282.5 756 Q EP
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.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL
91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5
97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251
97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5
97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284
97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5
97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317
97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5
97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350
97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5
97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383
97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5
97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416
97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5
97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449
97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5
97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482
97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5
97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(11. INTERF)72 165.4 R -1.045(AC)-1.71
G(ING EXTENSIONS T)1.045 E 4.75(OI)-.342 G(NDICES)-4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72
178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86
178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5
178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6
119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6
135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5
178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174
178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL
190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6
DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5
178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6
229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6
245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5
178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284
178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL
300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6
DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5
178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6
339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6
355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5
178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394
178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL
410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6
DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5
178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6
449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6
465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5
178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504
178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .125
(The procedures described thus f)108 208.9 R .125
(ar let you de\214ne a ne)-.11 F 2.875(wt)-.275 G .124(ype, ne)-2.875 F
2.874(wf)-.275 G .124(unctions and ne)-2.874 F 2.874(wo)-.275 G(per)
-2.874 E(-)-.22 E 3.069(ators. Ho)108 222.1 R(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275
G 1.199 -.44(r, w).165 H 3.069(ec).44 G .32
(annot yet de\214ne a secondary inde)-3.069 F 3.07(x\()-.165 G .32
(such as a B-tree, R-tree or hash)-3.07 F(access method\) o)108 235.3 Q
-.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(ran).165 G .55 -.275(ew t)-2.75 H
(ype or its operators.).275 E .181(Look back at Figure 3.)108 252.4 R
.181(The right half sho)5.681 F .18
(ws the catalogs that we must modify in order to)-.275 F(tell)108 265.6
Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.911 E F1(ho)4.911 E 4.911(wt)-.275 G
4.911(ou)-4.911 G 2.161(se a user)-4.911 F 2.161
(-de\214ned type and/or user)-.22 F 2.162(-de\214ned operators with an)
-.22 F(inde)108 278.8 Q 3.874(x\()-.165 G(i.e.,)-3.874 E/F3 11/Courier@0
SF(pg_am)3.874 E F1(,)A F3(pg_amop)3.874 E F1(,)A F3(pg_amproc)3.873 E
F1(and)3.873 E F3(pg_opclass)3.873 E F1 3.873(\). Unfortunately)B 3.873
(,t)-.715 G(here)-3.873 E 1.611(is no simple command to do this.)108 292
R 3.372 -.88(We w)7.111 H 1.612(ill demonstrate ho).88 F 4.362(wt)-.275
G 4.362(om)-4.362 G 1.612(odify these catalogs)-4.362 F .78
(through a running e)108 305.2 R .78(xample: a ne)-.165 F 3.53(wo)-.275
G .779(perator class for the B-tree access method that sorts)-3.53 F
(inte)108 318.4 Q(gers in ascending absolute v)-.165 E(alue order)-.275
E(.)-.605 E(The)108 335.5 Q F3(pg_am)3.956 E F1 1.206
(class contains one instance for e)3.956 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.206
(ry user).165 F 1.206(-de\214ned access method.)-.22 F(Support)6.706 E
1.667(for the heap access method is b)108 348.7 R 1.667(uilt into)-.22 F
F2(POSTGRES)4.417 E F1 4.417(,b)C 1.667(ut e)-4.637 F -.165(ve)-.275 G
1.667(ry other access method is).165 F(described here.)108 361.9 Q
(The schema is)5.5 E 496.228 379.65 115.771 379.65 DL F3(amname)121.271
390.1 Q F1(name of the access method)56.1 E 496.228 394.85 115.771
394.85 DL F3(amowner)121.271 405.3 Q F1(object id of the o)49.5 E(wner')
-.275 E 2.75(si)-.605 G(nstance in pg_user)-2.75 E 496.228 410.05
115.771 410.05 DL F3(amkind)121.271 420.5 Q F1(not used at present, b)
56.1 E(ut set to 'o' as a place holder)-.22 E 496.228 425.25 115.771
425.25 DL F3(amstrategies)121.271 435.7 Q F1(number of strate)16.5 E
(gies for this access method \(see belo)-.165 E(w\))-.275 E 496.228
440.45 115.771 440.45 DL F3(amsupport)121.271 450.9 Q F1
(number of support routines for this access method \(see belo)36.3 E
(w\))-.275 E 496.228 455.65 115.771 455.65 DL F3(amgettuple)121.271
466.1 Q(aminsert)121.271 479.3 Q(...)121.271 492.5 Q F1 4.257
(procedure identi\214ers for interf)216.971 466.1 R 4.257
(ace routines to the access)-.11 F 5.101(method. F)216.971 479.3 R 2.351
(or e)-.165 F(xample,)-.165 E F3(regproc)5.101 E F1 2.351
(ids for opening, closing,)5.101 F
(and getting instances from the access method appear here.)216.971 492.5
Q 496.228 497.25 115.771 497.25 DL 208.721 379.65 208.721 497.25 DL
496.228 379.65 496.228 497.25 DL 115.771 379.65 115.771 497.25 DL .68
(The object ID of the instance in)108 518.7 R F3(pg_am)3.431 E F1 .681
(is used as a foreign k)3.431 F 1.011 -.165(ey i)-.11 H 3.431(nl).165 G
.681(ots of other classes.)-3.431 F -1.21(Yo)108 531.9 S 2.912(ud)1.21 G
(on')-2.912 E 2.912(tn)-.198 G .162(eed to add a ne)-2.912 F 2.911(wi)
-.275 G .161(nstance to this class; all you')-2.911 F .161
(re interested in is the object ID)-.55 F
(of the access method instance you w)108 545.1 Q(ant to e)-.11 E(xtend:)
-.165 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree')
148 570.3 Q .4 LW 176 587.8 148 587.8 DL(oid)153 597.5 Q 176 602 148 602
DL(403)153 611.7 Q 176 616.2 148 616.2 DL 176 587.8 176 616.2 DL 148
587.8 148 616.2 DL F1(The)108 650.9 Q F3(amstrategies)3.445 E F1(attrib)
3.445 E .695(ute e)-.22 F .695
(xists to standardize comparisons across data types.)-.165 F -.165(Fo)
6.196 G(r).165 E -.165(ex)108 664.1 S 1.527
(ample, B-trees impose a strict ordering on k).165 F -.165(ey)-.11 G
1.527(s, lesser to greater).165 F 7.026(.S)-.605 G(ince)-7.026 E F2
(POSTGRES)4.276 E F1(allo)108 677.3 Q 1.144
(ws the user to de\214ne operators,)-.275 F F2(POSTGRES)3.894 E F1 1.145
(cannot look at the)3.894 F/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(name)3.895 E F1 1.145
(of an operator)3.895 F(\(e)108 690.5 Q(g,)-.165 E F3(>)3.713 E F1(or)
3.713 E F3(<)3.713 E F1 3.712(\)a)C .962
(nd tell what kind of comparison it is.)-3.712 F .962(In f)6.462 F .962
(act, some access methods don')-.11 F(t)-.198 E 3.648(impose an)108
703.7 R 6.398(yo)-.165 G 3.648(rdering at all.)-6.398 F -.165(Fo)9.149 G
6.399(re).165 G 3.649(xample, R-trees e)-6.564 F 3.649
(xpress a rectangle-containment)-.165 F F5(39)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.021
(relationship, whereas a hashed data structure e)108 97.2 R 1.021
(xpresses only bitwise similarity based on)-.165 F .039(the v)108 110.4
R .039(alue of a hash function.)-.275 F/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)
5.539 E F0 .039(needs some consistent w)2.789 F .039
(ay of taking a quali\214ca-)-.11 F .049(tion in your query)108 123.6 R
2.799(,l)-.715 G .049
(ooking at the operator and then deciding if a usable inde)-2.799 F
2.798(xe)-.165 G 2.798(xists. This)-2.963 F .162(implies that)108 136.8
R F1(POSTGRES)2.912 E F0 .162(needs to kno)2.912 F 1.592 -.715(w, f)
-.275 H .162(or e).715 F .162(xample, that the)-.165 F/F2 11/Courier@0
SF(<=)2.913 E F0(and)2.913 E F2(>)2.913 E F0 .163(operators partition)
2.913 F 3.102(aB)108 150 S(-tree.)-3.102 E F1(POSTGRES)5.852 E F0 .352
(uses strate)3.102 F .352(gies to e)-.165 F .351
(xpress these relationships between operators and)-.165 F(the w)108
163.2 Q(ay the)-.11 E 2.75(yc)-.165 G(an be used to scan indices.)-2.75
E .687(De\214ning a ne)108 180.3 R 3.437(ws)-.275 G .687(et of strate)
-3.437 F .687(gies is be)-.165 F .687
(yond the scope of this discussion, b)-.165 F .688(ut we')-.22 F .688
(ll e)-.11 F(xplain)-.165 E(ho)108 193.5 Q 3.122(wB)-.275 G .372
(-tree strate)-3.122 F .372(gies w)-.165 F .372(ork because you')-.11 F
.372(ll need to kno)-.11 F 3.122(wt)-.275 G .372(hat to add a ne)-3.122
F 3.121(wo)-.275 G .371(perator class.)-3.121 F .099(In the)108 206.7 R
F2(pg_am)2.849 E F0 .099(class, the)2.849 F F2(amstrategies)2.849 E F0
(attrib)2.849 E .099(ute is the number of strate)-.22 F .099
(gies de\214ned for)-.165 F(this access method.)108 219.9 Q -.165(Fo)5.5
G 2.75(rB).165 G(-trees, this number is 5.)-2.75 E(These strate)5.5 E
(gies correspond to)-.165 E .44 LW 367.858 237.65 244.141 237.65 DL
(less than)249.641 248.1 Q(1)69.025 E 367.858 252.85 244.141 252.85 DL
(less than or equal)249.641 263.3 Q(2)30.536 E 367.858 268.05 244.141
268.05 DL 80.641(equal 3)249.641 278.5 R 367.858 283.25 244.141 283.25
DL(greater than or equal)249.641 293.7 Q(4)16.5 E 367.858 298.45 244.141
298.45 DL(greater than)249.641 308.9 Q(5)54.989 E 367.858 313.65 244.141
313.65 DL 367.858 237.65 367.858 313.65 DL 244.141 237.65 244.141 313.65
DL 348.608 237.65 348.608 313.65 DL .255(The idea is that you')108 335.1
R .254(ll need to add procedures corresponding to the comparisons abo)
-.11 F .584 -.165(ve t)-.165 H(o).165 E(the)108 348.3 Q F2(pg_amop)3.068
E F0 .318(relation \(see belo)3.068 F 3.068(w\). The)-.275 F .318
(access method code can use these strate)3.068 F .319(gy num-)-.165 F
.11(bers, re)108 361.5 R -.055(ga)-.165 G .11
(rdless of data type, to \214gure out ho).055 F 2.86(wt)-.275 G 2.86(op)
-2.86 G .11(artition the B-tree, compute selecti)-2.86 F(vity)-.275 E(,)
-.715 E .898(and so on.)108 374.7 R(Don')6.399 E 3.649(tw)-.198 G .899
(orry about the details of adding procedures yet; just understand that)
-3.759 F .48(there must be a set of these procedures for)108 387.9 R F2
(int2)3.23 E F0(,)A F2(int4)3.23 E F0(,)A F2(oid)3.23 E F0 3.23(,a)C .48
(nd e)-3.23 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .479(ry other data type).165 F
(on which a B-tree can operate.)108 401.1 Q .803(Sometimes, strate)108
418.2 R .803(gies aren')-.165 F 3.554(te)-.198 G .804
(nough information for the system to \214gure out ho)-3.554 F 3.554(wt)
-.275 G 3.554(ou)-3.554 G(se)-3.554 E 1.848(an inde)108 431.4 R 4.598
(x. Some)-.165 F 1.848
(access methods require other support routines in order to w)4.598 F
4.598(ork. F)-.11 F(or)-.165 E -.165(ex)108 444.6 S 1.976
(ample, the B-tree access method must be able to compare tw).165 F 4.726
(ok)-.11 G -.165(ey)-4.836 G 4.726(sa).165 G 1.976(nd determine)-4.726 F
.745(whether one is greater than, equal to, or less than the other)108
457.8 R 6.245(.S)-.605 G(imilarly)-6.245 E 3.495(,t)-.715 G .745
(he R-tree access)-3.495 F 1.685(method must be able to compute interse\
ctions, unions, and sizes of rectangles.)108 471 R(These)7.185 E .884(o\
perations do not correspond to user quali\214cations in SQL queries; th\
e)108 484.2 R 3.633(ya)-.165 G .883(re administra-)-3.633 F(ti)108 497.4
Q .33 -.165(ve r)-.275 H(outines used by the access methods, internally)
.165 E(.)-.715 E 1.971(In order to manage di)108 514.5 R -.165(ve)-.275
G 1.972(rse support routines consistently across all).165 F F1(POSTGRES)
4.722 E F0(access)4.722 E(methods,)108 527.7 Q F2(pg_am)4.65 E F0 1.9
(includes an attrib)4.65 F 1.9(ute called)-.22 F F2(amsupport)4.65 E F0
7.4(.T)C 1.899(his attrib)-7.4 F 1.899(ute records the)-.22 F .136
(number of support routines used by an access method.)108 540.9 R -.165
(Fo)5.636 G 2.887(rB).165 G .137(-trees, this number is one \212)-2.887
F .173(the routine to tak)108 554.1 R 2.923(et)-.11 G .393 -.11(wo ke)
-2.923 H .173(ys and return)-.055 F/F3 11/Symbol SF(-)2.923 E F0 .173
(1, 0, or).916 F F3(+)2.923 E F0 .172
(1, depending on whether the \214rst k).916 F .502 -.165(ey i)-.11 H(s)
.165 E(less than, equal to, or greater than the second.)108 569.5 Q/F4 8
/Times-Roman@0 SF(8)-4.4 I F0(The)108 586.6 Q F2(amstrategies)4.312 E F0
1.562(entry in)4.312 F F2(pg_am)4.312 E F0 1.562(is just the)4.312 F/F5
11/Times-Italic@0 SF(number)4.312 E F0 1.562(of strate)4.312 F 1.562
(gies de\214ned for the)-.165 F 1.852(access method in question.)108
599.8 R 1.852(The procedures for less than, less equal, and so on don')
7.352 F(t)-.198 E 3.555(appear in)108 613 R F2(pg_am)6.305 E F0 9.055
(.S)C(imilarly)-9.055 E(,)-.715 E F2(amsupport)6.305 E F0 3.555
(is just the number of support routines)6.305 F
(required by the access method.)108 626.2 Q
(The actual routines are listed else)5.5 E(where.)-.275 E .974(The ne)
108 643.3 R .974(xt class of interest is)-.165 F F2(pg_opclass.)3.724 E
F0 .973(This class e)6.474 F .973(xists only to associate a name)-.165 F
1.914(with an)108 656.5 R F2(oid)4.664 E F0 7.414(.I)C(n)-7.414 E F2
(pg_amop)4.665 E F0 4.665(,e)C -.165(ve)-4.94 G 1.915
(ry B-tree operator class has a set of procedures, one).165 F 4.98
(through \214v)108 669.7 R 4.98(e, abo)-.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 10.48
(.S).165 G 4.979(ome e)-10.48 F 4.979(xisting opclasses are)-.165 F F2
(int2_ops)7.729 E F0(,)A F2(int4_ops)7.729 E F0 7.729(,a)C(nd)-7.729 E
.32 LW 76 679.3 72 679.3 DL 80 679.3 76 679.3 DL 84 679.3 80 679.3 DL 88
679.3 84 679.3 DL 92 679.3 88 679.3 DL 96 679.3 92 679.3 DL 100 679.3 96
679.3 DL 104 679.3 100 679.3 DL 108 679.3 104 679.3 DL 112 679.3 108
679.3 DL 116 679.3 112 679.3 DL 120 679.3 116 679.3 DL 124 679.3 120
679.3 DL 128 679.3 124 679.3 DL 132 679.3 128 679.3 DL 136 679.3 132
679.3 DL 140 679.3 136 679.3 DL 144 679.3 140 679.3 DL 148 679.3 144
679.3 DL 152 679.3 148 679.3 DL 156 679.3 152 679.3 DL 160 679.3 156
679.3 DL 164 679.3 160 679.3 DL 168 679.3 164 679.3 DL 172 679.3 168
679.3 DL 176 679.3 172 679.3 DL 180 679.3 176 679.3 DL 184 679.3 180
679.3 DL 188 679.3 184 679.3 DL 192 679.3 188 679.3 DL 196 679.3 192
679.3 DL 200 679.3 196 679.3 DL 204 679.3 200 679.3 DL 208 679.3 204
679.3 DL 212 679.3 208 679.3 DL 216 679.3 212 679.3 DL/F6 5
/Times-Roman@0 SF(8)93.6 689.7 Q F4
(Strictly speaking, this routine can return a ne)2 3.2 M -.04(ga)-.12 G
(ti).04 E .24 -.12(ve n)-.2 H(umber \(< 0\), 0, or a non-zero positi).12
E .24 -.12(ve n)-.2 H(umber \(> 0\).).12 E/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(40)
282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Courier@0 SF(oid_ops)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 7.077(.Y)C
1.577(ou need to add an instance with your opclass name \(for e)-8.287 F
(xample,)-.165 E F0(com-)4.328 E(plex_abs_ops)108 110.4 Q F1 3.409(\)t)C
(o)-3.409 E F0(pg_opclass)3.409 E F1 6.159(.T)C(he)-6.159 E F0(oid)3.409
E F1 .658(of this instance is a foreign k)3.408 F .988 -.165(ey i)-.11 H
3.408(no).165 G(ther)-3.408 E(classes.)108 123.6 Q/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(INSERT INTO pg_opclass \(opcname\) VALUES \('complex_abs_ops'\);)148
148.8 Q(SELECT oid, opcname)148 173.2 Q(FROM pg_opclass)160 185.4 Q
(WHERE opcname = 'complex_abs_ops';)160 197.6 Q .4 LW 275 215.1 148
215.1 DL 21(oid opcname)153 224.8 R 275 229.3 148 229.3 DL 9
(17314 int4_abs_ops)153 239 R 275 243.5 148 243.5 DL 275 215.1 275 243.5
DL 148 215.1 148 243.5 DL 190.5 215.1 190.5 243.5 DL F1 .186
(Note that the)108 278.2 R F0(oid)2.936 E F1 .186(for your)2.936 F F0
(pg_opclass)2.936 E F1(instance)2.936 E/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF .186
(will be differ)2.936 F(ent)-.198 E F1 5.686(!Y)C .187
(ou should substi-)-6.896 F(tute your v)108 291.4 Q
(alue for 17314 where)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ri).165 G 2.75(ta)
-2.75 G(ppears in this discussion.)-2.75 E .151(So no)108 308.5 R 2.901
(ww)-.275 G 2.9(eh)-2.901 G -2.475 -.22(av e)-2.9 H .15
(an access method and an operator class.)3.12 F 1.91 -.88(We s)5.65 H
.15(till need a set of operators;).88 F .651
(the procedure for de\214ning operators w)108 321.7 R .652
(as discussed earlier in this manual.)-.11 F -.165(Fo)6.152 G 3.402(rt)
.165 G(he)-3.402 E F0(com-)3.402 E(plex_abs_ops)108 334.9 Q F1
(operator class on B-trees, the operators we require are:)2.75 E
(absolute v)148 361.1 Q(alue less-than)-.275 E(absolute v)148 374.3 Q
(alue less-than-or)-.275 E(-equal)-.22 E(absolute v)148 387.5 Q
(alue equal)-.275 E(absolute v)148 400.7 Q(alue greater)-.275 E
(-than-or)-.22 E(-equal)-.22 E(absolute v)148 413.9 Q(alue greater)-.275
E(-than)-.22 E(Suppose the code that implements the functions de\214ned\
 is stored in the \214le)108 440.1 Q F2
(/usr/local/postgres95/src/tutorial/complex.c)148 465.3 Q F1 -.165(Pa)
108 491.5 S .592(rt of the code look lik).165 F 3.342(et)-.11 G .592
(his: \(note that we will only sho)-3.342 F 3.342(wt)-.275 G .592
(he equality operator for the)-3.342 F .631(rest of the e)108 504.7 R
.632(xamples. The other four operators are v)-.165 F .632(ery similar)
-.165 F 3.382(.R)-.605 G .632(efer to)-3.382 F F0(complex.c)3.382 E F1
(or)3.382 E F0(complex.sql)108 517.9 Q F1(for the details.\))2.75 E F2
(#define Mag\(c\))148 543.1 Q(\(\(c\)->x*\(c\)->x + \(c\)->y*\(c\)->y\))
24 E(bool)148 567.5 Q(complex_abs_eq\(Complex *a, Complex *b\))148 579.7
Q({)148 591.9 Q(double amag = Mag\(a\), bmag = Mag\(b\);)172 604.1 Q
(return \(amag==bmag\);)172 616.3 Q(})148 628.5 Q F1
(There are a couple of important things that are happening belo)108
654.7 Q -.715(w.)-.275 G 1.966
(First, note that operators for less-than, less-than-or)108 671.8 R
1.966(-equal, equal, greater)-.22 F(-than-or)-.22 E(-equal,)-.22 E .885
(and greater)108 685 R .886(-than for)-.22 F F0(int4)3.636 E F1 .886
(are being de\214ned.)3.636 F .886
(All of these operators are already de\214ned)6.386 F(for)108 698.2 Q F0
(int4)2.962 E F1 .212(under the names)2.962 F F0(<)2.962 E F1(,)A F0(<=)
2.962 E F1(,)A F0(=)2.962 E F1(,)A F0(>=)2.962 E F1 2.962(,a)C(nd)-2.962
E F0(>)2.962 E F1 5.712(.T)C .212(he ne)-5.712 F 2.961(wo)-.275 G .211
(perators beha)-2.961 F .541 -.165(ve d)-.22 H(if).165 E(ferently)-.275
E 2.961(,o)-.715 G(f)-2.961 E 2.783(course. In)108 711.4 R .033
(order to guarantee that)2.783 F/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.783 E
F1 .034(uses these ne)2.783 F 2.784(wo)-.275 G .034
(perators rather than the old)-2.784 F F3(41)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .765(ones, the)108 97.2 R 3.515(yn)-.165 G .764
(eed to be named dif)-3.515 F .764(ferently from the old ones.)-.275 F
.764(This is a k)6.264 F 1.094 -.165(ey p)-.11 H .764(oint: you can).165
F -.165(ove)108 110.4 S 1.48(rload operators in).165 F/F1 10
/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.23 E F0 4.23(,b)C 1.48
(ut only if the operator isn')-4.45 F 4.231(ta)-.198 G 1.481
(lready de\214ned for the)-4.231 F(ar)108 123.6 Q 1.474(gument types.)
-.198 F 1.474(That is, if you ha)6.974 F -.165(ve)-.22 G/F2 11/Courier@0
SF(<)4.388 E F0 1.473(de\214ned for \()4.223 F F2(int4)A F0(,)A F2(int4)
4.223 E F0 1.473(\), you can')B 4.223(td)-.198 G 1.473(e\214ne it)-4.223
F(ag)108 136.8 Q(ain.)-.055 E F1(POSTGRES)5.893 E/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF
.393(does not check)3.143 F F0 .393
(this when you de\214ne your operator)3.143 F 3.144(,s)-.44 G 3.144(ob)
-3.144 G 3.144(ec)-3.144 G 3.144(areful. T)-3.144 F(o)-.88 E -.22(avo)
108 150 S .642
(id this problem, odd names will be used for the operators.).22 F .641
(If you get this wrong, the)6.141 F(access methods are lik)108 163.2 Q
(ely to crash when you try to do scans.)-.11 E 1.223
(The other important point is that all the operator functions return)108
180.3 R/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(Boolean)3.974 E F0 -.275(va)3.974 G
3.974(lues. The).275 F .733(access methods rely on this f)108 193.5 R
3.483(act. \(On)-.11 F .733
(the other hand, the support function returns what-)3.483 F -2.365 -.275
(ev e)108 206.7 T 2.75(rt).275 G(he particular access method e)-2.75 E
(xpects \212 in this case, a signed inte)-.165 E(ger)-.165 E(.\))-.605 E
1.443(The \214nal routine in the \214le is the \231support routine\232 \
mentioned when we discussed the)108 223.8 R F2(amsupport)108 237 Q F0
(attrib)2.75 E(ute of the)-.22 E F2(pg_am)2.75 E F0 2.75(class. W)2.75 F
2.75(ew)-.88 G(ill use this later on.)-2.75 E -.165(Fo)5.5 G 2.75(rn)
.165 G -.275(ow)-2.75 G 2.75(,i)-.44 G(gnore it.)-2.75 E/F5 10/Courier@0
SF(CREATE FUNCTION complex_abs_eq\(complex, complex\))148 262.2 Q
(RETURNS bool)178 274.4 Q
(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')178 286.6 Q
(LANGUAGE 'c';)178 298.8 Q F0(No)108 337.2 Q 3.975(wd)-.275 G 1.224
(e\214ne the operators that use them.)-3.975 F 1.224
(As noted, the operator names must be unique)6.724 F .684
(among all operators that tak)108 350.4 R 3.434(et)-.11 G -.11(wo)-3.434
G F2(int4)3.544 E F0 3.434(operands. In)3.434 F .684
(order to see if the operator names)3.434 F(listed belo)108 363.6 Q 2.75
(wa)-.275 G(re tak)-2.75 E(en, we can do a query on)-.11 E F2
(pg_operator)2.75 E F0(:)A F5(/*)148 388.8 Q 6(*t)154 401 S
(his query uses the regular expression operator \(~\))-6 E 6(*t)154
413.2 S 6(of)-6 G(ind three-character operator names that end in)-6 E 6
(*t)154 425.4 S(he character &)-6 E(*/)154 437.6 Q(SELECT *)148 449.8 Q
(FROM pg_operator)148 462 Q(WHERE oprname ~ '^..&$'::text;)148 474.2 Q
F0 1.15(to see if your name is tak)108 500.4 R 1.149
(en for the types you w)-.11 F 3.899(ant. The)-.11 F 1.149
(important things here are the)3.899 F .359
(procedure \(which are the C functions de\214ned abo)108 513.6 R -.165
(ve)-.165 G 3.109(\)a).165 G .359(nd the restriction and join selecti)
-3.109 F(v-)-.275 E .13(ity functions.)108 526.8 R -1.21(Yo)5.63 G 2.88
(us)1.21 G .13(hould just use the ones used belo)-2.88 F .129
(w\212note that there are dif)-.275 F .129(ferent such)-.275 F .54
(functions for the less-than, equal, and greater)108 540 R .541
(-than cases.)-.22 F(These)6.041 E F4(must)3.291 E F0 .541
(be supplied, or the)3.291 F .048
(access method will crash when it tries to use the operator)108 553.2 R
5.548(.Y)-.605 G .048(ou should cop)-6.758 F 2.798(yt)-.11 G .048
(he names for)-2.798 F F2(restrict)108 566.4 Q F0(and)2.75 E F2(join)
2.75 E F0 2.75(,b)C
(ut use the procedure names you de\214ned in the last step.)-2.97 E F5
(CREATE OPERATOR = \()148 591.6 Q
(leftarg = complex, rightarg = complex, procedure = complex_abs_eq,)166
603.8 Q(restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel)166 616 Q(\))148 628.2 Q F0
1.687(Notice that \214v)108 654.4 R 4.437(eo)-.165 G 1.688
(perators corresponding to less, less equal, equal, greater)-4.437 F
4.438(,a)-.44 G 1.688(nd greater)-4.438 F(equal are de\214ned.)108 667.6
Q -.88(We)108 684.7 S -.55('r).88 G 2.896(ej).55 G .145
(ust about \214nished. the last thing we need to do is to update the)
-2.896 F F2(pg_amop)2.895 E F0(relation.)2.895 E 1.76 -.88(To d)108
697.9 T 2.75(ot).88 G(his, we need the follo)-2.75 E(wing attrib)-.275 E
(utes:)-.22 E F3(42)282.5 756 Q EP
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.44 LW 428.05 88.75 183.95 88.75 DL/F0 11/Courier@0 SF(amopid)189.45
99.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(the)278.55 99.2 Q F0(oid)3.821 E F1 1.071
(of the)3.821 F F0(pg_am)3.821 E F1(instance)3.822 E
(for B-tree \(== 403, see abo)278.55 112.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(\)).165 E
428.05 117.15 183.95 117.15 DL F0(amopclaid)189.45 127.6 Q F1(the)278.55
127.6 Q F0(oid)5.539 E F1 2.788(of the)5.538 F F0(pg_opclass)5.538 E F1
5.213(instance for)278.55 140.8 R F0(int4_abs_ops)7.964 E F1 .684
(\(== whate)278.55 154 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.434(ry).165 G .684
(ou got instead of)-3.434 F(17314, see abo)278.55 167.2 Q -.165(ve)-.165
G(\)).165 E 428.05 171.95 183.95 171.95 DL F0(amopopr)189.45 182.4 Q F1
(the)278.55 182.4 Q F0(oid)2.779 E F1 2.779(so)C 2.779(ft)-2.779 G .029
(he operators for the)-2.779 F 1.386(opclass \(which we')278.55 195.6 R
1.386(ll get in just)-.11 F 2.75(am)278.55 208.8 S(inute\))-2.75 E
428.05 213.55 183.95 213.55 DL(cost functions.)278.55 224 Q F0
(amopselect,)189.45 224 Q(amopnpages)189.45 237.2 Q 428.05 241.95 183.95
241.95 DL 428.05 88.75 428.05 241.95 DL 183.95 88.75 183.95 241.95 DL
270.3 88.75 270.3 241.95 DL F1 .012(The cost functions are used by the \
query optimizer to decide whether or not to use a gi)108 263.4 R -.165
(ve)-.275 G(n).165 E(inde)108 276.6 Q 5.733(xi)-.165 G 5.733(nas)-5.733
G 5.733(can. F)-5.733 F(ortunately)-.165 E 5.733(,t)-.715 G 2.983
(hese already e)-5.733 F 5.733(xist. The)-.165 F(tw)5.733 E 5.732(of)
-.11 G 2.982(unctions we')-5.732 F 2.982(ll use are)-.11 F F0(btreesel,)
108 289.8 Q F1 1.467(which estimates the selecti)4.217 F 1.467
(vity of the B-tree, and)-.275 F F0(btreenpage,)4.218 E F1(which)4.218 E
(estimates the number of pages a search will touch in the tree.)108 303
Q .215(So we need the)108 320.1 R F0(oid)2.965 E F1 2.965(so)C 2.965(ft)
-2.965 G .215(he operators we just de\214ned.)-2.965 F -.88(We)5.714 G
-.11('l).88 G 2.964(ll).11 G .214(ook up the names of all the)-2.964 F
(operators that tak)108 333.3 Q 2.75(et)-.11 G -.11(wo)-2.75 G F0(int4)
2.86 E F1(s, and pick ours out:)A/F2 10/Courier@0 SF
(SELECT o.oid AS opoid, o.oprname)148 358.5 Q
(INTO TABLE complex_ops_tmp)148 370.7 Q(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type t)
148 382.9 Q(WHERE o.oprleft = t.oid and o.oprright = t.oid)148 395.1 Q
(and t.typname = 'complex';)178 407.3 Q F1(which returns:)108 432.5 Q .4
LW 245 450 148 450 DL F2 21(oid oprname)153 459.7 R 245 464.2 148 464.2
DL 9(17321 <)153 473.9 R 245 478.4 148 478.4 DL 9(17322 <=)153 488.1 R
245 492.6 148 492.6 DL 15(17323 =)153 502.3 R 245 506.8 148 506.8 DL 9
(17324 >=)153 516.5 R 245 521 148 521 DL 9(17325 >)153 530.7 R 245 535.2
148 535.2 DL 245 450 245 535.2 DL 148 450 148 535.2 DL 190.5 450 190.5
535.2 DL F1(\(Ag)108 556.9 Q .294(ain, some of your)-.055 F F0(oid)3.044
E F1 .295(numbers will almost certainly be dif)3.044 F 3.045
(ferent.\) The)-.275 F .295(operators we)3.045 F 1.839
(are interested in are those with)108 570.1 R F0(oid)4.589 E F1 4.589
(s1)C 1.839(7321 through 17325.)-4.589 F 1.838(The v)7.338 F 1.838
(alues you get will)-.275 F .504(probably be dif)108 583.3 R .504
(ferent, and you should substitute them for the v)-.275 F .505
(alues belo)-.275 F 4.685 -.715(w. W)-.275 H 3.255(ec)-.165 G .505
(an look)-3.255 F
(at the operator names and pick out the ones we just added.)108 596.5 Q
(No)108 613.6 Q 3.447(ww)-.275 G(e')-3.447 E .697(re ready to update)
-.55 F F0(pg_amop)3.447 E F1 .696(with our ne)3.446 F 3.446(wo)-.275 G
.696(perator class.)-3.446 F .696(The most important)6.196 F 1.116(thin\
g in this entire discussion is that the operators are ordered, from les\
s equal through)108 626.8 R(greater equal, in)108 640 Q F0(pg_amop)2.75
E F1 5.5(.W)C 2.75(ea)-6.38 G(dd the instances we need:)-2.75 E F2
(INSERT INTO pg_amop \(amopid, amopclaid, amopopr, amopstrategy,)154
665.2 Q(amopselect, amopnpages\))274 677.4 Q
(SELECT am.oid, opcl.oid, c.opoid, 3,)178 689.6 Q
('btreesel'::regproc, 'btreenpage'::regproc)195 701.8 Q/F3 11
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(FROM pg_am am, pg_opclass opcl, complex_ops_tmp c)
178 96.2 Q(WHERE amname = 'btree' and opcname = 'complex_abs_ops')178
108.4 Q(and c.oprname = '=';)196 120.6 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.007(N\
ote the order: \231less than\232 is 1, \231less than or equal\232 is 2,\
 \231equal\232 is 3, \231greater than or)108 159 R
(equal\232 is 4, and \231greater than\232 is 5.)108 172.2 Q .437
(The last step \(\214nally!\) is re)108 189.3 R .438
(gistration of the \231support routine\232 pre)-.165 F .438
(viously described in our)-.275 F 1.924(discussion of)108 202.5 R/F2 11
/Courier@0 SF(pg_am)4.674 E F1 7.424(.T)C(he)-7.424 E F2(oid)4.674 E F1
1.923(of this support routine is stored in the)4.673 F F2(pg_amproc)
4.673 E F1 .078(class, k)108 215.7 R -.165(ey)-.11 G .078
(ed by the access method).165 F F2(oid)2.828 E F1 .078
(and the operator class)2.828 F F2(oid)2.829 E F1 5.579(.F)C .079
(irst, we need to re)-5.579 F(g-)-.165 E .804(ister the function in)108
228.9 R/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.554 E F1 .803
(\(recall that we put the C code that implements this rou-)3.554 F(tine\
 in the bottom of the \214le in which we implemented the operator routi\
nes\):)108 242.1 Q F0(CREATE FUNCTION int4_abs_cmp\(int4, int4\))148
267.3 Q(RETURNS int4)184 279.5 Q
(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')184 291.7 Q
(LANGUAGE 'c';)184 303.9 Q
(SELECT oid, proname FROM pg_proc WHERE prname = 'int4_abs_cmp';)148
340.5 Q .4 LW 275 358 148 358 DL 21(oid proname)153 367.7 R 275 372.2
148 372.2 DL 9(17328 int4_abs_cmp)153 381.9 R 275 386.4 148 386.4 DL 275
358 275 386.4 DL 148 358 148 386.4 DL 190.5 358 190.5 386.4 DL F1(\(Ag)
108 421.1 Q .642(ain, your)-.055 F F2(oid)3.392 E F1 .642
(number will probably be dif)3.392 F .642
(ferent and you should substitute the v)-.275 F(alue)-.275 E .526
(you see for the v)108 434.3 R .526(alue belo)-.275 F -.715(w.)-.275 G
6.026(\)R).715 G .526(ecalling that the B-tree instance')-6.026 F(s)
-.605 E F2(oid)3.276 E F1 .526(is 403 and that of)3.276 F F2
(int4_abs_ops)108 447.5 Q F1(is 17314, we can add the ne)2.75 E 2.75(wi)
-.275 G(nstance as follo)-2.75 E(ws:)-.275 E F0
(INSERT INTO pg_amproc \(amid, amopclaid, amproc, amprocnum\))148 472.7
Q(VALUES \('403'::oid,)178 484.9 Q(-- btree oid)48 E 30
('17314'::oid, --)226 497.1 R(pg_opclass tuple)12 E 30('17328'::oid, --)
226 509.3 R(new pg_proc oid)6 E('1'::int2\);)226 521.5 Q/F4 11
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.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL
91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5
97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251
97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5
97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284
97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5
97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317
97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5
97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350
97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5
97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383
97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5
97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416
97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5
97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449
97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5
97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482
97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5
97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(12. LIBPQ)72 165.4 R 77.5 178.6 72
178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86
178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5
178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6
119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6
135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5
178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174
178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL
190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6
DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5
178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6
229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6
245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5
178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284
178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL
300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6
DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5
178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6
339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6
355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5
178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394
178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL
410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6
DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5
178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6
449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6
465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5
178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504
178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)108 208.9 Q/F2 11
/Times-Roman@0 SF .581(is the application programming interf)3.331 F
.581(ace to)-.11 F F1(POSTGRES)3.331 E F2(.)A F1(LIBPQ)6.081 E F2 .582
(is a set of library)3.331 F .976(routines which allo)108 222.1 R .976
(ws client programs to pass queries to the)-.275 F F1(POSTGRES)3.726 E
F2(back)3.726 E .975(end serv)-.11 F(er)-.165 E(and to recei)108 235.3 Q
.33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(he results of these queries.).165 E 1.922(This v)
108 252.4 R 1.922(ersion of the documentation describes the C interf)
-.165 F 1.922(ace library)-.11 F 7.423(.T)-.715 G 1.923(hree short pro-)
-7.423 F 1.642(grams are included at the end of this section to sho)108
265.6 R 4.392(wh)-.275 G 2.192 -.275(ow t)-4.392 H 4.391(ow).275 G 1.641
(rite programs that use)-4.391 F F1(LIBPQ)108 278.8 Q F2(.)A
(There are se)108 295.9 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ral e).165 E(xamples of)-.165
E F1(LIBPQ)2.75 E F2(applications in the follo)2.75 E(wing directories:)
-.275 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(../src/test/regress)148 321.1 Q
(../src/test/examples)148 333.3 Q(../src/bin/psql)148 345.5 Q F2 1.96
(Frontend programs which use)108 375.6 R F1(LIBPQ)4.71 E F2 1.961
(must include the header \214le)4.711 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF(libpq-fe.h)
4.711 E F2(and)4.711 E(must link with the)108 388.8 Q F4(libpq)2.75 E F2
(library)2.75 E(.)-.715 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.1. Contr)72 428.2 R
(ol and Initialization)-.216 E F2 .497(The follo)108 445.3 R .497
(wing en)-.275 F .497(vironment v)-.44 F .497
(ariables can be used to set up def)-.275 F .496(ault en)-.11 F .496
(vironment v)-.44 F .496(alues to)-.275 F -.22(avo)108 458.5 S
(id hard-coding database names into an application program:).22 E<83>
113.5 475.6 Q/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PGHOST)5.5 E F2(sets the def)2.75 E
(ault serv)-.11 E(er name.)-.165 E<83>113.5 488.8 Q F6(PGOPTIONS)5.5 E
F2(sets additional runtime options for the)2.75 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2
(back)2.75 E(end.)-.11 E<83>113.5 502 Q F6(PGPOR)5.5 E(T)-.44 E F2
(sets the def)2.75 E(ault port for communicating with the)-.11 E F1
(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2(back)2.75 E(end.)-.11 E<83>113.5 515.2 Q F6(PGTTY)
5.5 E F2 .201(sets the \214le or tty on which deb)2.951 F .201
(ugging messages from the back)-.22 F .202(end serv)-.11 F .202(er are)
-.165 F(displayed.)122.85 528.4 Q<83>113.5 541.6 Q F6(PGD)5.5 E -1.65
-1.045(AT A)-.385 H -.33(BA)1.045 G(SE).33 E F2(sets the def)2.75 E
(ault)-.11 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2(database name.)2.75 E<83>113.5 554.8
Q F6(PGREALM)5.5 E F2 .232(sets the)2.982 F/F7 11/Times-Italic@0 SF
-.385(Ke)2.982 G(rber).385 E(os)-.495 E F2 .232(realm to use with)2.982
F F1(POSTGRES)2.981 E F2 2.981(,i)C 2.981(fi)-2.981 G 2.981(ti)-2.981 G
2.981(sd)-2.981 G(if)-2.981 E .231(ferent from the)-.275 F 1.027
(local realm.)122.85 568 R(If)6.527 E F4(PGREALM)3.777 E F2 1.027
(is set,)3.777 F F1(POSTGRES)3.777 E F2 1.027
(applications will attempt authentication)3.777 F 1.308(with serv)122.85
581.2 R 1.308(ers for this realm and use separate tick)-.165 F 1.307
(et \214les to a)-.11 F -.22(vo)-.22 G 1.307(id con\215icts with local)
.22 F(tick)122.85 594.4 Q 2.668(et \214les.)-.11 F 2.668(This en)8.168 F
2.668(vironment v)-.44 F 2.668(ariable is only used if)-.275 F F7 -.385
(Ke)5.418 G(rber).385 E(os)-.495 E F2 2.668(authentication is)5.418 F
(enabled.)122.85 607.6 Q F5 3(12.2. Database)72 633.8 R
(Connection Functions)3 E F2(The follo)108 650.9 Q
(wing routines deal with making a connection to a back)-.275 E
(end from a C program.)-.11 E F6(PQsetdb)108 668 Q F2(Mak)133 685.1 Q
(es a ne)-.11 E 2.75(wc)-.275 G(onnection to a back)-2.75 E(end.)-.11 E
F3(PGconn *PQsetdb\(char *pghost,)173 710.3 Q(char *pgport,)269 722.5 Q
F6(45)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(char *pgoptions,)269 96.2 Q(char *pgtty,)269 108.4 Q
(char *dbName\);)269 120.6 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .482(If an)133 146.8
R 3.232(ya)-.165 G -.198(rg)-3.232 G .481
(ument is NULL, then the corresponding en).198 F .481(vironment v)-.44 F
.481(ariable is check)-.275 F(ed.)-.11 E(If the en)133 160 Q
(vironment v)-.44 E(ariable is also not set, then hardwired def)-.275 E
(aults are used.)-.11 E/F2 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQsetdb)133 177.1 Q F1
(al)4.191 E -.11(wa)-.11 G 1.441(ys returns a v).11 F 1.441
(alid PGconn pointer)-.275 F 6.941(.T)-.605 G(he)-6.941 E F2(PQstatus)
4.191 E F1 1.442(\(see belo)4.192 F 1.442(w\) com-)-.275 F 2.872
(mand should be called to ensure that a connection w)133 190.3 R 2.872
(as properly made before)-.11 F .2(queries are sent via the connection.)
133 203.5 R/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)5.701 E F1 .201
(programmers should be careful to main-)2.951 F .054
(tain the PGconn abstraction.)133 216.7 R .054
(Use the accessor functions belo)5.554 F 2.803(wt)-.275 G 2.803(og)
-2.803 G .053(et at the contents)-2.803 F 1.332(of PGconn.)133 229.9 R
-1.342 -.814(Av o)6.832 H 1.332
(id directly referencing the \214elds of the PGconn structure as the)
.814 F(y)-.165 E(are subject to change in the future.)133 243.1 Q/F4 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQdb)133 260.2 Q F1
(returns the database name of the connection.)2.75 E F0
(char *PQdb\(PGconn *conn\))173 285.4 Q F4(PQhost)133 311.6 Q F1
(returns the host name of the connection.)2.75 E F0
(char *PQhost\(PGconn *conn\))173 336.8 Q F4(PQoptions)133 363 Q F1
(returns the pgoptions used in the connection.)2.75 E F0
(char *PQoptions\(PGconn *conn\))173 388.2 Q F4(PQport)133 414.4 Q F1
(returns the pgport of the connection.)2.75 E F0
(char *PQport\(PGconn *conn\))173 439.6 Q F4(PQtty)133 465.8 Q F1
(returns the pgtty of the connection.)2.75 E F0
(char *PQtty\(PGconn *conn\))173 491 Q F4(PQstatus)133 517.2 Q F1 3.175
(Returns the status of the connection. The status can be CONNEC-)5.926 F
(TION_OK or CONNECTION_B)133 530.4 Q(AD.)-.385 E F0
(ConnStatusType *PQstatus\(PGconn *conn\))173 555.6 Q F4(PQerr)133 581.8
Q(orMessage)-.198 E F1
(returns the error message associated with the connection)2.75 E F0
(char *PQerrorMessage\(PGconn* conn\);)173 607 Q F4(PQ\214nish)108 637.1
Q F1 .041(Close the connection to the back)133 654.2 R 2.791(end. Also)
-.11 F .041(frees memory used by the PGconn struc-)2.791 F 2.75
(ture. The)133 667.4 R
(PGconn pointer should not be used after PQ\214nish has been called.)
2.75 E F0(void PQfinish\(PGconn *conn\))173 692.6 Q F4(46)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQr)108 97.2 Q(eset)-.198 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0
SF 1.035(Reset the communication port with the back)133 114.3 R 3.784
(end. This)-.11 F 1.034(function will close the IPC)3.784 F(sock)133
127.5 Q .211(et connection to the back)-.11 F .212
(end and attempt to reestablish a ne)-.11 F 2.962(wc)-.275 G .212
(onnection to the)-2.962 F(same back)133 140.7 Q(end.)-.11 E/F2 10
/Courier@0 SF(void PQreset\(PGconn *conn\))173 165.9 Q F0(PQtrace)108
196 Q F1 1.773
(Enables tracing of messages passed between the frontend and the back)
133 213.1 R 4.523(end. The)-.11 F(messages are echoed to the deb)133
226.3 Q(ug_port \214le stream.)-.22 E F2(void PQtrace\(PGconn *conn,)173
251.5 Q(FILE* debug_port\);)251 263.7 Q F0(PQuntrace)108 293.8 Q F1
(Disables tracing of messages passed between the frontend and the back)
133 310.9 Q(end.)-.11 E F2(void PQuntrace\(PGconn *conn\);)173 336.1 Q
/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.3. Query)72 366.2 R(Execution Functions)3 E
F0(PQexec)108 383.3 Q F1 .141(Submit a query to)133 400.4 R/F4 10
/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.891 E F1 5.641(.R)C .141
(eturns a PGresult pointer if the query w)-5.641 F .142(as success-)-.11
F .738(ful or a NULL otherwise.)133 413.6 R .738(If a NULL is returned,)
6.238 F/F5 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQerr)3.488 E(orMessa)-.495 E -.11(ge)
-.11 G F1 .738(can be used to)3.598 F
(get more information about the error)133 426.8 Q(.)-.605 E F2
(PGresult *PQexec\(PGconn *conn,)173 452 Q(char *query\);)275 464.2 Q F1
3.049(The PGresult structure encapsulates the query result returned by \
the back)133 490.4 R(end.)-.11 E F4(LIBPQ)133 503.6 Q F1 .217(programme\
rs should be careful to maintain the PGresult abstraction. Use the)2.967
F 2.819(accessor functions described belo)133 516.8 R 5.569(wt)-.275 G
5.569(or)-5.569 G(etrie)-5.569 E 3.149 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 2.819
(he results of the query).165 F 8.32(.A)-.715 G -.22(vo)-9.134 G(id).22
E .188
(directly referencing the \214elds of the PGresult structure as the)133
530 R 2.938(ya)-.165 G .188(re subject to change)-2.938 F
(in the future.)133 543.2 Q F0(PQr)108 560.3 Q(esultStatus)-.198 E F1
.562(Returns the result status of the query)133 577.4 R(.)-.715 E F5
(PQr)6.062 E(esultStatus)-.407 E F1 .562(can return one of the follo)
3.312 F(w-)-.275 E(ing v)133 590.6 Q(alues:)-.275 E F2
(PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY,)173 615.8 Q 6(PGRES_COMMAND_OK, /*)173 628 R
(the query was a command */)6 E 6(PGRES_TUPLES_OK, /*)173 640.2 R
(the query successfully returned tuples */)6 E(PGRES_COPY_OUT,)173 652.4
Q(PGRES_COPY_IN,)173 664.6 Q
(PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE, /* an unexpected response was received */)173 676.8
Q(PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR,)173 689 Q(PGRES_FATAL_ERROR)173 701.2 Q F0(47)
282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .004
(If the result status is PGRES_TUPLES_OK, then the follo)133 97.2 R .004
(wing routines can be used)-.275 F(to retrie)133 110.4 Q .33 -.165(ve t)
-.275 H(he tuples returned by the query).165 E(.)-.715 E/F1 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQntuples)133 127.5 Q F0
(returns the number of tuples \(instances\) in the query result.)2.75 E
/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(int PQntuples\(PGresult *res\);)173 152.7 Q F1
(PQn\214elds)133 178.9 Q F0(returns the number of \214elds \(attrib)2.75
E(utes\) in the query result.)-.22 E F2(int PQnfields\(PGresult *res\);)
173 204.1 Q F1(PQfname)133 230.3 Q F0 1.473
(returns the \214eld \(attrib)4.223 F 1.473
(ute\) name associated with the gi)-.22 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.224<6e8c>
.165 G 1.474(eld inde)-4.224 F(x.)-.165 E(Field indices start at 0.)133
243.5 Q F2(char *PQfname\(PGresult *res,)173 268.7 Q(int field_index\);)
251 280.9 Q F1(PQfnumber)133 307.1 Q F0 .418
(returns the \214eld \(attrib)3.168 F .417(ute\) inde)-.22 F 3.167(xa)
-.165 G .417(ssociated with the gi)-3.167 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.167<6e8c>
.165 G .417(eld name.)-3.167 F F2(int PQfnumber\(PGresult *res,)173
332.3 Q(char* field_name\);)251 344.5 Q F1(PQftype)133 370.7 Q F0 1.677
(returns the \214eld type associated with the gi)4.426 F -.165(ve)-.275
G 4.427<6e8c>.165 G 1.677(eld inde)-4.427 F 1.677(x. The inte)-.165 F
(ger)-.165 E(returned is an internal coding of the type.)133 383.9 Q
(Field indices start at 0.)5.5 E F2(Oid PQftype\(PGresult *res,)173
409.1 Q(int field_num\);)245 421.3 Q F1(PQfsize)133 447.5 Q F0 .17
(returns the size in bytes of the \214eld associated with the gi)2.92 F
-.165(ve)-.275 G 2.919<6e8c>.165 G .169(eld inde)-2.919 F .169(x. If)
-.165 F(the size returned is -1, the \214eld is a v)133 460.7 Q
(ariable length \214eld.)-.275 E(Field indices start at 0.)5.5 E F2
(int2 PQfsize\(PGresult *res,)173 485.9 Q(int field_index\);)251 498.1 Q
F1(PQgetv)133 524.3 Q(alue)-.11 E F0 .494(returns the \214eld \(attrib)
3.244 F .494(ute\) v)-.22 F 3.244(alue. F)-.275 F .494
(or most queries, the v)-.165 F .495(alue returned)-.275 F(by)133 537.5
Q/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQg)5.299 E(etvalue)-.11 E F0 2.549
(is a null-terminated ASCII string representation of the attrib)5.299 F
(ute)-.22 E -.275(va)133 550.7 S 3.973(lue. If).275 F 1.223(the query w)
3.973 F 1.223(as a result of a)-.11 F F1(BIN)3.973 E(AR)-.22 E(Y)-.385 E
F0(cursor)3.974 E 3.974(,t)-.44 G 1.224(hen the v)-3.974 F 1.224
(alue returned by)-.275 F F3(PQg)133 563.9 Q(etvalue)-.11 E F0 1.781
(is the binary representation of the type in the internal format of the)
4.531 F(back)133 577.1 Q .287(end serv)-.11 F(er)-.165 E 5.788(.I)-.605
G 3.038(ti)-5.788 G 3.038(st)-3.038 G .288(he programmer')-3.038 F 3.038
(sr)-.605 G .288(esponsibility to cast and con)-3.038 F -.165(ve)-.44 G
.288(rt the data to).165 F .604(the correct C type.)133 590.3 R .604
(The v)6.104 F .604(alue returned by)-.275 F F3(PQg)3.354 E(etvalue)-.11
E F0 .603(points to storage that is part)3.354 F .264
(of the PGresult structure.)133 603.5 R .264(One must e)5.764 F .264
(xplicitly cop)-.165 F 3.014(yt)-.11 G .264(he v)-3.014 F .265
(alue into other storage if it)-.275 F
(is to be used past the lifetime of the PGresult structure itself.)133
616.7 Q F2(char* PQgetvalue\(PGresult *res,)173 641.9 Q(int tup_num,)275
654.1 Q(int field_num\);)275 666.3 Q F1(PQgetlength)133 692.5 Q F0 .49
(returns the length of a \214eld \(attrib)3.24 F .489(ute\) in bytes.)
-.22 F .489(If the \214eld is a)5.989 F F3(struct)3.239 E(varlena)133
705.7 Q F0 3.324(,t)C .574(he length returned here does)-3.324 F F1(not)
3.324 E F0 .575(include the size \214eld of the v)3.325 F .575
(arlena, i.e.,)-.275 F(it is 4 bytes less.)133 718.9 Q F1(48)282.5 756 Q
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(int PQgetlength\(PGresult *res,)173 96.2 Q
(int tup_num,)269 108.4 Q(int field_num\);)269 120.6 Q/F1 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQcmdStatus)108 150.7 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF
(Returns the command status associated with the last query command.)133
167.8 Q F0(char *PQcmdStatus\(PGresult *res\);)173 193 Q F1(PQoidStatus)
108 223.1 Q F2 2.297(Returns a string with the object id of the tuple i\
nserted if the last query is an)133 240.2 R(INSER)133 253.4 Q 2.75(Tc)
-.66 G 2.75(ommand. Otherwise,)-2.75 F(returns an empty string.)2.75 E
F0(char* PQoidStatus\(PGresult *res\);)173 278.6 Q F1(PQdisplayT)108
308.7 Q(uples)-1.012 E F2 .946
(Prints out all the tuples and, optionally)133 325.8 R 3.696(,t)-.715 G
.946(he attrib)-3.696 F .947(ute names to the speci\214ed output)-.22 F
2.75(stream. The)133 339 R(programs)2.75 E F1(psql)2.75 E F2(and)2.75 E
F1(monitor)2.75 E F2(both use)2.75 E/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQdisplayT)
2.75 E(uples)-.605 E F2(for output.)2.75 E F0(void PQdisplayTuples\()173
364.2 Q(PGresult* res,)215 376.4 Q(FILE* fout,)215 388.6 Q
(/* output stream */)36 E(int fillAlign,)215 400.8 Q
(/* pad the fields with spaces? */)18 E(char *fieldSep,)215 413 Q
(/* string to use as the field separator */)12 E
(int printHeader, /* display attribute headers */)215 425.2 Q
(int quiet,)215 437.4 Q(/* print the number of rows returned ? */)42 E
(\);)215 449.6 Q F1(PQclear)108 479.7 Q F2 .635
(Frees the storage associated with the PGresult.)133 496.8 R(Ev)6.135 E
.634(ery query result should be prop-)-.165 F .588
(erly freed when it is no longer used.)133 510 R -.165(Fa)6.089 G .589
(ilure to do this will result in memory leaks).165 F
(in the frontend application.)133 523.2 Q F0
(void PQclear\(PQresult *res\);)173 548.4 Q/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3
(12.4. F)72 578.5 R(ast P)-.3 E(ath)-.12 E/F5 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(POSTGRES)108 595.6 Q F2(pro)3.011 E .26(vides a)-.165 F F1 .26
(fast path)3.01 F F2(interf)3.01 E .26
(ace to send function calls to the back)-.11 F 3.01(end. This)-.11 F .26
(is a)3.01 F 1.006
(trapdoor into system internals and can be a potential security hole.)
108 608.8 R 1.007(Most users will not)6.507 F(need this feature.)108 622
Q F0(PGresult* PQfn\(PGconn* conn,)148 647.2 Q(int fnid,)226 659.4 Q
(int *result_buf,)226 671.6 Q(int *result_len,)226 683.8 Q
(int result_is_int,)226 696 Q(PQArgBlock *args,)226 708.2 Q
(int nargs\);)226 720.4 Q F1(49)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(fnid)
3.054 E F0(ar)3.054 E .304
(gument is the object identi\214er of the function to be e)-.198 F -.165
(xe)-.165 G(cuted.).165 E F1 -.407(re)5.803 G(sult_b).407 E(uf)-.22 E F0
.303(is the)3.053 F -.22(bu)108 110.4 S -.275(ff).22 G .807
(er in which to load the return v).275 F 3.557(alue. The)-.275 F .807
(caller must ha)3.557 F 1.137 -.165(ve a)-.22 H .807(llocated suf).165 F
.807(\214cient space)-.275 F .861(to store the return v)108 123.6 R
3.611(alue. The)-.275 F .861
(result length will be returned in the storage pointed to by)3.611 F F1
-.407(re)108 136.8 S(sult_len.).407 E F0 .075
(If the result is to be an inte)5.575 F .075(ger v)-.165 F .075
(alue, than)-.275 F F1 -.407(re)2.825 G(sult_is_int).407 E F0 .075
(should be set to 1; oth-)2.825 F(erwise it should be set to 0.)108 150
Q F1(ar)5.5 E(gs)-.407 E F0(and)2.75 E F1(nar)2.75 E(gs)-.407 E F0
(specify the ar)2.75 E(guments to the function.)-.198 E/F2 10/Courier@0
SF(typedef struct {)148 175.2 Q(int len;)172 187.4 Q(int isint;)172
199.6 Q(union {)172 211.8 Q(int *ptr;)196 224 Q(int integer;)184 236.2 Q
6(}u)172 248.4 S(;)-6 E 6(}P)148 260.6 S(QArgBlock;)-6 E F1(PQfn)108
290.7 Q F0(al)4.181 E -.11(wa)-.11 G 1.431(ys returns a v).11 F 1.431
(alid PGresult*.)-.275 F 1.431(The resultStatus should be check)6.931 F
1.431(ed before the)-.11 F .37(result is used.)108 303.9 R .37
(The caller is responsible for freeing the PGresult with)8.62 F F1
(PQclear)3.121 E F0 .371(when it is)3.121 F(not longer needed.)108 317.1
Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.5. Asynchr)72 334.2 R(onous Noti\214cation)
-.216 E/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 351.3 Q F0 .808
(supports asynchronous noti\214cation via the)3.558 F F1(LISTEN)3.557 E
F0(and)3.557 E F1(NO)3.557 E(TIFY)-.44 E F0(commands.)3.557 E 3.739(Ab)
108 364.5 S(ack)-3.739 E .989(end re)-.11 F .989
(gisters its interest in a particular relation with the LISTEN command.)
-.165 F(All)6.49 E(back)108 377.7 Q 3.32(ends listening on a particular\
 relation will be noti\214ed asynchronously when a)-.11 F(NO)108 390.9 Q
.996(TIFY of that relation name is e)-.44 F -.165(xe)-.165 G .997
(cuted by another back).165 F 3.747(end. No)-.11 F .997
(additional informa-)3.747 F .53
(tion is passed from the noti\214er to the listener)108 404.1 R 6.029
(.T)-.605 G .529(hus, typically)-6.029 F 3.279(,a)-.715 G .859 -.165
(ny a)-3.279 H .529(ctual data that needs).165 F
(to be communicated is transferred through the relation.)108 417.3 Q F4
(LIBPQ)108 434.4 Q F0 2.056(applications are noti\214ed whene)4.806 F
-.165(ve)-.275 G 4.807(rac).165 G 2.057(onnected back)-4.807 F 2.057
(end has recei)-.11 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.807(da).165 G 4.807(na)-4.807 G
(syn-)-4.807 E .731(chronous noti\214cation.)108 447.6 R(Ho)6.231 E(we)
-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.611 -.44(r, t).165 H .731
(he communication from the back).44 F .731(end to the frontend is)-.11 F
2.002(not asynchronous.)108 460.8 R 2.002
(Noti\214cation comes piggy-back)7.502 F 2.002
(ed on other query results.)-.11 F 2.002(Thus, an)7.502 F .81
(application must submit queries, e)108 474 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.56(ne)
.165 G .81(mpty ones, in order to recei)-3.56 F 1.139 -.165(ve n)-.275 H
.809(otice of back).165 F(end)-.11 E 3.308(noti\214cation. In)108 487.2
R(ef)3.308 E .558(fect, the)-.275 F F4(LIBPQ)3.308 E F0 .558
(application must poll the back)3.308 F .559(end to see if there is an)
-.11 F(y)-.165 E 1.901(pending noti\214cation information.)108 500.4 R
1.9(After the e)7.401 F -.165(xe)-.165 G 1.9(cution of a query).165 F
4.65(,af)-.715 G 1.9(rontend may call)-4.65 F F1(PQNoti\214es)108 513.6
Q F0(to see if an)2.75 E 2.75(yn)-.165 G(oti\214cation data is a)-2.75 E
-.275(va)-.22 G(ilable from the back).275 E(end.)-.11 E/F5 11
/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQNoti\214es)108 530.7 Q F0 2.129(returns the noti\214\
cation from a list of unhandled noti\214cations from the back)133 547.8
R(end.)-.11 E .825
(Returns NULL if there are no pending noti\214cations from the back)133
561 R(end.)-.11 E F1(PQNoti\214es)6.325 E F0(beha)133 574.2 Q -.165(ve)
-.22 G 3.76(sl).165 G(ik)-3.76 E 3.76(et)-.11 G 1.01
(he popping of a stack.)-3.76 F 1.011
(Once a noti\214cation is returned from)6.511 F F1(PQnoti-)3.761 E
(\214es,)133 587.4 Q F0(it is considered handled and will be remo)2.75 E
-.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(df).165 G(rom the list of noti\214cations.)-2.75 E
F2(PGnotify* PQNotifies\(PGconn *conn\);)173 612.6 Q F0
(The second sample program gi)108 642.7 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa).165
G 2.75(ne)-2.75 G(xample of the use of asynchronous noti\214cation.)
-2.915 E F3 3(12.6. Functions)72 659.8 R
(Associated with the COPY Command)3 E F0(The)108 676.9 Q F1(copy)3.4 E
F0 .65(command in)3.4 F F4(POSTGRES)3.4 E F0 .649
(has options to read from or write to the netw)3.4 F .649(ork con-)-.11
F 1.149(nection used by)108 690.1 R F4(LIBPQ)3.899 E F0 6.649(.T)C 1.149
(herefore, functions are necessary to access this netw)-6.649 F 1.15
(ork con-)-.11 F(nection directly so applications may tak)108 703.3 Q
2.75(ef)-.11 G(ull adv)-2.75 E(antage of this capability)-.275 E(.)-.715
E F5(50)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQgetline)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.171
(Reads a ne)133 114.3 R 1.171
(wline-terminated line of characters \(transmitted by the back)-.275 F
1.17(end serv)-.11 F(er\))-.165 E .821(into a b)133 127.5 R(uf)-.22 E
(fer)-.275 E/F2 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)3.571 E F1 .821(of size)
3.571 F F2(length)3.571 E F1 6.321(.L)C(ik)-6.321 E(e)-.11 E F2(fg)3.571
E(ets)-.11 E F1 .822(\(3\), this routine copies up to)B F2(length)3.572
E F1(-1)A .56(characters into)133 140.7 R F2(string)3.31 E F1 6.06(.I)C
3.31(ti)-6.06 G 3.31(sl)-3.31 G(ik)-3.31 E(e)-.11 E F2 -.11(ge)3.31 G
(ts).11 E F1 .56(\(3\), ho)B(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.439 -.44
(r, i).165 H 3.309(nt).44 G .559(hat it con)-3.309 F -.165(ve)-.44 G
.559(rts the terminating).165 F(ne)133 153.9 Q
(wline into a null character)-.275 E(.)-.605 E F2(PQg)133 171 Q(etline)
-.11 E F1 .329(returns EOF at EOF)3.078 F 3.079(,0i)-.88 G 3.079(ft)
-3.079 G .329(he entire line has been read, and 1 if the b)-3.079 F(uf)
-.22 E(fer)-.275 E(is full b)133 184.2 Q(ut the terminating ne)-.22 E
(wline has not yet been read.)-.275 E 1.471
(Notice that the application must check to see if a ne)133 201.3 R 4.221
(wl)-.275 G 1.471(ine consists of the single)-4.221 F 2.691
(character \231.)133 214.5 R 2.691(\232, which indicates that the back)
-.77 F 2.691(end serv)-.11 F 2.692(er has \214nished sending the)-.165 F
.89(results of the)133 227.7 R F2(copy)3.64 E F1 3.64
(command. Therefore,)3.64 F .889(if the application e)3.639 F -.165(ve)
-.275 G 3.639(re).165 G .889(xpects to recei)-3.804 F -.165(ve)-.275 G
1.419(lines that are more than)133 240.9 R F2(length)4.169 E F1 1.419
(-1 characters long, the application must be sure to)B
(check the return v)133 254.1 Q(alue of)-.275 E F2(PQg)2.75 E(etline)
-.11 E F1 -.165(ve)2.75 G(ry carefully).165 E(.)-.715 E(The code in)133
271.2 Q/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(../src/bin/psql/psql.c)173 296.4 Q F1
(contains routines that correctly handle the cop)133 322.6 Q 2.75(yp)
-.11 G(rotocol.)-2.75 E F3(int PQgetline\(PGconn *conn,)173 347.8 Q
(char *string,)257 360 Q(int length\))257 372.2 Q F0(PQputline)108 402.3
Q F1(Sends a null-terminated)133 419.4 Q F2(string)2.75 E F1
(to the back)2.75 E(end serv)-.11 E(er)-.165 E(.)-.605 E .152
(The application must e)133 436.5 R .152
(xplicitly send the single character \231.)-.165 F 5.652<9a74>-.77 G
2.901(oi)-5.652 G .151(ndicate to the back-)-2.901 F
(end that it has \214nished sending its data.)133 449.7 Q F3
(void PQputline\(PGconn *conn,)173 474.9 Q(char *string\);)263 487.1 Q
F0(PQendcopy)108 517.2 Q F1 2.02(Syncs with the back)133 534.3 R 4.77
(end. This)-.11 F 2.021(function w)4.77 F 2.021(aits until the back)-.11
F 2.021(end has \214nished the)-.11 F(cop)133 547.5 Q 5.207 -.715(y. I)
-.11 H 3.777(ts).715 G 1.027
(hould either be issued when the last string has been sent to the back)
-3.777 F(end)-.11 E(using)133 560.7 Q F2(PQputline)3.67 E F1 .921
(or when the last string has been recei)3.67 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.671
(df).165 G .921(rom the back)-3.671 F .921(end using)-.11 F F2(PGg)133
573.9 Q(etline)-.11 E F1 6.439(.I)C 3.689(tm)-6.439 G .939
(ust be issued or the back)-3.689 F .939
(end may get \231out of sync\232 with the fron-)-.11 F 5.023(tend. Upon)
133 587.1 R 2.274(return from this function, the back)5.023 F 2.274
(end is ready to recei)-.11 F 2.604 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 2.274(he ne).165
F(xt)-.165 E(query)133 600.3 Q(.)-.715 E(The return v)133 617.4 Q
(alue is 0 on successful completion, nonzero otherwise.)-.275 E F3
(int PQendcopy\(PGconn *conn\);)173 642.6 Q F1(As an e)133 668.8 Q
(xample:)-.165 E F3
(PQexec\(conn, "create table foo \(a int4, b char16, d float8\)"\);)173
694 Q(PQexec\(conn, "copy foo from stdin"\);)173 706.2 Q
(PQputline\(conn, "3<TAB>hello world<TAB>4.5\\n"\);)173 718.4 Q F0(51)
282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF
(PQputline\(conn,"4<TAB>goodbye world<TAB>7.11\\n"\);)173 96.2 Q(...)173
108.4 Q(PQputline\(conn,".\\n"\);)173 120.6 Q(PQendcopy\(conn\);)173
132.8 Q/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.7. LIBPQ)72 162.9 R -.888(Tr)3 G
(acing Functions).888 E/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQtrace)108 180 Q/F3 11
/Times-Roman@0 SF(Enable tracing of the frontend/back)133 197.1 Q
(end communication to a deb)-.11 E(ugging \214le stream.)-.22 E F0
(void PQtrace\(PGconn *conn)173 222.3 Q(FILE *debug_port\))251 234.5 Q
F2(PQuntrace)108 264.6 Q F3(Disable tracing started by)133 281.7 Q/F4 11
/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQtr)2.75 E(ace)-.165 E F0
(void PQuntrace\(PGconn *conn\))173 306.9 Q F1 3(12.8. User)72 337 R -.6
(Au)3 G(thentication Functions).6 E F3 1.119(If the user has generated \
the appropriate authentication credentials \(e.g., obtaining)108 354.1 R
F4 -.385(Ke)3.869 G -.22(r-).385 G(ber)108 367.3 Q(os)-.495 E F3(tick)
3.064 E .314(ets\), the frontend/back)-.11 F .315
(end authentication process is handled by)-.11 F F4(PQe)3.065 E(xec)-.22
E F3(without)3.065 E(an)108 380.5 Q 2.812(yf)-.165 G .062(urther interv)
-2.812 F 2.812(ention. The)-.165 F(follo)2.812 E .061
(wing routines may be called by)-.275 F/F5 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)
2.811 E F3 .061(programs to tai-)2.811 F(lor the beha)108 393.7 Q
(vior of the authentication process.)-.22 E F2(fe_getauthname)108 410.8
Q F3 1.32(Returns a pointer to static space containing whate)133 427.9 R
-.165(ve)-.275 G 4.07(rn).165 G 1.321(ame the user has authenti-)-4.07 F
3.549(cated. Use)133 441.1 R .799(of this routine in place of calls to)
3.549 F F4 -.11(ge)3.548 G(ten).11 E(v)-.44 E F3 .798(\(3\) or)B F4 -.11
(ge)3.548 G(tpwuid).11 E F3 .798(\(3\) by applica-)B 1.407(tions is hig\
hly recommended, as it is entirely possible that the authenticated user)
133 454.3 R .29(name is)133 467.5 R F2(not)3.04 E F3 .29(the same as v)
3.04 F .29(alue of the)-.275 F/F6 11/Courier@0 SF(USER)3.04 E F3(en)3.04
E .29(vironment v)-.44 F .29(ariable or the user')-.275 F 3.039(se)-.605
G(ntry)-3.039 E(in)133 480.7 Q F4(/etc/passwd)2.75 E F3(.)A F0
(char *fe_getauthname\(char* errorMessage\))173 505.9 Q F2
(fe_setauthsvc)108 536 Q F3 1.521(Speci\214es that)133 553.1 R F5(LIBPQ)
4.272 E F3 1.522(should use authentication service)4.272 F F4(name)4.272
E F3 1.522(rather than its com-)4.272 F(piled-in def)133 566.3 Q 2.75
(ault. This)-.11 F -.275(va)2.75 G(lue is typically tak).275 E
(en from a command-line switch.)-.11 E F0
(void fe_setauthsvc\(char *name,)173 591.5 Q(char* errorMessage\))287
603.7 Q F3(An)133 629.9 Q 3.529(ye)-.165 G .778(rror messages from the \
authentication attempts are returned in the errorMes-)-3.529 F(sage ar)
133 643.1 Q(gument.)-.198 E F1 3(12.9. B)72 660.2 R(UGS)-.12 E F3 1.28
(The query b)108 677.3 R(uf)-.22 E 1.28
(fer is 8192 bytes long, and queries o)-.275 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 4.031
(rt).165 G 1.281(hat length will be silently trun-)-4.031 F(cated.)108
690.5 Q F2(52)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ograms)-.216 E
/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(53)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10.1. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram 1)-.216
E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(/*)148 113.3 Q 6(*t)154 125.5 S(estlibpq.c)-6 E 24
(*T)154 137.7 S(est the C version of)-24 E/F2 9/Courier@0 SF(LIBPQ)6 E
F1 6(,t)C(he)-6 E F2(POSTGRES)6 E F1(frontend library.)6 E(*)154 149.9 Q
(*)154 162.1 Q(*/)154 174.3 Q(#include <stdio.h>)148 186.5 Q
(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 198.7 Q(void)148 223.1 Q
(exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 235.3 Q({)148 247.5 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 259.7 Q(exit\(1\);)160 271.9 Q(})148 284.1 Q
(main\(\))148 308.5 Q({)148 320.7 Q
(char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty;)160 332.9 Q(char* dbName;)
160 345.1 Q(int nFields;)160 357.3 Q(int i,j;)160 369.5 Q 6(/* FILE)148
393.9 R(*debug; */)6 E(PGconn* conn;)160 418.3 Q(PGresult* res;)160
430.5 Q(/* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection)160
454.9 Q(if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use)178
467.1 Q(reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables)178
479.3 Q(or, failing that, using hardwired constants */)178 491.5 Q
(pghost = NULL;)160 503.7 Q(/* host name of the backend server */)12 E
(pgport = NULL;)160 515.9 Q(/* port of the backend server */)12 E
(pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */)
160 528.1 Q(pgtty = NULL;)160 540.3 Q
(/* debugging tty for the backend server */)30 E(dbName = "template1";)
160 552.5 Q(/* make a connection to the database */)160 576.9 Q
(conn = PQsetdb\(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName\);)160 589.1 Q
(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */)
160 613.5 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)160 625.7 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, dbName\);)172
637.9 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)172 650.1 Q
(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 662.3 Q(})160 674.5 Q 6(/* debug)148 698.9 R 6
(=f)6 G 6(open\("/tmp/trace.out","w"\); */)-6 F 12(/* PQtrace\(conn,)148
711.1 R 6(debug\); */)6 F/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(54)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(/* start a transaction block */)160 96.2 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn,"BEGIN"\);)160 108.4 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 120.6 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"BEGIN command failed0\);)172 132.8 Q(PQclear\(res\);)
172 145 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 157.2 Q(})160 169.4 Q
(/* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid)160
181.6 Q(memory leaks */)178 193.8 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 206 Q(/* fetch \
instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of databases*/)160
230.4 Q(res = PQexec\(conn,"DECLARE myportal CURSOR FOR select * from p\
g_database"\);)160 242.6 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 254.8 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"DECLARE CURSOR command failed0\);)172 267 Q
(PQclear\(res\);)172 279.2 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 291.4 Q(})160
303.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 315.8 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn,"FETCH ALL in myportal"\);)160 340.2 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK\) {)160 352.4 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"FETCH ALL command didn't return tuples properly0\);)
172 364.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 376.8 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 389 Q
(})160 401.2 Q(/* first, print out the attribute names */)160 425.6 Q
(nFields = PQnfields\(res\);)160 437.8 Q
(for \(i=0; i < nFields; i++\) {)160 450 Q
(printf\("%-15s",PQfname\(res,i\)\);)172 462.2 Q(})160 474.4 Q
(printf\("0\);)160 486.6 Q(/* next, print out the instances */)160 511 Q
(for \(i=0; i < PQntuples\(res\); i++\) {)160 523.2 Q(for \(j=0)172
535.4 Q 6(;j<n)12 G(Fields; j++\) {)-6 E
(printf\("%-15s", PQgetvalue\(res,i,j\)\);)184 547.6 Q(})172 559.8 Q
(printf\("0\);)172 572 Q(})160 584.2 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 608.6 Q
(/* close the portal */)160 633 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, "CLOSE myportal"\);)160 645.2 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160
657.4 Q(/* end the transaction */)160 681.8 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, "END"\);)160 694 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 706.2 Q/F1
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF
(/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */)160 96.2 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 108.4 Q 12(/* fclose\(debug\);)148 132.8 R(*/)6 E
(})148 145 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(56)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10.2. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram 2)-.216
E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(/*)148 113.3 Q 6(*t)154 125.5 S(estlibpq2.c)-6 E 24
(*T)154 137.7 S(est of the asynchronous notification interface)-24 E(*)
154 149.9 Q(populate a database with the following:)166 162.1 Q
(CREATE TABLE TBL1 \(i int4\);)148 186.5 Q
(CREATE TABLE TBL2 \(i int4\);)148 210.9 Q(CREATE RULE r1 AS ON INSERT \
TO TBL1 DO [INSERT INTO TBL2 values \(new.i\); NOTIFY TBL2];)148 235.3 Q
6(*T)154 259.7 S(hen start up this program)-6 E 6(*A)154 271.9 S
(fter the program has begun, do)-6 E(INSERT INTO TBL1 values \(10\);)148
296.3 Q(*)154 320.7 Q(*)154 332.9 Q(*/)154 345.1 Q(#include <stdio.h>)
148 357.3 Q(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 369.5 Q
(void exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 393.9 Q({)148 406.1 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 418.3 Q(exit\(1\);)160 430.5 Q(})148 442.7 Q
(main\(\))148 467.1 Q({)148 479.3 Q
(char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty;)160 491.5 Q(char* dbName;)
160 503.7 Q(int nFields;)160 515.9 Q(int i,j;)160 528.1 Q(PGconn* conn;)
160 552.5 Q(PGresult* res;)160 564.7 Q(PGnotify* notify;)160 576.9 Q
(/* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection)160 601.3
Q(if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use)178 613.5
Q(reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables)178 625.7 Q
(or, failing that, using hardwired constants */)178 637.9 Q
(pghost = NULL;)160 650.1 Q(/* host name of the backend server */)12 E
(pgport = NULL;)160 662.3 Q(/* port of the backend server */)12 E
(pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */)
160 674.5 Q(pgtty = NULL;)160 686.7 Q
(/* debugging tty for the backend server */)30 E(dbName = getenv\("USER\
"\); /* change this to the name of your test database*/)160 698.9 Q
(/* make a connection to the database */)160 723.3 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF
(conn = PQsetdb\(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName\);)160 96.2 Q
(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */)
160 120.6 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)160 132.8 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, dbName\);)172
145 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)172 157.2 Q
(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 169.4 Q(})160 181.6 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, "LISTEN TBL2"\);)160 206 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 218.2 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"LISTEN command failed0\);)172 230.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)
172 242.6 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 254.8 Q(})160 267 Q
(/* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid)160
279.2 Q(memory leaks */)178 291.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 303.6 Q
(while \(1\) {)160 328 Q
(/* async notification only come back as a result of a query*/)184 340.2
Q(/* we can send empty queries */)184 352.4 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, " "\);)184 364.6 Q 30(/* printf\("res->status)148
376.8 R 6(=%)6 G(s0, pgresStatus[PQresultStatus\(res\)]\); */)-6 E
(/* check for asynchronous returns */)184 389 Q
(notify = PQnotifies\(conn\);)184 401.2 Q(if \(notify\) {)184 413.4 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,)196 425.6 Q
("ASYNC NOTIFY of '%s' from backend pid '%d' received0,)232 437.8 Q
(notify->relname, notify->be_pid\);)232 450 Q(free\(notify\);)196 462.2
Q(break;)196 474.4 Q(})184 486.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)184 498.8 Q(})160 511
Q(/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */)160 535.4 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 547.6 Q(})148 572 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(58)
282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10.3. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram 3)-.216
E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(/*)148 113.3 Q 6(*t)154 125.5 S(estlibpq3.c)-6 E 24
(*T)154 137.7 S(est the C version of)-24 E/F2 9/Courier@0 SF(LIBPQ)6 E
F1 6(,t)C(he)-6 E F2(POSTGRES)6 E F1(frontend library.)6 E 18(*t)154
149.9 S(ests the binary cursor interface)-18 E(*)154 162.1 Q(*)154 174.3
Q(*)154 186.5 Q(populate a database by doing the following:)154 198.7 Q
(CREATE TABLE test1 \(i int4, d float4, p polygon\);)148 223.1 Q(INSERT\
 INTO test1 values \(1, 3.567, '\(3.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0\)'::polygon\);)148
247.5 Q(INSERT INTO test1 values \(2, 89.05, '\(4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0\)'::\
polygon\);)148 271.9 Q(the expected output is:)154 296.3 Q(tuple 0: got)
148 320.7 Q 6(i=\()154 332.9 S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 1,)-6 E 6(d=\()154 345.1
S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 3.567000,)-6 E 6(p=\()154 357.3 S 6(4b)-6 G
(ytes\) 2 points)-6 E
(boundbox = \(hi=3.000000/4.000000, lo = 1.000000,2.000000\))54 E
(tuple 1: got)148 369.5 Q 6(i=\()154 381.7 S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 2,)-6 E 6
(d=\()154 393.9 S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 89.050003,)-6 E 6(p=\()154 406.1 S 6
(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 2 points)-6 E
(boundbox = \(hi=4.000000/3.000000, lo = 2.000000,1.000000\))54 E(*)154
430.5 Q(*/)154 442.7 Q(#include <stdio.h>)148 454.9 Q
(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 467.1 Q
(#include "utils/geo-decls.h" /* for the POLYGON type */)148 479.3 Q
(void exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 503.7 Q({)148 515.9 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 528.1 Q(exit\(1\);)160 540.3 Q(})148 552.5 Q
(main\(\))148 576.9 Q({)148 589.1 Q
(char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty;)160 601.3 Q(char* dbName;)
160 613.5 Q(int nFields;)160 625.7 Q(int i,j;)160 637.9 Q
(int i_fnum, d_fnum, p_fnum;)160 650.1 Q(PGconn* conn;)160 674.5 Q
(PGresult* res;)160 686.7 Q
(/* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection)160 711.1
Q(if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use)178 723.3
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF
(reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables)178 96.2 Q
(or, failing that, using hardwired constants */)178 108.4 Q
(pghost = NULL;)160 120.6 Q(/* host name of the backend server */)12 E
(pgport = NULL;)160 132.8 Q(/* port of the backend server */)12 E
(pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */)
160 145 Q(pgtty = NULL;)160 157.2 Q
(/* debugging tty for the backend server */)30 E
(dbName = getenv\("USER"\);)160 181.6 Q
(/* change this to the name of your test database*/)12 E
(/* make a connection to the database */)160 206 Q
(conn = PQsetdb\(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName\);)160 218.2 Q
(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */)
160 242.6 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)160 254.8 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, dbName\);)172
267 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)172 279.2 Q
(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 291.4 Q(})160 303.6 Q
(/* start a transaction block */)160 328 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn,"BEGIN"\);)160 340.2 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 352.4 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"BEGIN command failed0\);)172 364.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)
172 376.8 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 389 Q(})160 401.2 Q
(/* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid)160
413.4 Q(memory leaks */)178 425.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 437.8 Q(/* fetc\
h instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of databases*/)160
462.2 Q(res = PQexec\(conn,"DECLARE mycursor BINARY CURSOR FOR select *\
 from test1"\);)160 474.4 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 486.6 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"DECLARE CURSOR command failed0\);)172 498.8 Q
(PQclear\(res\);)172 511 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 523.2 Q(})160 535.4
Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 547.6 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn,"FETCH ALL in mycursor"\);)160 572 Q
(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK\) {)160 584.2 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"FETCH ALL command didn't return tuples properly0\);)
172 596.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 608.6 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 620.8 Q
(})160 633 Q(i_fnum = PQfnumber\(res,"i"\);)160 657.4 Q
(d_fnum = PQfnumber\(res,"d"\);)160 669.6 Q
(p_fnum = PQfnumber\(res,"p"\);)160 681.8 Q(for \(i=0;i<3;i++\) {)160
706.2 Q(printf\("type[%d] = %d, size[%d] = %d0,)184 718.4 Q/F1 11
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(i, PQftype\(res,i\),)214 96.2 Q
(i, PQfsize\(res,i\)\);)214 108.4 Q(})160 120.6 Q
(for \(i=0; i < PQntuples\(res\); i++\) {)160 132.8 Q(int *ival;)172 145
Q(float *dval;)172 157.2 Q(int plen;)172 169.4 Q(POLYGON* pval;)172
181.6 Q(/* we hard-wire this to the 3 fields we know about */)172 193.8
Q(ival =)172 206 Q(\(int*\)PQgetvalue\(res,i,i_fnum\);)12 E(dval =)172
218.2 Q(\(float*\)PQgetvalue\(res,i,d_fnum\);)12 E
(plen = PQgetlength\(res,i,p_fnum\);)172 230.4 Q(/* plen doesn't includ\
e the length field so need to increment by VARHDSZ*/)172 254.8 Q
(pval = \(POLYGON*\) malloc\(plen + VARHDRSZ\);)172 267 Q
(pval->size = plen;)172 279.2 Q
(memmove\(\(char*\)&pval->npts, PQgetvalue\(res,i,p_fnum\), plen\);)172
291.4 Q(printf\("tuple %d: got0, i\);)172 303.6 Q
(printf\(" i = \(%d bytes\) %d,0,)172 315.8 Q
(PQgetlength\(res,i,i_fnum\), *ival\);)202 328 Q
(printf\(" d = \(%d bytes\) %f,0,)172 340.2 Q
(PQgetlength\(res,i,d_fnum\), *dval\);)202 352.4 Q(printf\(" p = \(%d b\
ytes\) %d points boundbox = \(hi=%f/%f, lo = %f,%f\)0,)172 364.6 Q
(PQgetlength\(res,i,d_fnum\),)202 376.8 Q(pval->npts,)202 389 Q
(pval->boundbox.xh,)202 401.2 Q(pval->boundbox.yh,)202 413.4 Q
(pval->boundbox.xl,)202 425.6 Q(pval->boundbox.yl\);)202 437.8 Q(})160
450 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 474.4 Q(/* close the portal */)160 498.8 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, "CLOSE mycursor"\);)160 511 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160
523.2 Q(/* end the transaction */)160 547.6 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, "END"\);)160 559.8 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 572 Q
(/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */)160 596.4 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 608.6 Q(})148 633 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(61)
282.5 756 Q EP
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108 208.9 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.497 E F1 4.497(,d)C 1.746
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(ace pro)-.11 F .03(vides \214le-oriented access to user data that)-.165
F(has been declared to be a lar)108 261.7 Q(ge type.)-.198 E 2.267(This\
 section describes the implementation and the programmatic and query la\
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E F2(POSTGRES)4.077 E F1 1.327
(4.2 supports three standard implementations of lar)4.077 F 1.328
(ge objects: as)-.198 F 1.471(\214les e)108 339.4 R 1.471(xternal to)
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1.719(result, we only support lar)108 365.8 R 1.719
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475.1 Q F3 3(13.3. Lar)72 501.3 R(ge Object Interfaces)-.12 E F1 .643
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(graph, and determine the color of the beard that appeared there, if an)
108 654.3 R 4.972 -.715(y. T)-.165 H .792(he entire lar).715 F(ge)-.198
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(symbolic constants listed here are de\214ned in)2.75 E F2
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(ge object into UNIX \214le, call)-.198 E F2(int)148 506 Q
(lo_export\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, text *filename\))148 518.2 Q F1
(The)108 544.4 Q F3(lobjId)3.071 E F1(ar)3.071 E .321
(gument speci\214es the Oid of the lar)-.198 F .32(ge object to e)-.198
F .32(xport and the)-.165 F F3(\214lename)3.07 E F1(ar)3.07 E(gu-)-.198
E(ment speci\214es the UNIX pathname of the \214le.)108 557.6 Q F0 3
(13.3.4. Opening)72 583.8 R(an Existing Lar)3 E(ge Object)-.12 E F1 1.76
-.88(To o)108 600.9 T(pen an e).88 E(xisting lar)-.165 E
(ge object, call)-.198 E F2(int)148 626.1 Q
(lo_open\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode, ...\))148 638.3 Q F1(The)
108 664.5 Q F3(lobjId)3.207 E F1(ar)3.207 E .457
(gument speci\214es the Oid of the lar)-.198 F .458(ge object to open.)
-.198 F .458(The mode bits control)5.958 F
(whether the object is opened for reading)108 677.7 Q F4(INV_READ)2.75 E
F1(\), writing or both.)A 4.2(Al)108 694.8 S(ar)-4.2 E 1.45
(ge object cannot be opened before it is created.)-.198 F/F5 11
/Courier@0 SF(lo_open)6.949 E F1 1.449(returns a lar)4.199 F 1.449
(ge object)-.198 F 5.198(descriptor for later use in)108 708 R F5
(lo_read)7.948 E F1(,)A F5(lo_write)7.948 E F1(,)A F5(lo_lseek)7.948 E
F1(,)A F5(lo_tell)7.948 E F1 7.949(,a)C(nd)-7.949 E F5(lo_close)108
721.2 Q F1(.)A/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(63)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(13.3.5. Writing)72 97.2 R(Data to a Lar)3 E
(ge Object)-.12 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The routine)108 114.3 Q/F2 10
/Courier@0 SF(int)148 139.5 Q
(lo_write\(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, int len\))148 151.7 Q F1
(writes)108 177.9 Q/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(len)3.046 E F1 .296
(bytes from)3.046 F F3 -.22(bu)3.046 G(f).22 E F1 .296(to lar)3.046 F
.296(ge object)-.198 F F3(fd)3.046 E F1 5.796(.T)C(he)-5.796 E F3(fd)
3.046 E F1(ar)3.045 E .295(gument must ha)-.198 F .625 -.165(ve b)-.22 H
.295(een returned by).165 F 2.75(ap)108 191.1 S(re)-2.75 E(vious)-.275 E
F3(lo_open)2.75 E F1(.)A .059
(The number of bytes actually written is returned.)108 208.2 R .059
(In the e)5.559 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .059(nt of an error).165 F 2.809(,t)
-.44 G .06(he return v)-2.809 F(alue)-.275 E(is ne)108 221.4 Q -.055(ga)
-.165 G(ti).055 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(.).165 E F0 3(13.3.6. Seeking)72
247.6 R(on a Lar)3 E(ge Object)-.12 E F1 1.76 -.88(To c)108 264.7 T
(hange the current read or write location on a lar).88 E
(ge object, call)-.198 E F2(int)148 289.9 Q
(lo_lseek\(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence\))148 302.1 Q F1
.386(This routine mo)108 328.3 R -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.136(st).165 G .386
(he current location pointer for the lar)-3.136 F .386
(ge object described by)-.198 F F3(fd)3.135 E F1 .385(to the)3.135 F(ne)
108 341.5 Q 6.512(wl)-.275 G 3.762(ocation speci\214ed by)-6.512 F F3
(of)6.512 E(fset)-.198 E F1 9.262(.T)C 3.762(he v)-9.262 F 3.762(alid v)
-.275 F 3.762(alues for .i whence are)-.275 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF
(SEEK_SET)6.512 E(SEEK_CUR)108 354.7 Q F1(and)2.75 E F4(SEEK_END.)2.75 E
F0 3(13.3.7. Closing)72 380.9 R 3(aL)3 G(ar)-3 E(ge Object Descriptor)
-.12 E F1 2.75(Al)108 398 S(ar)-2.75 E
(ge object may be closed by calling)-.198 E F2(int)148 423.2 Q
(lo_close\(PGconn *conn, int fd\))148 435.4 Q F1(where)108 461.6 Q F3
(fd)3.9 E F1 1.15(is a lar)3.9 F 1.15(ge object descriptor returned by)
-.198 F F3(lo_open)3.9 E F1 6.65(.O)C 3.9(ns)-6.65 G(uccess,)-3.9 E F3
(lo_close)3.9 E F1(returns)3.899 E 2.75(zero. On)108 474.8 R(error)2.75
E 2.75(,t)-.44 G(he return v)-2.75 E(alue is ne)-.275 E -.055(ga)-.165 G
(ti).055 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(.).165 E F0 3(13.4. Built)72 491.9 R(in r)3
E(egister)-.216 E(ed functions)-.216 E F1 .182(There are tw)108 509 R
2.932(ob)-.11 G .182(uilt-in re)-3.152 F .182(gistered functions,)-.165
F F3(lo_import)2.932 E F1(and)2.932 E F3(lo_e)2.932 E(xport)-.22 E F1
.182(which are con)2.932 F -.165(ve)-.44 G(nient).165 E
(for use in SQL queries.)108 522.2 Q(Here is an e)108 539.3 Q
(xample of there use)-.165 E F2(CREATE TABLE image \()148 564.5 Q 66
(name text,)196 576.7 R 54(raster oid)196 588.9 R(\);)148 601.1 Q
(INSERT INTO image \(name, raster\))148 625.5 Q
(VALUES \('beautiful image', lo_import\('/etc/motd'\)\);)166 637.7 Q
(SELECT lo_export\(image.raster, "/tmp/motd"\) from image)148 662.1 Q
(WHERE name = 'beautiful image';)166 674.3 Q/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(64)
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.583(13.5. Accessing)72 97.2 R(Lar)4.583 E 1.583
(ge Objects fr)-.12 F 1.583(om LIBPQ)-.216 F/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF
(Belo)10.582 E 4.332(wi)-.275 G 4.332(sas)-4.332 G 1.582
(ample program which sho)-4.332 F(ws)-.275 E(ho)108 110.4 Q 2.774(wt)
-.275 G .024(he lar)-2.774 F .024(ge object interf)-.198 F .024(ace in)
-.11 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)2.775 E F1 .025(can be used.)2.775 F
-.165(Pa)5.525 G .025(rts of the program are commented).165 F(out b)108
123.6 Q(ut are left in the source for the readers bene\214t.)-.22 E
(This program can be found in)5.5 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF
(../src/test/examples)148 148.8 Q F1 1.29
(Frontend applications which use the lar)108 178.9 R 1.289
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(should include the)4.039 F(header \214le)108 192.1 Q/F4 11/Courier@0 SF
(libpq/libpq-fs.h)2.75 E F1(and link with the)2.75 E F4(libpq)2.75 E F1
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(13.6. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram)-.216 E/F1
10/Courier@0 SF(/*-----------------------------------------------------\
--------------------)148 122.4 Q(*)154 134.6 Q 6(*t)154 146.8 S
(estlo.c--)-6 E 24(*t)154 159 S(est using large objects with libpq)-24 E
(*)154 171.2 Q 6(*C)154 183.4 S
(opyright \(c\) 1994, Regents of the University of California)-6 E(*)154
195.6 Q(*)154 207.8 Q 6(*I)154 220 S(DENTIFICATION)-6 E 24(*$)154 232.2
S(Header: /usr/local/devel/pglite/cvs/src/doc/manual.me,v 1.17 1996/02/\
24 01:19:32 jolly Exp $)-24 E(*)154 244.4 Q(*--------------------------\
-----------------------------------------------)154 256.6 Q(*/)154 268.8
Q(#include <stdio.h>)148 281 Q(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 293.2 Q
(#include "libpq/libpq-fs.h")148 305.4 Q(#define BUFSIZE)148 329.8 Q
(1024)54 E(/*)148 354.2 Q 6(*i)154 366.4 S(mportFile -)-6 E 24(*i)154
378.6 S
(mport file "in_filename" into database as large object "lobjOid")-24 E
(*)154 390.8 Q(*/)154 403 Q
(Oid importFile\(PGconn *conn, char *filename\))148 415.2 Q({)148 427.4
Q(Oid lobjId;)172 439.6 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 451.8 Q(char buf[BUFSIZE];)
172 464 Q(int nbytes, tmp;)172 476.2 Q(int fd;)172 488.4 Q(/*)172 512.8
Q 6(*o)178 525 S(pen the file to be read in)-6 E(*/)178 537.2 Q
(fd = open\(filename, O_RDONLY, 0666\);)172 549.4 Q(if \(fd < 0\))172
561.6 Q 18({/)12 G 6(*e)-18 G(rror */)-6 E
(fprintf\(stderr, "can't open unix file)184 573.8 Q(})172 586 Q(/*)172
610.4 Q 6(*c)178 622.6 S(reate the large object)-6 E(*/)178 634.8 Q
(lobjId = lo_creat\(conn, INV_READ|INV_WRITE\);)172 647 Q
(if \(lobjId == 0\) {)172 659.2 Q
(fprintf\(stderr, "can't create large object"\);)184 671.4 Q(})172 683.6
Q(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_WRITE\);)172 708 Q(/*)172 720.2 Q
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*r)178 96.2 S
(ead in from the Unix file and write to the inversion file)-6 E(*/)178
108.4 Q(while \(\(nbytes = read\(fd, buf, BUFSIZE\)\) > 0\) {)172 120.6
Q(tmp = lo_write\(conn, lobj_fd, buf, nbytes\);)184 132.8 Q
(if \(tmp < nbytes\) {)184 145 Q(fprintf\(stderr, "error while reading)
208 157.2 Q(})184 169.4 Q(})172 181.6 Q(\(void\) close\(fd\);)172 206 Q
(\(void\) lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 218.2 Q(return lobjId;)172
242.6 Q(})148 254.8 Q
(void pickout\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len\))148 279.2
Q({)148 291.4 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 303.6 Q(char* buf;)172 315.8 Q
(int nbytes;)172 328 Q(int nread;)172 340.2 Q
(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_READ\);)172 364.6 Q
(if \(lobj_fd < 0\) {)172 376.8 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"can't open large object %d",)184 389 Q(lobjId\);)220
401.2 Q(})172 413.4 Q(lo_lseek\(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET\);)172
437.8 Q(buf = malloc\(len+1\);)172 450 Q(nread = 0;)172 474.4 Q
(while \(len - nread > 0\) {)172 486.6 Q
(nbytes = lo_read\(conn, lobj_fd, buf, len - nread\);)184 498.8 Q
(buf[nbytes] = ' ';)184 511 Q(fprintf\(stderr,">>> %s", buf\);)184 523.2
Q(nread += nbytes;)184 535.4 Q(})172 547.6 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"0\);)172
559.8 Q(lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 572 Q(})148 584.2 Q
(void overwrite\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len\))148
608.6 Q({)148 620.8 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 633 Q(char* buf;)172 645.2 Q
(int nbytes;)172 657.4 Q(int nwritten;)172 669.6 Q(int i;)172 681.8 Q
(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_READ\);)172 706.2 Q
(if \(lobj_fd < 0\) {)172 718.4 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(67)282.5 756 Q
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(fprintf\(stderr,"can't open large object %d",)184
96.2 Q(lobjId\);)220 108.4 Q(})172 120.6 Q
(lo_lseek\(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET\);)172 145 Q
(buf = malloc\(len+1\);)172 157.2 Q(for \(i=0;i<len;i++\))172 181.6 Q
(buf[i] = 'X';)184 193.8 Q(buf[i] = ' ';)172 206 Q(nwritten = 0;)172
230.4 Q(while \(len - nwritten > 0\) {)172 242.6 Q
(nbytes = lo_write\(conn, lobj_fd, buf + nwritten, len - nwritten\);)184
254.8 Q(nwritten += nbytes;)184 267 Q(})172 279.2 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"0\);)172 291.4 Q(lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 303.6
Q(})148 315.8 Q(/*)148 352.4 Q 6(*e)154 364.6 S(xportFile -)-6 E 24(*e)
154 376.8 S(xport large object "lobjOid" to file "out_filename")-24 E(*)
154 389 Q(*/)154 401.2 Q
(void exportFile\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, char *filename\))148 413.4 Q
({)148 425.6 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 437.8 Q(char buf[BUFSIZE];)172 450 Q
(int nbytes, tmp;)172 462.2 Q(int fd;)172 474.4 Q(/*)172 498.8 Q 6(*c)
178 511 S(reate an inversion "object")-6 E(*/)178 523.2 Q
(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_READ\);)172 535.4 Q
(if \(lobj_fd < 0\) {)172 547.6 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"can't open large object %d",)184 559.8 Q(lobjId\);)220
572 Q(})172 584.2 Q(/*)172 608.6 Q 6(*o)178 620.8 S
(pen the file to be written to)-6 E(*/)178 633 Q
(fd = open\(filename, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY, 0666\);)172 645.2 Q
(if \(fd < 0\))172 657.4 Q 18({/)12 G 6(*e)-18 G(rror */)-6 E
(fprintf\(stderr, "can't open unix file)184 669.6 Q(filename\);)220
681.8 Q(})172 694 Q(/*)172 718.4 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(68)282.5 756 Q
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*r)178 96.2 S
(ead in from the Unix file and write to the inversion file)-6 E(*/)178
108.4 Q
(while \(\(nbytes = lo_read\(conn, lobj_fd, buf, BUFSIZE\)\) > 0\) {)172
120.6 Q(tmp = write\(fd, buf, nbytes\);)184 132.8 Q
(if \(tmp < nbytes\) {)196 145 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"error while writing)
208 157.2 Q(filename\);)244 169.4 Q(})184 181.6 Q(})172 193.8 Q
(\(void\) lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 218.2 Q(\(void\) close\(fd\);)
172 230.4 Q(return;)172 254.8 Q(})148 267 Q(void)148 291.4 Q
(exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 303.6 Q({)148 315.8 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 328 Q(exit\(1\);)160 340.2 Q(})148 352.4 Q(int)
148 376.8 Q(main\(int argc, char **argv\))148 389 Q({)148 401.2 Q
(char *in_filename, *out_filename;)172 413.4 Q(char *database;)172 425.6
Q(Oid lobjOid;)172 437.8 Q(PGconn *conn;)172 450 Q(PGresult *res;)172
462.2 Q(if \(argc != 4\) {)172 486.6 Q
(fprintf\(stderr, "Usage: %s database_name in_filename out_filename0,)
184 498.8 Q(argv[0]\);)220 511 Q(exit\(1\);)184 523.2 Q(})172 535.4 Q
(database = argv[1];)172 559.8 Q(in_filename = argv[2];)172 572 Q
(out_filename = argv[3];)172 584.2 Q(/*)172 608.6 Q 6(*s)178 620.8 S
(et up the connection)-6 E(*/)178 633 Q
(conn = PQsetdb\(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, database\);)172 645.2 Q
(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */)
172 669.6 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)172 681.8 Q
(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, database\);)184
694 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)184 706.2 Q
(exit_nicely\(conn\);)184 718.4 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(69)282.5 756 Q
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(})172 96.2 Q(res = PQexec\(conn, "begin"\);)172
120.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 132.8 Q(printf\("importing file)172 145 Q 6
(/* lobjOid)148 157.2 R 6(=i)6 G(mportFile\(conn, in_filename\); */)-6 E
(lobjOid = lo_import\(conn, in_filename\);)172 169.4 Q(/*)148 181.6 Q
(printf\("as large object %d.0, lobjOid\);)172 193.8 Q
(printf\("picking out bytes 1000-2000 of the large object0\);)172 218.2
Q(pickout\(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000\);)172 230.4 Q
(printf\("overwriting bytes 1000-2000 of the large object with X's0\);)
172 254.8 Q(overwrite\(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000\);)172 267 Q(*/)148
279.2 Q(printf\("exporting large object to file)172 303.6 Q 18
(/* exportFile\(conn,)148 315.8 R(lobjOid, out_filename\); */)6 E
(lo_export\(conn, lobjOid,out_filename\);)172 328 Q
(res = PQexec\(conn, "end"\);)172 352.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 364.6 Q
(PQfinish\(conn\);)172 376.8 Q(exit\(0\);)172 389 Q(})148 401.2 Q/F1 11
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91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
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(Production rule systems are conceptually simple, b)108 208.9 R 3.372
(ut there are man)-.22 F 6.122(ys)-.165 G 3.372(ubtle points)-6.122 F
(in)108 222.1 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lv).22 E .603(ed in actually using them.)
-.165 F(Consequently)6.103 E 3.353(,w)-.715 G 3.352(ew)-3.353 G .602
(ill not attempt to e)-3.352 F .602(xplain the actual)-.165 F 2.737
(syntax and operation of the)108 235.3 R/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
(POSTGRES)5.488 E F1 2.738(rule system here.)5.488 F 2.738
(Instead, you should read)8.238 F([ST)108 248.5 Q 1.803(ON90b] to under\
stand some of these points and the theoretical foundations of the)-.198
F F2(POSTGRES)108 261.7 Q F1 2.477
(rule system before trying to use rules.)5.227 F 2.478
(The discussion in this section is)7.977 F .205(intended to pro)108
274.9 R .205(vide an o)-.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G(rvie).165 E 2.955(wo)
-.275 G 2.954(ft)-2.955 G(he)-2.954 E F2(POSTGRES)2.954 E F1 .204
(rule system and point the user at help-)2.954 F(ful references and e)
108 288.1 Q(xamples.)-.165 E 1.641(The \231query re)108 305.2 R 1.642
(write\232 rule system modi\214es queries to tak)-.275 F 4.392(er)-.11 G
1.642(ules into consideration, and)-4.392 F .518
(then passes the modi\214ed query to the query optimizer for e)108 318.4
R -.165(xe)-.165 G 3.268(cution. It).165 F .517(is v)3.267 F .517
(ery po)-.165 F(werful,)-.275 E .246(and can be used for man)108 331.6 R
2.996(yt)-.165 G .246(hings such as query language procedures, vie)
-2.996 F .246(ws, and v)-.275 F(ersions.)-.165 E(The po)108 344.8 Q
(wer of this rule system is discussed in [ONG90] as well as [ST)-.275 E
(ON90b].)-.198 E/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(71)282.5 756 Q EP
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1.395(In this section, we will discuss aspects of)108 208.9 R/F2 10
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(that are of interest to those who)4.144 F(mak)108 222.1 Q 3.096(ee)-.11
G(xtensi)-3.261 E .676 -.165(ve u)-.275 H .346(se of).165 F F2(POSTGRES)
3.096 E F1 3.096(,o)C 3.096(rw)-3.096 G .346
(ho are the site administrator for a group of)-3.096 F F2(POST)3.096 E
(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 235.3 Q F1(users.)2.75 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3
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482 274.7 DL 493 274.7 487.5 274.7 DL 498.5 274.7 493 274.7 DL 504 274.7
498.5 274.7 DL F1 .405
(Here we will brie\215y discuss some procedures that you should be f)108
305 R .405(amiliar with in manag-)-.11 F(ing an)108 318.2 Q(y)-.165 E F2
(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(installation.)2.75 E F3 3(15.1.1. Starting)72 344.4
R(the P)3 E(ostmaster)-.24 E F1 .539(If you did not install)108 361.5 R
F2(POSTGRES)3.289 E F1 -.165(ex)3.289 G .538
(actly as described in the installation instructions, you).165 F(may ha)
108 374.7 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(op).165 G
(erform some additional steps before starting the)-2.75 E/F4 11
/Courier@0 SF(postmaster)2.75 E F1(process.)2.75 E 5.5<8345>113.5 391.8
S -.165(ve)-5.5 G 3.135(ni).165 G 3.135(fy)-3.135 G .385
(ou were not the person who installed)-3.135 F F2(POSTGRES)3.136 E F1
3.136(,y)C .386(ou should understand the)-3.136 F 1.448
(installation instructions.)122.85 405 R 1.448
(The installation instructions e)6.948 F 1.448
(xplain some important issues)-.165 F .008(with respect to where)122.85
418.2 R F2(POSTGRES)2.759 E F1 .009
(places some important \214les, proper settings for en)2.759 F(vi-)-.44
E(ronment v)122.85 431.4 Q(ariables, etc. that may v)-.275 E
(ary from one v)-.275 E(ersion of)-.165 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1
(to another)2.75 E(.)-.605 E 5.5<8359>113.5 444.6 S(ou)-6.71 E/F5 11
/Times-Italic@0 SF(must)4.815 E F1 2.065(start the)4.815 F F4
(postmaster)4.815 E F1 2.064(process with the user)4.814 F 2.064
(-id that o)-.22 F 2.064(wns the installed)-.275 F 1.264
(database \214les.)122.85 457.8 R 1.264(In most cases, if you ha)6.764 F
1.594 -.165(ve f)-.22 H(ollo).165 E 1.264
(wed the installation instructions, this)-.275 F .393
(will be the user \231postgres\232.)122.85 471 R .392
(If you do not start the)5.893 F F4(postmaster)3.142 E F1 .392
(with the right user)3.142 F(-)-.22 E .703(id, the back)122.85 484.2 R
.703(end serv)-.11 F .703(ers that are started by the)-.165 F F4
(postmaster)3.453 E F1 .704(will not be able to read)3.453 F(the data.)
122.85 497.4 Q 5.5<834d>113.5 510.6 S(ak)-5.5 E 3.831(es)-.11 G 1.081
(ure that)-3.831 F F4(/usr/local/postgres95/bin)3.831 E F1 1.08
(is in your shell command path,)3.831 F(because the)122.85 523.8 Q F4
(postmaster)2.75 E F1(will use your)2.75 E F4(PATH)2.75 E F1(to locate)
2.75 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(commands.)2.75 E 5.5<8352>113.5 537 S .571
(emember to set the en)-5.5 F .571(vironment v)-.44 F(ariable)-.275 E F4
(PGDATA)3.321 E F1 .571(to the directory where the)3.321 F F2(POST)3.322
E(-)-.92 E(GRES)122.85 550.2 Q F1 .043(databases are installed.)2.794 F
.043(\(This v)5.543 F .043(ariable is more fully e)-.275 F .043
(xplained in the)-.165 F F2(POSTGRES)2.793 E F1
(installation instructions.\))122.85 563.4 Q 5.5<8349>113.5 576.6 S
3.041(fy)-5.5 G .292(ou do start the)-3.041 F F4(postmaster)3.042 E F1
.292(using non-standard options, such as a dif)3.042 F .292(ferent TCP)
-.275 F .052(port number)122.85 589.8 R 2.802(,r)-.44 G .052
(emember to tell all users so that the)-2.802 F 2.802(yc)-.165 G .052
(an set their)-2.802 F F4(PGPORT)2.801 E F1(en)2.801 E(vironment)-.44 E
-.275(va)122.85 603 S(riable correctly).275 E(.)-.715 E F3 3
(15.1.2. Shutting)72 629.2 R(Do)3 E(wn the P)-.12 E(ostmaster)-.24 E F1
.174(If you need to halt the)108 646.3 R F4(postmaster)2.924 E F1 .175
(process, you can use the)2.925 F F2(UNIX)2.925 E F4(kill)2.925 E F1
.175(\(1\) command.)B .445(Some people habitually use the)108 659.5 R F4
(-9)3.195 E F1(or)3.195 E F4(-KILL)3.195 E F1 .445
(option; this should ne)3.195 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.194(rb).165 G 3.194
(en)-3.194 G .444(ecessary and)-3.194 F 1.129
(we do not recommend that you do this, as the)108 672.7 R F4(postmaster)
3.879 E F1 1.129(will be unable to free its)3.879 F -.275(va)108 685.9 S
(rious shared resources, its child processes will be unable to e).275 E
(xit gracefully)-.165 E 2.75(,e)-.715 G(tc.)-2.75 E/F6 11/Times-Bold@0
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.1.3. Adding)72 97.2 R(and Remo)3 E
(ving Users)-.12 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 114.3 Q/F2 11
/Courier@0 SF(createuser)3.748 E F1(and)3.748 E F2(destroyuser)3.748 E
F1 .998(commands enable and disable access to)3.748 F/F3 10
/Times-Roman@0 SF(POST)3.747 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 127.5 Q F1
(by speci\214c users on the host system.)2.75 E F0 3(15.1.4. P)72 153.7
R(eriodic Upk)-.24 E(eep)-.12 E F1(The)108 170.8 Q F2(vacuum)2.825 E F1
.075(command should be run on each database periodically)2.825 F 5.575
(.T)-.715 G .076(his command pro-)-5.575 F .532
(cesses deleted instances)108 186.2 R/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(9)-4.4 I F1
.532(and, more importantly)3.282 4.4 N 3.282(,u)-.715 G .532
(pdates the system)-3.282 F/F5 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(statistics)3.281 E
F1(concerning)3.281 E .531(the size of each class.)108 199.4 R .531
(If these statistics are permitted to become out-of-date and inaccu-)
6.031 F .521(rate, the)108 212.6 R F3(POSTGRES)3.271 E F1 .52
(query optimizer may mak)3.271 F 3.27(ee)-.11 G .52
(xtremely poor decisions with respect to)-3.435 F 1.083(query e)108
225.8 R -.275(va)-.275 G 1.083(luation strate).275 F 3.833
(gies. Therefore,)-.165 F 1.083(we recommend running)3.833 F F2(vacuum)
3.834 E F1 -2.365 -.275(ev e)3.834 H 1.084(ry night or).275 F
(so \(perhaps in a script that is e)108 239 Q -.165(xe)-.165 G
(cuted by the).165 E F3(UNIX)2.75 E F2(cron)2.75 E F1(\(1\) or)A F2(at)
2.75 E F1(\(1\) commands\).)A/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF .066(Do fr)108 256.1
R .066(equent backups)-.198 F F1 5.565(.T)C .065
(hat is, you should either back up your database directories using)
-5.565 F(the)108 269.3 Q F3(POSTGRES)4.428 E F6(copy)4.428 E F1 1.679
(command and/or the)4.429 F F3(UNIX)4.429 E F2(dump)4.429 E F1 1.679
(\(1\) or)B F2(tar)4.429 E F1 1.679(\(1\) commands.)B -1.21(Yo)7.179 G
(u)1.21 E .45(may think, \231Wh)108 282.5 R 3.2(ya)-.055 G 3.2(mIb)-3.2
G .449(acking up my database?)-3.2 F .449(What about crash reco)5.949 F
-.165(ve)-.165 G 3.199(ry?\232 One).165 F(side)3.199 E(ef)108 295.7 Q
.483(fect of the)-.275 F F3(POSTGRES)3.233 E F1 .483(\231no o)3.233 F
-.165(ve)-.165 G .483
(rwrite\232 storage manager is that it is also a \231no log\232 stor)
.165 F(-)-.22 E 1.793(age manager)108 308.9 R 7.293(.T)-.605 G 1.792(ha\
t is, the database log stores only abort/commit data, and this is not)
-7.293 F .713(enough information to reco)108 322.1 R -.165(ve)-.165 G
3.463(rt).165 G .713
(he database if the storage medium \(disk\) or the database)-3.463 F
1.262(\214les are corrupted!)108 335.3 R 1.261(In other w)6.761 F 1.261
(ords, if a disk block goes bad or)-.11 F F3(POSTGRES)4.011 E F1 1.261
(happens to)4.011 F .486(corrupt a database \214le,)108 348.5 R F6 -.275
(yo)3.236 G 3.236(uc).275 G .486(annot r)-3.236 F(eco)-.198 E -.11(ve)
-.11 G 3.236(rt).11 G .486(hat \214le)-3.236 F F1 5.986(.T)C .486
(his can be disastrous if the \214le is)-5.986 F
(one of the shared catalogs, such as)108 361.7 Q F2(pg_database)2.75 E
F1(.)A F0 3(15.1.5. T)72 387.9 R(uning)-1.104 E F1 .265(Once your users\
 start to load a signi\214cant amount of data, you will typically run i\
nto per)108 405 R(-)-.22 E 1.034(formance problems.)108 418.2 R F3
(POSTGRES)6.534 E F1 1.034(is not the f)3.784 F 1.035
(astest DBMS in the w)-.11 F 1.035(orld, b)-.11 F 1.035(ut man)-.22 F
3.785(yo)-.165 G 3.785(ft)-3.785 G(he)-3.785 E -.11(wo)108 431.4 S .19
(rst problems encountered by users are due to their lack of e).11 F .19
(xperience with an)-.165 F 2.94(yD)-.165 G(BMS.)-2.94 E
(Some general tips include:)108 444.6 Q 13.75(\(1\) De\214ne)113.5 461.7
R 2.337(indices o)5.087 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 5.087(ra).165 G(ttrib)-5.087
E 2.338(utes that are commonly used for quali\214cations.)-.22 F -.165
(Fo)7.838 G(r).165 E -.165(ex)142.826 474.9 S(ample, if you often e).165
E -.165(xe)-.165 G(cute queries of the form).165 E/F7 10/Courier@0 SF
(SELECT * from EMP where salary < 5000)182.826 500.1 Q F1 1.478
(then a B-tree inde)142.826 526.3 R 4.228(xo)-.165 G 4.228(nt)-4.228 G
(he)-4.228 E F2(salary)4.227 E F1(attrib)4.227 E 1.477
(ute will probably be useful.)-.22 F 1.477(If scans)6.977 F(in)142.826
539.5 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lving equality are more common, as in).22 E F7
(SELECT * from EMP where salary = 5000)182.826 564.7 Q F1 2.063
(then you should consider de\214ning a hash inde)142.826 590.9 R 4.814
(xo)-.165 G(n)-4.814 E F2(salary)4.814 E F1 7.564(.Y)C 2.064
(ou can de\214ne)-8.774 F .202
(both, though it will use more disk space and may slo)142.826 604.1 R
2.951(wd)-.275 G -.275(ow)-2.951 G 2.951(nu).275 G .201(pdates a bit.)
-2.951 F(Scans)5.701 E(using indices are)142.826 617.3 Q F6(much)2.75 E
F1 -.11(fa)2.75 G(ster than sequential scans of the entire class.).11 E
13.75(\(2\) Run)113.5 634.4 R(the)3.882 E F2(vacuum)3.882 E F1 1.132
(command a lot.)3.882 F 1.132
(This command updates the statistics that the)6.632 F .404
(query optimizer uses to mak)142.826 647.6 R 3.154(ei)-.11 G .404
(ntelligent decisions; if the statistics are inaccurate,)-3.154 F .088
(the system will mak)142.826 660.8 R 2.839(ei)-.11 G .089
(nordinately stupid decisions with respect to the w)-2.839 F .089
(ay it joins)-.11 F .32 LW 76 670.4 72 670.4 DL 80 670.4 76 670.4 DL 84
670.4 80 670.4 DL 88 670.4 84 670.4 DL 92 670.4 88 670.4 DL 96 670.4 92
670.4 DL 100 670.4 96 670.4 DL 104 670.4 100 670.4 DL 108 670.4 104
670.4 DL 112 670.4 108 670.4 DL 116 670.4 112 670.4 DL 120 670.4 116
670.4 DL 124 670.4 120 670.4 DL 128 670.4 124 670.4 DL 132 670.4 128
670.4 DL 136 670.4 132 670.4 DL 140 670.4 136 670.4 DL 144 670.4 140
670.4 DL 148 670.4 144 670.4 DL 152 670.4 148 670.4 DL 156 670.4 152
670.4 DL 160 670.4 156 670.4 DL 164 670.4 160 670.4 DL 168 670.4 164
670.4 DL 172 670.4 168 670.4 DL 176 670.4 172 670.4 DL 180 670.4 176
670.4 DL 184 670.4 180 670.4 DL 188 670.4 184 670.4 DL 192 670.4 188
670.4 DL 196 670.4 192 670.4 DL 200 670.4 196 670.4 DL 204 670.4 200
670.4 DL 208 670.4 204 670.4 DL 212 670.4 208 670.4 DL 216 670.4 212
670.4 DL/F8 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(9)93.6 680.8 Q F4 .195(This may mean dif)
2.195 3.2 N .195(ferent things depending on the)-.2 F/F9 8
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E -.12(ve)-.2 G 2(ra).12 G(ctually reused.)-2 E F6(73)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(and scans classes.)142.826 97.2 Q 13.75
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(where)4.131 E F0 1.38(part of the query\), try to)4.13 F 2.234
(ensure that a clause in)142.826 127.5 R -.22(vo)-.44 G 2.235
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SF(EMP.salary = 5000)182.826 165.9 Q F0(The)142.826 192.1 Q/F4 10
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(if the operator \(in this case,)142.826 256.7 R F1(=)3.529 E F0 3.53
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269.9 Q F0 .784(can re)3.534 F .784
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300.2 R .152(joining se)2.902 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .152
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(where A.a = B.b and B.b = C.c and ...)182.826 338.6 Q F0 .795
(Notice that relati)142.826 364.8 R -.165(ve)-.275 G .795(ly fe).165 F
3.545(wc)-.275 G .795(lauses refer to a gi)-3.545 F -.165(ve)-.275 G
3.544(nc).165 G .794(lass and attrib)-3.544 F .794(ute; the clauses)-.22
F 1.628(form a linear sequence connecting the attrib)142.826 378 R 1.628
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(This is)7.128 F
(preferable to a query written in a \231star\232 form, such as)142.826
391.2 Q F3(where A.a = B.b and A.a = C.c and ...)182.826 416.4 Q F0
2.321(Here, man)142.826 442.6 R 5.071(yc)-.165 G 2.321
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(When presented with a query of this form, the)142.826 455.8 R F4
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(tend to consider f)142.826 469 Q
(ar more choices than it should and may run out of memory)-.11 E(.)-.715
E 13.75(\(5\) If)113.5 486.1 R 1.684
(you are really desperate to see what query plans look lik)4.434 F 1.683
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(with the)4.008 F F1(-d)4.008 E F0 1.259(option and then run)4.008 F F1
(monitor)4.009 E F0 1.259(with the)4.009 F F1(-t)4.009 E F0(option.)
4.009 E .246
(The format in which query plans will be printed is hard to read b)
142.826 512.5 R .246(ut you should be)-.22 F(able to tell whether an)
142.826 525.7 Q 2.75(yi)-.165 G(nde)-2.75 E 2.75(xs)-.165 G
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565.1 91.5 565.1 DL 102.5 565.1 97 565.1 DL 108 565.1 102.5 565.1 DL
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168.5 565.1 DL 179.5 565.1 174 565.1 DL 185 565.1 179.5 565.1 DL 190.5
565.1 185 565.1 DL 196 565.1 190.5 565.1 DL 201.5 565.1 196 565.1 DL 207
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DL 240 565.1 234.5 565.1 DL 245.5 565.1 240 565.1 DL 251 565.1 245.5
565.1 DL 256.5 565.1 251 565.1 DL 262 565.1 256.5 565.1 DL 267.5 565.1
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278.5 565.1 DL 289.5 565.1 284 565.1 DL 295 565.1 289.5 565.1 DL 300.5
565.1 295 565.1 DL 306 565.1 300.5 565.1 DL 311.5 565.1 306 565.1 DL 317
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333.5 565.1 328 565.1 DL 339 565.1 333.5 565.1 DL 344.5 565.1 339 565.1
DL 350 565.1 344.5 565.1 DL 355.5 565.1 350 565.1 DL 361 565.1 355.5
565.1 DL 366.5 565.1 361 565.1 DL 372 565.1 366.5 565.1 DL 377.5 565.1
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565.1 405 565.1 DL 416 565.1 410.5 565.1 DL 421.5 565.1 416 565.1 DL 427
565.1 421.5 565.1 DL 432.5 565.1 427 565.1 DL 438 565.1 432.5 565.1 DL
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DL 460 565.1 454.5 565.1 DL 465.5 565.1 460 565.1 DL 471 565.1 465.5
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Q(wing actions.)-.275 E F5 3(15.2.1. Cleaning)72 634.8 R
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108 678.3 Q(ferent from those required to \214x the other)-.275 E(.)
-.605 E(The message you will usually see when the back)108 695.4 Q
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(FATAL: no response from backend: detected in ...)148 720.6 Q/F6 11
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .584(This generally means one of tw)108 97.2 R
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.003(ug in some user code that has been dynamically loaded into)-.22 F
F1(POSTGRES)2.752 E F0 5.502(.Y)C .002(ou should)-6.712 F .823
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113.5 153.9 Q F1(POSTGRES)16.5 E F0 1.694
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4.444 F(deb)142.826 167.1 Q(ugging\) in the database directory)-.22 E/F2
10/Courier@0 SF(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base/<database>/core)182.826
192.3 Q F0 .478(on the serv)142.826 218.5 R .479(er machine.)-.165 F
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F .479(ug the problem or produce)-.22 F 3.399(as)142.826 231.7 S .649
(tack trace to report the b)-3.399 F .648
(ug to someone else, you can delete this \214le \(which is)-.22 F
(probably around 10MB\).)142.826 244.9 Q 13.75(\(2\) When)113.5 262 R
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(ay \(i.e., without calling its b)-.11 F(uilt-)-.22 E .64
(in cleanup routines\), the)142.826 275.2 R/F3 11/Courier@0 SF
(postmaster)3.39 E F0 .64(will detect this situation, kill all running)
3.39 F(serv)142.826 288.4 Q 2.589
(ers and reinitialize the state shared among all back)-.165 F 2.589
(ends \(e.g., the shared)-.11 F -.22(bu)142.826 301.6 S -.275(ff).22 G
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(.I).165 G 3.882(fy)-6.632 G 1.132(our serv)-3.882 F 1.132(er w)-.165 F
1.132(as killed because someone else')-.11 F 3.882(ss)-.605 G(erv)-3.882
E(er)-.165 E(crashed, you will see the follo)142.826 328 Q
(wing message:)-.275 E F2 6(Ih)182.826 353.2 S
(ave been signalled by the postmaster.)-6 E
(Some backend process has died unexpectedly and possibly)182.826 365.4 Q
(corrupted shared memory.)182.826 377.6 Q(The current transaction was)12
E(aborted, and I am going to exit.)182.826 389.8 Q(Please resend the)12
E(last query. -- The postgres backend)182.826 402 Q F0 13.75
(\(3\) Sometimes)113.5 432.1 R .371
(shared state is not completely cleaned up.)3.121 F .37
(Frontend applications may)5.87 F(see errors of the form:)142.826 445.3
Q F2(WARN: cannot write block 34 of myclass [mydb] blind)182.826 470.5 Q
F0(In this case, you should kill the)142.826 496.7 Q F3(postmaster)2.75
E F0(and restart it.)2.75 E 13.75(\(4\) When)113.5 513.8 R .541(the sys\
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F .581(creating a class, de\214ning an inde)142.826 527 R .581
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540.2 R .987(The general \(and non-unique\))6.487 F .363
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(nother problem; if it f).165 F(ails,)-.11 E .084
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F .482(ditions where the operating system lets the)108 662.9 R F3
(postmaster)3.232 E F0 .482(free shared resources b)3.232 F .483
(ut then)-.22 F .788(will not permit it to reallocate the same amount o\
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5.278(uw)1.21 G 2.528(ill typically ha)-5.278 F 2.858 -.165(ve t)-.22 H
5.278(or).165 G 2.528(un the)-5.278 F F3(ipcclean)5.278 E F0 2.529
(command if system errors cause the)5.278 F F3(postmaster)108 719.6 Q F0
3.334(to crash.)6.084 F 3.333
(If this happens, you may \214nd \(using the)8.833 F F1(UNIX)6.083 E F3
(ipcs)6.083 E F0(\(1\))A F4(75)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .354(command\) that the \231postgres\232 user h\
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G(n).165 E .265(though no)108 110.4 R/F1 11/Courier@0 SF(postmaster)
3.015 E F0 .265(process is running.)3.015 F .265
(In this case, you should run)5.765 F F1(ipcclean)3.014 E F0(as)3.014 E
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(post-)3.018 E(master)108 150 Q F0 .383(processes running on the same m\
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F1(ipcclean)2.913 E F0 .163(\(otherwise, the)2.913 F 2.913(yw)-.165 G
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176.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.2.2. Mo)72 202.6 R(ving Database Dir)
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(ariable \(as described earlier in this manual and in)-.275 F
(the installation instructions\).)122.85 386.7 Q F6 6(#u)162.85 411.9 S
(sing csh or tcsh...)-6 E 6(%s)162.85 424.1 S
(etenv PGDATA /new/place/data)-6 E 6(#u)162.85 448.5 S
(sing sh, ksh or bash...)-6 E 6(%P)162.85 460.7 S
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S 6(m-)-6 G(rf /usr/local/postgres95/data)-6 E F0 2.673 -.88(To i)108
606.8 T .913(nstall a).88 F F2(single)3.663 E F0 .913
(database in an alternate directory while lea)3.663 F .913
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(wing steps we will assume the database is named)-.275 E F1(foo)2.75 E
F0(.)A .32 LW 76 667.4 72 667.4 DL 80 667.4 76 667.4 DL 84 667.4 80
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667.4 180 667.4 DL 188 667.4 184 667.4 DL 192 667.4 188 667.4 DL 196
667.4 192 667.4 DL 200 667.4 196 667.4 DL 204 667.4 200 667.4 DL 208
667.4 204 667.4 DL 212 667.4 208 667.4 DL 216 667.4 212 667.4 DL/F8 5
/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)93.6 677.8 Q F5 .324
(Data for certain classes may stored else)2.324 3.2 N .324
(where if a non-standard storage manager w)-.2 F .324
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F(Use)4.323 E(of non-standard storage managers is an e)72 690.6 Q
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/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 5.5<834b>113.5 97.2 S(ill the)-5.5 E/F1 11
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4.575(yt)-.11 G 1.824(he directory)-4.575 F F1
(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)4.574 E F0 1.824(and its con-)4.574
F(tents to its ultimate destination.)122.85 123.6 Q
(It should still be o)5.5 E(wned by the \231postgres\232 user)-.275 E(.)
-.605 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF 6(%c)162.85 148.8 S 6(p-)-6 G
(rp /usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo /new/place/foo)-6 E F0 5.5<8352>
113.5 175 S(emo)-5.5 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.165 H(he directory).165 E F1
(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)2.75 E F0(:)A F2 6(%r)162.85 200.2
S 6(m-)-6 G(rf /usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)-6 E F0 5.5<834d>
113.5 226.4 S(ak)-5.5 E 3.48(eas)-.11 G .73(ymbolic link from)-3.48 F F1
(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base)3.48 E F0 .73(to the ne)3.48 F(w)-.275
E(directory:)122.85 239.6 Q F2 6(%l)162.85 264.8 S 6(n-)-6 G 6(s/)-6 G
(new/place/foo /usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)-6 E F0 5.5<8352>
113.5 291 S(estart the)-5.5 E F1(postmaster)2.75 E F0(.)A/F3 12
/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.2.3. Updating)72 317.2 R(Databases)3 E/F4 10
/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 334.3 Q F0 .679(is a research system.)
3.429 F .679(In general,)6.179 F F4(POSTGRES)3.429 E F0 .679
(may not retain the same binary)3.429 F .715
(format for the storage of databases from release to release.)108 347.5
R .715(Therefore, when you update)6.215 F(your)108 360.7 Q F4(POSTGRES)
2.8 E F0(softw)2.8 E .05(are, you will probably ha)-.11 F .38 -.165
(ve t)-.22 H 2.8(om).165 G .049(odify your databases as well.)-2.8 F
(This)5.549 E .248(is a common occurrence with commercial database syst\
ems as well; unfortunately)108 373.9 R 2.998(,u)-.715 G(nlik)-2.998 E(e)
-.11 E .598(commercial systems,)108 387.1 R F4(POSTGRES)3.348 E F0 .598
(does not come with user)3.348 F .597(-friendly utilities to mak)-.22 F
3.347(ey)-.11 G(our)-3.347 E(life easier when these updates occur)108
400.3 Q(.)-.605 E .171(In general, you must do the follo)108 417.4 R
.172(wing to update your databases to a ne)-.275 F 2.922(ws)-.275 G
(oftw)-2.922 E .172(are release:)-.11 F<83>113.5 434.5 Q/F5 11
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Extensions)5.5 E F0 1.073(\(such as user)3.823 F
1.073(-de\214ned types, functions, aggre)-.22 F -.055(ga)-.165 G 1.072
(tes, etc.\) must be reloaded).055 F(by re-e)122.85 447.7 Q -.165(xe)
-.165 G(cuting the SQL).165 E/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(CREA)2.75 E(TE)
-1.045 E F0 2.75(commands. See)2.75 F(Appendix A for more details.)2.75
E<83>113.5 460.9 Q F5(Data)5.5 E F0 1.08
(must be dumped from the old classes into ASCII \214les \(using the)
3.829 F F6(COPY)3.83 E F0(com-)3.83 E .235(mand\), the ne)122.85 474.1 R
2.985(wc)-.275 G .235(lasses created in the ne)-2.985 F 2.985(wd)-.275 G
.234(atabase \(using the)-2.985 F F6(CREA)2.984 E(TE)-1.045 E F0 -1.023
(TA)C .234(BLE com-)1.023 F
(mand\), and the data reloaded from the ASCII \214les.)122.85 487.3 Q
<83>113.5 500.5 Q F5(Rules)5.5 E F0(and)4.214 E F5(vie)4.214 E(ws)-.165
E F0 1.465(must also be reloaded by re-e)4.215 F -.165(xe)-.165 G 1.465
(cuting the v).165 F(arious)-.275 E F6(CREA)4.215 E(TE)-1.045 E F0(com-)
4.215 E(mands.)122.85 513.7 Q -1.21(Yo)108 530.8 S 4.717(us)1.21 G 1.966
(hould gi)-4.717 F 2.296 -.165(ve a)-.275 H 2.296 -.165(ny n).165 H
2.516 -.275(ew r).165 H 1.966
(elease a \231trial period\232; in particular).275 F 4.716(,d)-.44 G
4.716(on)-4.716 G 1.966(ot delete the old)-4.716 F 1.741(database until\
 you are satis\214ed that there are no compatibility problems with the \
ne)108 544 R(w)-.275 E(softw)108 557.2 Q 3.529(are. F)-.11 F .779(or e)
-.165 F .779(xample, you do not w)-.165 F .779(ant to disco)-.11 F -.165
(ve)-.165 G 3.529(rt).165 G .779(hat a b)-3.529 F .779(ug in a type')
-.22 F 3.529<7399>-.605 G .778(input\232 \(con-)-3.529 F -.165(ve)108
570.4 S 2.143(rsion from ASCII\) and \231output\232 \(con).165 F -.165
(ve)-.44 G 2.143(rsion to ASCII\) routines pre).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G
2.143(nts you from).165 F 1.032(reloading your data after you ha)108
583.6 R 1.362 -.165(ve d)-.22 H(estro).165 E 1.031
(yed your old databases!)-.11 F 1.031(\(This should be stan-)6.531 F
.838(dard procedure when updating an)108 596.8 R 3.589(ys)-.165 G(oftw)
-3.589 E .839(are package, b)-.11 F .839
(ut some people try to economize)-.22 F
(on disk space without applying enough foresight.\))108 610 Q F3 3
(15.3. Database)72 636.2 R(Security)3 E .44 LW 77.5 649.4 72 649.4 DL
80.5 649.4 75 649.4 DL 86 649.4 80.5 649.4 DL 91.5 649.4 86 649.4 DL 97
649.4 91.5 649.4 DL 102.5 649.4 97 649.4 DL 108 649.4 102.5 649.4 DL
113.5 649.4 108 649.4 DL 119 649.4 113.5 649.4 DL 124.5 649.4 119 649.4
DL 130 649.4 124.5 649.4 DL 135.5 649.4 130 649.4 DL 141 649.4 135.5
649.4 DL 146.5 649.4 141 649.4 DL 152 649.4 146.5 649.4 DL 157.5 649.4
152 649.4 DL 163 649.4 157.5 649.4 DL 168.5 649.4 163 649.4 DL 174 649.4
168.5 649.4 DL 179.5 649.4 174 649.4 DL 185 649.4 179.5 649.4 DL 190.5
649.4 185 649.4 DL 196 649.4 190.5 649.4 DL 201.5 649.4 196 649.4 DL 207
649.4 201.5 649.4 DL 212.5 649.4 207 649.4 DL 218 649.4 212.5 649.4 DL
223.5 649.4 218 649.4 DL 229 649.4 223.5 649.4 DL 234.5 649.4 229 649.4
DL 240 649.4 234.5 649.4 DL 245.5 649.4 240 649.4 DL 251 649.4 245.5
649.4 DL 256.5 649.4 251 649.4 DL 262 649.4 256.5 649.4 DL 267.5 649.4
262 649.4 DL 273 649.4 267.5 649.4 DL 278.5 649.4 273 649.4 DL 284 649.4
278.5 649.4 DL 289.5 649.4 284 649.4 DL 295 649.4 289.5 649.4 DL 300.5
649.4 295 649.4 DL 306 649.4 300.5 649.4 DL 311.5 649.4 306 649.4 DL 317
649.4 311.5 649.4 DL 322.5 649.4 317 649.4 DL 328 649.4 322.5 649.4 DL
333.5 649.4 328 649.4 DL 339 649.4 333.5 649.4 DL 344.5 649.4 339 649.4
DL 350 649.4 344.5 649.4 DL 355.5 649.4 350 649.4 DL 361 649.4 355.5
649.4 DL 366.5 649.4 361 649.4 DL 372 649.4 366.5 649.4 DL 377.5 649.4
372 649.4 DL 383 649.4 377.5 649.4 DL 388.5 649.4 383 649.4 DL 394 649.4
388.5 649.4 DL 399.5 649.4 394 649.4 DL 405 649.4 399.5 649.4 DL 410.5
649.4 405 649.4 DL 416 649.4 410.5 649.4 DL 421.5 649.4 416 649.4 DL 427
649.4 421.5 649.4 DL 432.5 649.4 427 649.4 DL 438 649.4 432.5 649.4 DL
443.5 649.4 438 649.4 DL 449 649.4 443.5 649.4 DL 454.5 649.4 449 649.4
DL 460 649.4 454.5 649.4 DL 465.5 649.4 460 649.4 DL 471 649.4 465.5
649.4 DL 476.5 649.4 471 649.4 DL 482 649.4 476.5 649.4 DL 487.5 649.4
482 649.4 DL 493 649.4 487.5 649.4 DL 498.5 649.4 493 649.4 DL 504 649.4
498.5 649.4 DL F0 1.632(Most sites that use)108 679.7 R F4(POSTGRES)
4.383 E F0 1.633
(are educational or research institutions and do not pay)4.383 F 1.615
(much attention to security in their)108 692.9 R F4(POSTGRES)4.365 E F0
4.365(installations. If)4.365 F 1.614(desired, one can install)4.365 F
F4(POSTGRES)108 706.1 Q F0 1.524(with additional security features.)
4.274 F(Naturally)7.024 E 4.274(,s)-.715 G 1.524
(uch features come with addi-)-4.274 F(tional administrati)108 719.3 Q
.33 -.165(ve ove)-.275 H(rhead that must be dealt with.).165 E F6(77)
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/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.3.1. K)72 97.2 R(erber)-.3 E(os)-.216 E/F1
10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 114.3 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.328
(can be con\214gured to use the MIT K)4.078 F 1.327(erberos netw)-.275 F
1.327(ork authentication system.)-.11 F .791(This pre)108 127.5 R -.165
(ve)-.275 G .791(nts outside users from connecting to your databases o)
.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.541(rt).165 G .791(he netw)-3.541 F .792
(ork without)-.11 F(the correct authentication information.)108 140.7 Q
F0 3(15.4. Querying)72 166.9 R(the System Catalogs)3 E .44 LW 77.5 180.1
72 180.1 DL 80.5 180.1 75 180.1 DL 86 180.1 80.5 180.1 DL 91.5 180.1 86
180.1 DL 97 180.1 91.5 180.1 DL 102.5 180.1 97 180.1 DL 108 180.1 102.5
180.1 DL 113.5 180.1 108 180.1 DL 119 180.1 113.5 180.1 DL 124.5 180.1
119 180.1 DL 130 180.1 124.5 180.1 DL 135.5 180.1 130 180.1 DL 141 180.1
135.5 180.1 DL 146.5 180.1 141 180.1 DL 152 180.1 146.5 180.1 DL 157.5
180.1 152 180.1 DL 163 180.1 157.5 180.1 DL 168.5 180.1 163 180.1 DL 174
180.1 168.5 180.1 DL 179.5 180.1 174 180.1 DL 185 180.1 179.5 180.1 DL
190.5 180.1 185 180.1 DL 196 180.1 190.5 180.1 DL 201.5 180.1 196 180.1
DL 207 180.1 201.5 180.1 DL 212.5 180.1 207 180.1 DL 218 180.1 212.5
180.1 DL 223.5 180.1 218 180.1 DL 229 180.1 223.5 180.1 DL 234.5 180.1
229 180.1 DL 240 180.1 234.5 180.1 DL 245.5 180.1 240 180.1 DL 251 180.1
245.5 180.1 DL 256.5 180.1 251 180.1 DL 262 180.1 256.5 180.1 DL 267.5
180.1 262 180.1 DL 273 180.1 267.5 180.1 DL 278.5 180.1 273 180.1 DL 284
180.1 278.5 180.1 DL 289.5 180.1 284 180.1 DL 295 180.1 289.5 180.1 DL
300.5 180.1 295 180.1 DL 306 180.1 300.5 180.1 DL 311.5 180.1 306 180.1
DL 317 180.1 311.5 180.1 DL 322.5 180.1 317 180.1 DL 328 180.1 322.5
180.1 DL 333.5 180.1 328 180.1 DL 339 180.1 333.5 180.1 DL 344.5 180.1
339 180.1 DL 350 180.1 344.5 180.1 DL 355.5 180.1 350 180.1 DL 361 180.1
355.5 180.1 DL 366.5 180.1 361 180.1 DL 372 180.1 366.5 180.1 DL 377.5
180.1 372 180.1 DL 383 180.1 377.5 180.1 DL 388.5 180.1 383 180.1 DL 394
180.1 388.5 180.1 DL 399.5 180.1 394 180.1 DL 405 180.1 399.5 180.1 DL
410.5 180.1 405 180.1 DL 416 180.1 410.5 180.1 DL 421.5 180.1 416 180.1
DL 427 180.1 421.5 180.1 DL 432.5 180.1 427 180.1 DL 438 180.1 432.5
180.1 DL 443.5 180.1 438 180.1 DL 449 180.1 443.5 180.1 DL 454.5 180.1
449 180.1 DL 460 180.1 454.5 180.1 DL 465.5 180.1 460 180.1 DL 471 180.1
465.5 180.1 DL 476.5 180.1 471 180.1 DL 482 180.1 476.5 180.1 DL 487.5
180.1 482 180.1 DL 493 180.1 487.5 180.1 DL 498.5 180.1 493 180.1 DL 504
180.1 498.5 180.1 DL F2 .509
(As an administrator \(or sometimes as a plain user\), you w)108 210.4 R
.51(ant to \214nd out what e)-.11 F(xtensions)-.165 E(ha)108 223.6 Q
.854 -.165(ve b)-.22 H .524(een added to a gi).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G
3.273(nd).165 G 3.273(atabase. The)-3.273 F .523(queries listed belo)
3.273 F 3.273(wa)-.275 G .523(re \231canned\232 queries that)-3.273 F
.599(you can run on an)108 236.8 R 3.35(yd)-.165 G .6
(atabase to get simple answers.)-3.35 F .6(Before e)6.1 F -.165(xe)-.165
G .6(cuting an).165 F 3.35(yo)-.165 G 3.35(ft)-3.35 G .6(he queries)
-3.35 F(belo)108 250 Q 1.46 -.715(w, b)-.275 H 2.78(es).715 G .03
(ure to e)-2.78 F -.165(xe)-.165 G .029(cute the).165 F F1(POSTGRES)
2.779 E/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(vacuum)2.779 E F2 2.779(command. \(The)2.779
F .029(queries will run much)2.779 F(more quickly that w)108 263.2 Q(ay)
-.11 E 2.75(.\) Also,)-.715 F
(note that these queries are also listed in)2.75 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF
(/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/syscat.sql)148 288.4 Q F2
(so use cut-and-paste \(or the)108 314.6 Q F3(\\i)2.75 E F2
(command\) instead of doing a lot of typing.)2.75 E 3.742(This query pr\
ints the names of all database adminstrators and the name of their)108
331.7 R(database\(s\).)108 344.9 Q F4(SELECT usename, datname)148 370.1
Q(FROM pg_user, pg_database)172 382.3 Q
(WHERE usesysid = int2in\(int4out\(datdba\)\))172 394.5 Q
(ORDER BY usename, datname;)172 406.7 Q F2(This query lists all user)108
432.9 Q(-de\214ned classes in the database.)-.22 E F4(SELECT relname)148
458.1 Q(FROM pg_class)172 470.3 Q(WHERE relkind = 'r')172 482.5 Q
(-- not indices)66 E(and relname !~ '^pg_')184 494.7 Q(-- not catalogs)
42 E(and relname !~ '^Inv')184 506.9 Q(-- not large objects)42 E
(ORDER BY relname;)172 519.1 Q F2 .671(This query lists all simple indi\
ces \(i.e., those that are not de\214ned o)108 545.3 R -.165(ve)-.165 G
3.421(raf).165 G .671(unction of se)-3.421 F(v-)-.275 E(eral attrib)108
558.5 Q(utes\).)-.22 E F4(SELECT bc.relname AS class_name,)148 583.7 Q
(ic.relname AS index_name,)202 595.9 Q(a.attname)202 608.1 Q
(FROM pg_class bc,)172 620.3 Q(-- base class)78 E(pg_class ic,)202 632.5
Q(-- index class)78 E(pg_index i,)202 644.7 Q(pg_attribute a)202 656.9 Q
(-- att in base)66 E(WHERE i.indrelid = bc.oid)172 669.1 Q
(and i.indexrelid = ic.oid)190 681.3 Q(and i.indkey[0] = a.attnum)190
693.5 Q(and a.attrelid = bc.oid)190 705.7 Q(and i.indproc = '0'::oid)190
717.9 Q(-- no functional indices)18 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(78)282.5 756
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(ORDER BY class_name, index_name, attname;)172 96.2 Q
/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .14(This query prints a report of the user)108
122.4 R .14(-de\214ned attrib)-.22 F .14
(utes and their types for all user)-.22 F(-de\214ned)-.22 E
(classes in the database.)108 135.6 Q F0
(SELECT c.relname, a.attname, t.typname)148 160.8 Q
(FROM pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_type t)172 173 Q
(WHERE c.relkind = 'r')172 185.2 Q(-- no indices)30 E
(and c.relname !~ '^pg_' -- no catalogs)184 197.4 Q
(and c.relname !~ '^Inv' -- no large objects)184 209.6 Q
(and a.attnum > 0)184 221.8 Q(-- no system att's)48 E
(and a.attrelid = c.oid)184 234 Q(and a.atttypid = t.oid)184 246.2 Q
(ORDER BY relname, attname;)172 258.4 Q F1(This query lists all user)108
284.6 Q(-de\214ned base types \(not including array types\).)-.22 E F0
(SELECT u.usename, t.typname)148 309.8 Q(FROM pg_type t, pg_user u)172
322 Q(WHERE u.usesysid = int2in\(int4out\(t.typowner\)\))172 334.2 Q
(and t.typrelid = '0'::oid)184 346.4 Q(-- no complex types)18 E
(and t.typelem = '0'::oid)184 358.6 Q(-- no arrays)24 E
(and u.usename <> 'postgres')184 370.8 Q(ORDER BY usename, typname;)172
383 Q F1(This query lists all left-unary \(post-\214x\) operators.)108
409.2 Q F0(SELECT o.oprname AS left_unary,)148 434.4 Q
(right.typname AS operand,)202 446.6 Q(result.typname AS return_type)202
458.8 Q(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type right, pg_type result)172 471 Q
(WHERE o.oprkind = 'l')172 483.2 Q(-- left unary)66 E
(and o.oprright = right.oid)184 495.4 Q(and o.oprresult = result.oid)184
507.6 Q(ORDER BY operand;)172 519.8 Q F1
(This query lists all right-unary \(pre-\214x\) operators.)108 546 Q F0
(SELECT o.oprname AS right_unary,)148 571.2 Q(left.typname AS operand,)
202 583.4 Q(result.typname AS return_type)202 595.6 Q
(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type left, pg_type result)172 607.8 Q
(WHERE o.oprkind = 'r')172 620 Q(-- right unary)60 E
(and o.oprleft = left.oid)184 632.2 Q(and o.oprresult = result.oid)184
644.4 Q(ORDER BY operand;)172 656.6 Q F1
(This query lists all binary operators.)108 682.8 Q F0
(SELECT o.oprname AS binary_op,)148 708 Q(left.typname AS left_opr,)202
720.2 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(79)282.5 756 Q EP
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/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(right.typname AS right_opr,)202 96.2 Q
(result.typname AS return_type)202 108.4 Q
(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type left, pg_type right, pg_type result)172
120.6 Q(WHERE o.oprkind = 'b')172 132.8 Q(-- binary)54 E
(and o.oprleft = left.oid)184 145 Q(and o.oprright = right.oid)184 157.2
Q(and o.oprresult = result.oid)184 169.4 Q
(ORDER BY left_opr, right_opr;)172 181.6 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.527
(This query returns the name, number of ar)108 207.8 R 1.526
(guments \(parameters\) and return type of all)-.198 F(user)108 221 Q
.826(-de\214ned C functions.)-.22 F .826
(The same query can be used to \214nd all b)6.326 F .827
(uilt-in C functions if)-.22 F 3.101(you change the \231C\232 to \231in\
ternal\232, or all SQL functions if you change the \231C\232 to)108
234.2 R(\231postquel\232.)108 247.4 Q F0
(SELECT p.proname, p.pronargs, t.typname)148 272.6 Q
(FROM pg_proc p, pg_language l, pg_type t)172 284.8 Q
(WHERE p.prolang = l.oid)172 297 Q(and p.prorettype = t.oid)184 309.2 Q
(and l.lanname = 'c')184 321.4 Q(ORDER BY proname;)172 333.6 Q F1 1.286
(This query lists all of the aggre)108 359.8 R -.055(ga)-.165 G 1.286
(te functions that ha).055 F 1.616 -.165(ve b)-.22 H 1.287
(een installed and the types to).165 F 1.369(which the)108 373 R 4.119
(yc)-.165 G 1.368(an be applied.)-4.119 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(count)6.868
E F1 1.368(is not included because it can tak)4.118 F 4.118(ea)-.11 G
1.698 -.165(ny t)-4.118 H 1.368(ype as its).165 F(ar)108 386.2 Q
(gument.)-.198 E F0(SELECT a.aggname, t.typname)148 411.4 Q
(FROM pg_aggregate a, pg_type t)172 423.6 Q(WHERE a.aggbasetype = t.oid)
172 435.8 Q(ORDER BY aggname, typname;)172 448 Q F1 1.036(This query li\
sts all of the operator classes that can be used with each access metho\
d as)108 474.2 R
(well as the operators that can be used with the respecti)108 487.4 Q
.33 -.165(ve o)-.275 H(perator classes.).165 E F0
(SELECT am.amname, opc.opcname, opr.oprname)148 512.6 Q
(FROM pg_am am, pg_amop amop, pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr)172 524.8
Q(WHERE amop.amopid = am.oid)172 537 Q(and amop.amopclaid = opc.oid)184
549.2 Q(and amop.amopopr = opr.oid)184 561.4 Q
(ORDER BY amname, opcname, oprname;)172 573.6 Q/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF
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.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL
91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2
102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2
119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5
97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152
97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5
97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185
97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5
97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218
97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5
97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251
97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5
97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284
97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5
97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317
97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5
97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350
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178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF([D)108 208.9 Q -1.221(AT)
-.44 G 16.445(E93] Date,)1.221 F .066
(C. J. and Darwen, Hugh, A Guide to The SQL Standard, 3rd Edition,)2.816
F(Reading, MA, June 1993.)173.186 222.1 Q([MEL)108 239.2 Q 15.18
(T93] Melton,)-1.012 F 2.75(J. Understanding)2.75 F(the Ne)2.75 E 2.75
(wS)-.275 G(QL, 1994.)-2.75 E 20.284([ONG90] Ong,)108 256.3 R .878
(L. and Goh, J., `)3.628 F 2.638 -.88(`A U)-.814 H .878(ni\214ed Frame)
.88 F -.11(wo)-.275 G .878(rk for V).11 F .878(ersion Modeling Using)
-1.221 F .172(Production Rules in a Database System," Electronics Resea\
rch Laboratory)173.186 269.5 R(,)-.715 E(Uni)173.186 282.7 Q -.165(ve)
-.275 G .611(rsity of California, ERL T).165 F .612
(echnical Memorandum M90/33, Berk)-.77 F(ele)-.11 E -.715(y,)-.165 G
(CA, April 1990.)173.186 295.9 Q([R)108 313 Q -.385(OW)-.44 G 12.551
(E87] Ro).385 F 2.491(we, L. and Stonebrak)-.275 F(er)-.11 E 5.241(,M)
-.44 G 2.491(., `)-5.241 F 2.491(`The POSTGRES Data Model,)-.814 F 4.118
-.814('' P)-.77 H(roc.).814 E
(1987 VLDB Conference, Brighton, England, Sept. 1987.)173.186 326.2 Q
([ST)108 343.3 Q 15.587(ON86] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 3.433(,M)-.44
G 3.433(.a)-3.433 G .683(nd Ro)-3.433 F .683(we, L., `)-.275 F .683
(`The Design of POSTGRES,)-.814 F 2.311 -.814('' P)-.77 H .684
(roc. 1986).814 F -.44(AC)173.186 356.5 S 2.147
(M-SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, W).44 F 2.146
(ashington, DC,)-.88 F(May 1986.)173.186 369.7 Q([ST)108 386.8 Q 10.703
(ON87a] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 3.378(,M)-.44 G .628
(., Hanson, E. and Hong, C.-H., `)-3.378 F .628(`The Design of the POST)
-.814 F(-)-1.012 E .476(GRES Rules System,)173.186 400 R 2.104 -.814
('' P)-.77 H .475(roc. 1987 IEEE Conference on Data Engineering,).814 F
(Los Angeles, CA, Feb)173.186 413.2 Q 2.75(.1)-.44 G(987.)-2.75 E([ST)
108 430.3 Q 10.087(ON87b] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 4.026(,M)-.44 G
1.276(., `)-4.026 F 1.276(`The POSTGRES Storage System,)-.814 F 2.904
-.814('' P)-.77 H 1.276(roc. 1987 VLDB).814 F
(Conference, Brighton, England, Sept. 1987.)173.186 443.5 Q([ST)108
460.6 Q 15.587(ON89] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 3.64(,M)-.44 G .89
(., Hearst, M., and Potamianos, S., `)-3.64 F 2.65 -.88(`A C)-.814 H .89
(ommentary on the).88 F(POSTGRES Rules System,)173.186 473.8 Q 1.628
-.814('' S)-.77 H(IGMOD Record).814 E/F2 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(18)2.75 E
F1(\(3\), Sept. 1989.)A([ST)108 490.9 Q 10.703(ON90a] Stonebrak)-.198 F
(er)-.11 E 2.878(,M)-.44 G .128(., Ro)-2.878 F .129
(we, L. A., and Hirohama, M., `)-.275 F .129(`The Implementation of)
-.814 F(POSTGRES,)173.186 504.1 Q 3.993 -.814('' I)-.77 H 2.365(EEE T)
.814 F 2.365(ransactions on Kno)-.385 F 2.365
(wledge and Data Engineering)-.275 F F2(2)173.186 517.3 Q F1
(\(1\), March 1990.)A([ST)108 534.4 Q 10.087(ON90b] Stonebrak)-.198 F
(er)-.11 E 5.388(,M)-.44 G 5.389(.e)-5.388 G 5.389(ta)-5.389 G 2.639
(l., `)-5.389 F 2.639(`On Rules, Procedures, Caching and V)-.814 F(ie)
-.66 E 2.639(ws in)-.275 F 1.245(Database Systems,)173.186 547.6 R 2.873
-.814('' P)-.77 H 1.245(roc. 1990 A).814 F 1.244
(CM-SIGMOD Conference on Manage-)-.44 F(ment of Data, Atlantic City)
173.186 560.8 Q 2.75(,N)-.715 G(.J., June 1990.)-2.75 E/F3 11
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