path: root/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml

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doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml
PostgreSQL documentation
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<refentry id="sql-createtype">
 <indexterm zone="sql-createtype">
  <primary>CREATE TYPE</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle>CREATE TYPE</refentrytitle>
  <manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
  <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>

 <refnamediv>
  <refname>CREATE TYPE</refname>
  <refpurpose>define a new data type</refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>

 <refsynopsisdiv>
<synopsis>
CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> AS
    ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">attribute_name</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">data_type</replaceable> [ COLLATE <replaceable>collation</replaceable> ] [, ... ] ] )

CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> AS ENUM
    ( [ '<replaceable class="parameter">label</replaceable>' [, ... ] ] )

CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> AS RANGE (
    SUBTYPE = <replaceable class="parameter">subtype</replaceable>
    [ , SUBTYPE_OPCLASS = <replaceable class="parameter">subtype_operator_class</replaceable> ]
    [ , COLLATION = <replaceable class="parameter">collation</replaceable> ]
    [ , CANONICAL = <replaceable class="parameter">canonical_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , SUBTYPE_DIFF = <replaceable class="parameter">subtype_diff_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , MULTIRANGE_TYPE_NAME = <replaceable class="parameter">multirange_type_name</replaceable> ]
)

CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> (
    INPUT = <replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable>,
    OUTPUT = <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable>
    [ , RECEIVE = <replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , SEND = <replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , TYPMOD_IN = <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_input_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , TYPMOD_OUT = <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_output_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , ANALYZE = <replaceable class="parameter">analyze_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , SUBSCRIPT = <replaceable class="parameter">subscript_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , INTERNALLENGTH = { <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable> | VARIABLE } ]
    [ , PASSEDBYVALUE ]
    [ , ALIGNMENT = <replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable> ]
    [ , STORAGE = <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable> ]
    [ , LIKE = <replaceable class="parameter">like_type</replaceable> ]
    [ , CATEGORY = <replaceable class="parameter">category</replaceable> ]
    [ , PREFERRED = <replaceable class="parameter">preferred</replaceable> ]
    [ , DEFAULT = <replaceable class="parameter">default</replaceable> ]
    [ , ELEMENT = <replaceable class="parameter">element</replaceable> ]
    [ , DELIMITER = <replaceable class="parameter">delimiter</replaceable> ]
    [ , COLLATABLE = <replaceable class="parameter">collatable</replaceable> ]
)

CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
</synopsis>
 </refsynopsisdiv>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Description</title>

  <para>
   <command>CREATE TYPE</command> registers a new data type for use in
   the current database.  The user who defines a type becomes its
   owner.
  </para>

  <para>
   If a schema name is given then the type is created in the specified
   schema.  Otherwise it is created in the current schema.  The type
   name must be distinct from the name of any existing type or domain
   in the same schema.  (Because tables have associated data types,
   the type name must also be distinct from the name of any existing
   table in the same schema.)
  </para>

  <para>
   There are five forms of <command>CREATE TYPE</command>, as shown in the
   syntax synopsis above.  They respectively create a <firstterm>composite
   type</firstterm>, an <firstterm>enum type</firstterm>, a <firstterm>range type</firstterm>, a
   <firstterm>base type</firstterm>, or a <firstterm>shell type</firstterm>.  The first four
   of these are discussed in turn below.  A shell type is simply a placeholder
   for a type to be defined later; it is created by issuing <command>CREATE
   TYPE</command> with no parameters except for the type name.  Shell types
   are needed as forward references when creating range types and base types,
   as discussed in those sections.
  </para>

  <refsect2>
   <title>Composite Types</title>

  <para>
   The first form of <command>CREATE TYPE</command>
   creates a composite type.
   The composite type is specified by a list of attribute names and data types.
   An attribute's collation can be specified too, if its data type is
   collatable.  A composite type is essentially the same as the row type
   of a table, but using <command>CREATE TYPE</command> avoids the need to
   create an actual table when all that is wanted is to define a type.
   A stand-alone composite type is useful, for example, as the argument or
   return type of a function.
  </para>

  <para>
   To be able to create a composite type, you must
   have <literal>USAGE</literal> privilege on all attribute types.
  </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="sql-createtype-enum">
   <title>Enumerated Types</title>

   <para>
    The second form of <command>CREATE TYPE</command> creates an enumerated
    (enum) type, as described in <xref linkend="datatype-enum"/>.
    Enum types take a list of quoted labels, each of which
    must be less than <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> bytes long (64 bytes in a
    standard <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> build).  (It is possible to
    create an enumerated type with zero labels, but such a type cannot be used
    to hold values before at least one label is added using <link
    linkend="sql-altertype"><command>ALTER TYPE</command></link>.)
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="sql-createtype-range">
   <title>Range Types</title>

   <para>
    The third form of <command>CREATE TYPE</command> creates a new
    range type, as described in <xref linkend="rangetypes"/>.
   </para>

   <para>
    The range type's <replaceable class="parameter">subtype</replaceable> can
    be any type with an associated b-tree operator class (to determine the
    ordering of values for the range type).  Normally the subtype's default
    b-tree operator class is used to determine ordering; to use a non-default
    operator class, specify its name with <replaceable
    class="parameter">subtype_opclass</replaceable>.  If the subtype is
    collatable, and you want to use a non-default collation in the range's
    ordering, specify the desired collation with the <replaceable
    class="parameter">collation</replaceable> option.
   </para>

   <para>
    The optional <replaceable class="parameter">canonical</replaceable>
    function must take one argument of the range type being defined, and
    return a value of the same type.  This is used to convert range values
    to a canonical form, when applicable.  See <xref
    linkend="rangetypes-defining"/> for more information.  Creating a
    <replaceable class="parameter">canonical</replaceable> function
    is a bit tricky, since it must be defined before the range type can be
    declared.  To do this, you must first create a shell type, which is a
    placeholder type that has no properties except a name and an
    owner.  This is done by issuing the command <literal>CREATE TYPE
    <replaceable>name</replaceable></literal>, with no additional parameters.  Then
    the function can be declared using the shell type as argument and result,
    and finally the range type can be declared using the same name.  This
    automatically replaces the shell type entry with a valid range type.
   </para>

   <para>
    The optional <replaceable class="parameter">subtype_diff</replaceable>
    function must take two values of the
    <replaceable class="parameter">subtype</replaceable> type as argument,
    and return a <type>double precision</type> value representing the
    difference between the two given values.  While this is optional,
    providing it allows much greater efficiency of GiST indexes on columns of
    the range type.  See <xref linkend="rangetypes-defining"/> for more
    information.
   </para>

   <para>
    The optional <replaceable class="parameter">multirange_type_name</replaceable>
    parameter specifies the name of the corresponding multirange type.  If not
    specified, this name is chosen automatically as follows.
    If the range type name contains the substring <literal>range</literal>, then
    the multirange type name is formed by replacement of the <literal>range</literal>
    substring with <literal>multirange</literal> in the range
    type name.  Otherwise, the multirange type name is formed by appending a
    <literal>_multirange</literal> suffix to the range type name.
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2>
   <title>Base Types</title>

  <para>
   The fourth form of <command>CREATE TYPE</command> creates a new base type
   (scalar type).  To create a new base type, you must be a superuser.
   (This restriction is made because an erroneous type definition could
   confuse or even crash the server.)
  </para>

  <para>
   The parameters can appear in any order, not only that
   illustrated above, and most are optional.  You must register
   two or more functions (using <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>) before
   defining the type.  The support functions
   <replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable> and
   <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable>
   are required, while the functions
   <replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable>,
   <replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable>,
   <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_input_function</replaceable>,
   <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_output_function</replaceable>,
   <replaceable class="parameter">analyze_function</replaceable>, and
   <replaceable class="parameter">subscript_function</replaceable>
   are optional.  Generally these functions have to be coded in C
   or another low-level language.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable>
   converts the type's external textual representation to the internal
   representation used by the operators and functions defined for the type.
   <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable>
   performs the reverse transformation.  The input function can be
   declared as taking one argument of type <type>cstring</type>,
   or as taking three arguments of types
   <type>cstring</type>, <type>oid</type>, <type>integer</type>.
   The first argument is the input text as a C string, the second
   argument is the type's own OID (except for array types, which instead
   receive their element type's OID),
   and the third is the <literal>typmod</literal> of the destination column, if known
   (-1 will be passed if not).
   The input function must return a value of the data type itself.
   Usually, an input function should be declared STRICT; if it is not,
   it will be called with a NULL first parameter when reading a NULL
   input value.  The function must still return NULL in this case, unless
   it raises an error.
   (This case is mainly meant to support domain input functions, which
   might need to reject NULL inputs.)
   The output function must be
   declared as taking one argument of the new data type.
   The output function must return type <type>cstring</type>.
   Output functions are not invoked for NULL values.
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional <replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable>
   converts the type's external binary representation to the internal
   representation.  If this function is not supplied, the type cannot
   participate in binary input.  The binary representation should be
   chosen to be cheap to convert to internal form, while being reasonably
   portable.  (For example, the standard integer data types use network
   byte order as the external binary representation, while the internal
   representation is in the machine's native byte order.)  The receive
   function should perform adequate checking to ensure that the value is
   valid.
   The receive function can be declared as taking one argument of type
   <type>internal</type>, or as taking three arguments of types
   <type>internal</type>, <type>oid</type>, <type>integer</type>.
   The first argument is a pointer to a <type>StringInfo</type> buffer
   holding the received byte string; the optional arguments are the
   same as for the text input function.
   The receive function must return a value of the data type itself.
   Usually, a receive function should be declared STRICT; if it is not,
   it will be called with a NULL first parameter when reading a NULL
   input value.  The function must still return NULL in this case, unless
   it raises an error.
   (This case is mainly meant to support domain receive functions, which
   might need to reject NULL inputs.)
   Similarly, the optional
   <replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable> converts
   from the internal representation to the external binary representation.
   If this function is not supplied, the type cannot participate in binary
   output.  The send function must be
   declared as taking one argument of the new data type.
   The send function must return type <type>bytea</type>.
   Send functions are not invoked for NULL values.
  </para>

  <para>
   You should at this point be wondering how the input and output functions
   can be declared to have results or arguments of the new type, when they
   have to be created before the new type can be created.  The answer is that
   the type should first be defined as a <firstterm>shell type</firstterm>, which is a
   placeholder type that has no properties except a name and an owner.  This
   is done by issuing the command <literal>CREATE TYPE
   <replaceable>name</replaceable></literal>, with no additional parameters.  Then the
   C I/O functions can be defined referencing the shell type.  Finally,
   <command>CREATE TYPE</command> with a full definition replaces the shell entry
   with a complete, valid type definition, after which the new type can be
   used normally.
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional
   <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_input_function</replaceable>
   and <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_output_function</replaceable>
   are needed if the type supports modifiers, that is optional constraints
   attached to a type declaration, such as <literal>char(5)</literal> or
   <literal>numeric(30,2)</literal>.  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> allows
   user-defined types to take one or more simple constants or identifiers as
   modifiers.  However, this information must be capable of being packed into a
   single non-negative integer value for storage in the system catalogs.  The
   <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_input_function</replaceable>
   is passed the declared modifier(s) in the form of a <type>cstring</type>
   array.  It must check the values for validity (throwing an error if they
   are wrong), and if they are correct, return a single non-negative
   <type>integer</type> value that will be stored as the column <quote>typmod</quote>.
   Type modifiers will be rejected if the type does not have a
   <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_input_function</replaceable>.
   The <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_output_function</replaceable>
   converts the internal integer typmod value back to the correct form for
   user display.  It must return a <type>cstring</type> value that is the exact
   string to append to the type name; for example <type>numeric</type>'s
   function might return <literal>(30,2)</literal>.
   It is allowed to omit the
   <replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_output_function</replaceable>,
   in which case the default display format is just the stored typmod integer
   value enclosed in parentheses.
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional <replaceable class="parameter">analyze_function</replaceable>
   performs type-specific statistics collection for columns of the data type.
   By default, <command>ANALYZE</command> will attempt to gather statistics using
   the type's <quote>equals</quote> and <quote>less-than</quote> operators, if there
   is a default b-tree operator class for the type.  For non-scalar types
   this behavior is likely to be unsuitable, so it can be overridden by
   specifying a custom analysis function.  The analysis function must be
   declared to take a single argument of type <type>internal</type>, and return
   a <type>boolean</type> result.  The detailed API for analysis functions appears
   in <filename>src/include/commands/vacuum.h</filename>.
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional <replaceable class="parameter">subscript_function</replaceable>
   allows the data type to be subscripted in SQL commands.  Specifying this
   function does not cause the type to be considered a <quote>true</quote>
   array type; for example, it will not be a candidate for the result type
   of <literal>ARRAY[]</literal> constructs.  But if subscripting a value
   of the type is a natural notation for extracting data from it, then
   a <replaceable class="parameter">subscript_function</replaceable> can
   be written to define what that means.  The subscript function must be
   declared to take a single argument of type <type>internal</type>, and
   return an <type>internal</type> result, which is a pointer to a struct
   of methods (functions) that implement subscripting.
   The detailed API for subscript functions appears
   in <filename>src/include/nodes/subscripting.h</filename>.
   It may also be useful to read the array implementation
   in <filename>src/backend/utils/adt/arraysubs.c</filename>,
   or the simpler code
   in <filename>contrib/hstore/hstore_subs.c</filename>.
   Additional information appears in
   <xref linkend="sql-createtype-array"/> below.
  </para>

  <para>
   While the details of the new type's internal representation are only
   known to the I/O functions and other functions you create to work with
   the type, there are several properties of the internal representation
   that must be declared to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
   Foremost of these is
   <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable>.
   Base data types can be fixed-length, in which case
   <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable> is a
   positive integer, or variable-length, indicated by setting
   <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable>
   to <literal>VARIABLE</literal>.  (Internally, this is represented
   by setting <literal>typlen</literal> to -1.)  The internal representation of all
   variable-length types must start with a 4-byte integer giving the total
   length of this value of the type.  (Note that the length field is often
   encoded, as described in <xref linkend="storage-toast"/>; it's unwise
   to access it directly.)
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional flag <literal>PASSEDBYVALUE</literal> indicates that
   values of this data type are passed by value, rather than by
   reference.  Types passed by value must be fixed-length, and their internal
   representation cannot be larger than the size of the <type>Datum</type> type
   (4 bytes on some machines, 8 bytes on others).
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable> parameter
   specifies the storage alignment required for the data type.  The
   allowed values equate to alignment on 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte boundaries.
   Note that variable-length types must have an alignment of at least
   4, since they necessarily contain an <type>int4</type> as their first component.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable> parameter
   allows selection of storage strategies for variable-length data
   types.  (Only <literal>plain</literal> is allowed for fixed-length
   types.)  <literal>plain</literal> specifies that data of the type
   will always be stored in-line and not compressed.
   <literal>extended</literal> specifies that the system will first
   try to compress a long data value, and will move the value out of
   the main table row if it's still too long.
   <literal>external</literal> allows the value to be moved out of the
   main table, but the system will not try to compress it.
   <literal>main</literal> allows compression, but discourages moving
   the value out of the main table.  (Data items with this storage
   strategy might still be moved out of the main table if there is no
   other way to make a row fit, but they will be kept in the main
   table preferentially over <literal>extended</literal> and
   <literal>external</literal> items.)
  </para>

  <para>
   All <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable> values other
   than <literal>plain</literal> imply that the functions of the data type
   can handle values that have been <firstterm>toasted</firstterm>, as described
   in <xref linkend="storage-toast"/> and <xref linkend="xtypes-toast"/>.
   The specific other value given merely determines the default TOAST
   storage strategy for columns of a toastable data type; users can pick
   other strategies for individual columns using <literal>ALTER TABLE
   SET STORAGE</literal>.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">like_type</replaceable> parameter
   provides an alternative method for specifying the basic representation
   properties of a data type: copy them from some existing type. The values of
   <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable>,
   <replaceable class="parameter">passedbyvalue</replaceable>,
   <replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable>, and
   <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable> are copied from the
   named type.  (It is possible, though usually undesirable, to override
   some of these values by specifying them along with the <literal>LIKE</literal>
   clause.)  Specifying representation this way is especially useful when
   the low-level implementation of the new type <quote>piggybacks</quote> on an
   existing type in some fashion.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">category</replaceable> and
   <replaceable class="parameter">preferred</replaceable> parameters can be
   used to help control which implicit cast will be applied in ambiguous
   situations.  Each data type belongs to a category named by a single ASCII
   character, and each type is either <quote>preferred</quote> or not within its
   category.  The parser will prefer casting to preferred types (but only from
   other types within the same category) when this rule is helpful in
   resolving overloaded functions or operators.  For more details see <xref
   linkend="typeconv"/>.  For types that have no implicit casts to or from any
   other types, it is sufficient to leave these settings at the defaults.
   However, for a group of related types that have implicit casts, it is often
   helpful to mark them all as belonging to a category and select one or two
   of the <quote>most general</quote> types as being preferred within the category.
   The <replaceable class="parameter">category</replaceable> parameter is
   especially useful when adding a user-defined type to an existing built-in
   category, such as the numeric or string types.  However, it is also
   possible to create new entirely-user-defined type categories.  Select any
   ASCII character other than an upper-case letter to name such a category.
  </para>

  <para>
   A default value can be specified, in case a user wants columns of the
   data type to default to something other than the null value.
   Specify the default with the <literal>DEFAULT</literal> key word.
   (Such a default can be overridden by an explicit <literal>DEFAULT</literal>
   clause attached to a particular column.)
  </para>

  <para>
   To indicate that a type is a fixed-length array type,
   specify the type of the array
   elements using the <literal>ELEMENT</literal> key word.  For example, to
   define an array of 4-byte integers (<type>int4</type>), specify
   <literal>ELEMENT = int4</literal>.  For more details,
   see <xref linkend="sql-createtype-array"/> below.
  </para>

  <para>
   To indicate the delimiter to be used between values in the external
   representation of arrays of this type, <replaceable
   class="parameter">delimiter</replaceable> can be
   set to a specific character.  The default delimiter is the comma
   (<literal>,</literal>).  Note that the delimiter is associated
   with the array element type, not the array type itself.
  </para>

  <para>
   If the optional Boolean
   parameter <replaceable class="parameter">collatable</replaceable>
   is true, column definitions and expressions of the type may carry
   collation information through use of
   the <literal>COLLATE</literal> clause.  It is up to the
   implementations of the functions operating on the type to actually
   make use of the collation information; this does not happen
   automatically merely by marking the type collatable.
  </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="sql-createtype-array" xreflabel="Array Types">
   <title>Array Types</title>

   <para>
    Whenever a user-defined type is created,
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> automatically creates an
    associated array type, whose name consists of the element type's
    name prepended with an underscore, and truncated if necessary to keep
    it less than <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> bytes long.  (If the name
    so generated collides with an existing type name, the process is
    repeated until a non-colliding name is found.)
    This implicitly-created array type is variable length and uses the
    built-in input and output functions <literal>array_in</literal> and
    <literal>array_out</literal>.  Furthermore, this type is what the system
    uses for constructs such as <literal>ARRAY[]</literal> over the
    user-defined type.  The array type tracks any changes in its
    element type's owner or schema, and is dropped if the element type is.
   </para>

   <para>
    You might reasonably ask why there is an <option>ELEMENT</option>
    option, if the system makes the correct array type automatically.
    The main case where it's useful to use <option>ELEMENT</option> is when you are
    making a fixed-length type that happens to be internally an array of a number of
    identical things, and you want to allow these things to be accessed
    directly by subscripting, in addition to whatever operations you plan
    to provide for the type as a whole.  For example, type <type>point</type>
    is represented as just two floating-point numbers, which can be accessed
    using <literal>point[0]</literal> and <literal>point[1]</literal>.
    Note that
    this facility only works for fixed-length types whose internal form
    is exactly a sequence of identical fixed-length fields.
    For historical reasons (i.e., this is clearly wrong but it's far too
    late to change it), subscripting of fixed-length array types starts from
    zero, rather than from one as for variable-length arrays.
   </para>

   <para>
    Specifying the <option>SUBSCRIPT</option> option allows a data type to
    be subscripted, even though the system does not otherwise regard it as
    an array type.  The behavior just described for fixed-length arrays is
    actually implemented by the <option>SUBSCRIPT</option> handler
    function <function>raw_array_subscript_handler</function>, which is
    used automatically if you specify <option>ELEMENT</option> for a
    fixed-length type without also writing <option>SUBSCRIPT</option>.
   </para>

   <para>
    When specifying a custom <option>SUBSCRIPT</option> function, it is
    not necessary to specify <option>ELEMENT</option> unless
    the <option>SUBSCRIPT</option> handler function needs to
    consult <structfield>typelem</structfield> to find out what to return.
    Be aware that specifying <option>ELEMENT</option> causes the system to
    assume that the new type contains, or is somehow physically dependent on,
    the element type; thus for example changing properties of the element
    type won't be allowed if there are any columns of the dependent type.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Parameters</title>

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name (optionally schema-qualified) of a type to be created.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">attribute_name</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of an attribute (column) for the composite type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">data_type</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of an existing data type to become a column of the
      composite type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">collation</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of an existing collation to be associated with a column of
      a composite type, or with a range type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">label</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      A string literal representing the textual label associated with
      one value of an enum type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">subtype</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of the element type that the range type will represent ranges
      of.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">subtype_operator_class</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a b-tree operator class for the subtype.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">canonical_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of the canonicalization function for the range type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">subtype_diff_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a difference function for the subtype.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">multirange_type_name</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of the corresponding multirange type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that converts data from the type's
      external textual form to its internal form.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that converts data from the type's
      internal form to its external textual form.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that converts data from the type's
      external binary form to its internal form.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that converts data from the type's
      internal form to its external binary form.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_input_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that converts an array of modifier(s) for the type
      into internal form.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">type_modifier_output_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that converts the internal form of the type's
      modifier(s) to external textual form.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">analyze_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that performs statistical analysis for the
      data type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">subscript_function</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a function that defines what subscripting a value of the
      data type does.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      A numeric constant that specifies the length in bytes of the new
      type's internal representation.  The default assumption is that
      it is variable-length.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The storage alignment requirement of the data type.  If specified,
      it must be <literal>char</literal>, <literal>int2</literal>,
      <literal>int4</literal>, or <literal>double</literal>; the
      default is <literal>int4</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The storage strategy for the data type.  If specified, must be
      <literal>plain</literal>, <literal>external</literal>,
      <literal>extended</literal>, or <literal>main</literal>; the
      default is <literal>plain</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">like_type</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of an existing data type that the new type will have the
      same representation as.  The values of
      <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable>,
      <replaceable class="parameter">passedbyvalue</replaceable>,
      <replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable>, and
      <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable>
      are copied from that type, unless overridden by explicit
      specification elsewhere in this <command>CREATE TYPE</command> command.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">category</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The category code (a single ASCII character) for this type.
      The default is <literal>'U'</literal> for <quote>user-defined type</quote>.
      Other standard category codes can be found in
      <xref linkend="catalog-typcategory-table"/>.  You may also choose
      other ASCII characters in order to create custom categories.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">preferred</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      True if this type is a preferred type within its type category,
      else false.  The default is false.  Be very careful about creating
      a new preferred type within an existing type category, as this
      could cause surprising changes in behavior.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">default</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The default value for the data type.  If this is omitted, the
      default is null.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">element</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The type being created is an array; this specifies the type of
      the array elements.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">delimiter</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The delimiter character to be used between values in arrays made
      of this type.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="parameter">collatable</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      True if this type's operations can use collation information.
      The default is false.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="sql-createtype-notes">
  <title>Notes</title>

  <para>
   Because there are no restrictions on use of a data type once it's been
   created, creating a base type or range type is tantamount to granting
   public execute permission on the functions mentioned in the type definition.
   This is usually
   not an issue for the sorts of functions that are useful in a type
   definition.  But you might want to think twice before designing a type
   in a way that would require <quote>secret</quote> information to be used
   while converting it to or from external form.
  </para>

  <para>
   Before <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> version 8.3, the name of
   a generated array type was always exactly the element type's name with one
   underscore character (<literal>_</literal>) prepended.  (Type names were
   therefore restricted in length to one fewer character than other names.)
   While this is still usually the case, the array type name may vary from
   this in case of maximum-length names or collisions with user type names
   that begin with underscore.  Writing code that depends on this convention
   is therefore deprecated.  Instead, use
   <structname>pg_type</structname>.<structfield>typarray</structfield> to locate the array type
   associated with a given type.
  </para>

  <para>
   It may be advisable to avoid using type and table names that begin with
   underscore.  While the server will change generated array type names to
   avoid collisions with user-given names, there is still risk of confusion,
   particularly with old client software that may assume that type names
   beginning with underscores always represent arrays.
  </para>

  <para>
   Before <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> version 8.2, the shell-type
   creation syntax
   <literal>CREATE TYPE <replaceable>name</replaceable></literal> did not exist.
   The way to create a new base type was to create its input function first.
   In this approach, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> will first see
   the name of the new data type as the return type of the input function.
   The shell type is implicitly created in this situation, and then it
   can be referenced in the definitions of the remaining I/O functions.
   This approach still works, but is deprecated and might be disallowed in
   some future release.  Also, to avoid accidentally cluttering
   the catalogs with shell types as a result of simple typos in function
   definitions, a shell type will only be made this way when the input
   function is written in C.
  </para>

  <para>
   In <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> version 16 and later,
   it is desirable for base types' input functions to
   return <quote>soft</quote> errors using the
   new <function>errsave()</function>/<function>ereturn()</function>
   mechanism, rather than throwing <function>ereport()</function>
   exceptions as in previous versions.
   See <filename>src/backend/utils/fmgr/README</filename> for more
   information.
  </para>

 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Examples</title>

  <para>
   This example creates a composite type and uses it in
   a function definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE compfoo AS (f1 int, f2 text);

CREATE FUNCTION getfoo() RETURNS SETOF compfoo AS $$
    SELECT fooid, fooname FROM foo
$$ LANGUAGE SQL;
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   This example creates an enumerated type and uses it in
   a table definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE bug_status AS ENUM ('new', 'open', 'closed');

CREATE TABLE bug (
    id serial,
    description text,
    status bug_status
);
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   This example creates a range type:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE float8_range AS RANGE (subtype = float8, subtype_diff = float8mi);
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   This example creates the base data type <type>box</type> and then uses the
   type in a table definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE box;

CREATE FUNCTION my_box_in_function(cstring) RETURNS box AS ... ;
CREATE FUNCTION my_box_out_function(box) RETURNS cstring AS ... ;

CREATE TYPE box (
    INTERNALLENGTH = 16,
    INPUT = my_box_in_function,
    OUTPUT = my_box_out_function
);

CREATE TABLE myboxes (
    id integer,
    description box
);
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   If the internal structure of <type>box</type> were an array of four
   <type>float4</type> elements, we might instead use:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE box (
    INTERNALLENGTH = 16,
    INPUT = my_box_in_function,
    OUTPUT = my_box_out_function,
    ELEMENT = float4
);
</programlisting>
   which would allow a box value's component numbers to be accessed
   by subscripting.  Otherwise the type behaves the same as before.
  </para>

  <para>
   This example creates a large object type and uses it in
   a table definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE bigobj (
    INPUT = lo_filein, OUTPUT = lo_fileout,
    INTERNALLENGTH = VARIABLE
);
CREATE TABLE big_objs (
    id integer,
    obj bigobj
);
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   More examples, including suitable input and output functions, are
   in <xref linkend="xtypes"/>.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="sql-createtype-compatibility">
  <title>Compatibility</title>

  <para>
   The first form of the <command>CREATE TYPE</command> command, which
   creates a composite type, conforms to the <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard.
   The other forms are <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
   extensions.  The <command>CREATE TYPE</command> statement in
   the <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard also defines other forms that are not
   implemented in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
  </para>

  <para>
   The ability to create a composite type with zero attributes is
   a <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-specific deviation from the
   standard (analogous to the same case in <command>CREATE TABLE</command>).
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="sql-createtype-see-also">
  <title>See Also</title>

  <simplelist type="inline">
   <member><xref linkend="sql-altertype"/></member>
   <member><xref linkend="sql-createdomain"/></member>
   <member><xref linkend="sql-createfunction"/></member>
   <member><xref linkend="sql-droptype"/></member>
  </simplelist>
 </refsect1>

</refentry>