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+ <head>
+ <title>
+ PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
+ </title>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312" />
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+ <body>
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+<h1>PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©</h1>
+<p>
+×î½ü¸üУº2005 Äê 06 Ô 02 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÎå 22:27:35 CST
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (<a href="mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<br/>
+ ÖÐÎİæÎ¬»¤ÈËÔ±£ºdoudou586 £¨doudou586_2005@yahoo.com.cn£©
+</p>
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+</p>
+<p>
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+</p>
+<hr/>
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+<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>)ĿǰÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿<br/>
+</p>
+
+<hr/>
+
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+<p>
+PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ <i>Post-Gres-Q-L</i>£¬ÓÐʱºòÒ²¼ò³ÆÎª<i>Postgres</i> ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL ÊÇÃæÏòÄ¿±êµÄ¹ØÏµÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ£¬Ëü¾ßÓд«Í³ÉÌÒµÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳµÄËùÓй¦ÄÜ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖº¬Óн«ÔÚÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS ϵͳµÄʹÓõÄÔöÇ¿ÌØÐÔ¡£
+ PostgreSQL ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÃâ·ÑµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂë¶¼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£
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+ ÈçÏë¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飬Çë²Î¼û¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
+ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</a>
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+<h4><a name="1.2"></a>1.2)PostgreSQL µÄ°æÈ¨ÊÇʲô?</h4>
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+PostgreSQLµÄ·¢²¼×ñ´Ó¾­µäµÄBSD°æÈ¨¡£¹ØÓÚÔ´´úÂëµÄÈçºÎʹÓÃûÓÐÈκÎÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜϲ»¶ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½²¢ÇÒ»¹Ã»ÓдòËã¸Ä±äËü¡£
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+ £¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
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+ ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬
+ ¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ­½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
+</p>
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+ £¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
+ DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST
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+ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
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+ ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚÄ³Ò»ÌØ¶¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£
+ ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£
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+ £¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT
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+<p>
+ Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈÝµÄÆ½Ì¨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL ¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾­¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄÆ½Ì¨¡£
+</p>
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+ <a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller</a>ÏÂÔØ£¬»ùÓÚMSDOSµÄWindows²Ù×÷ϵͳ
+ £¨Win95£¬Win98£¬WinMe£©ÐèҪͨ¹ýCygwinÄ£Äâ»·¾³ÔËÐÐPostgreSQL¡£
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+ <a href="http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F">
+ http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F</a>
+</p>
+
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+
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+
+
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+<p>
+ PostgreSQLÉçÇøÍ¨¹ýÓʼþÁбíΪÆä´ó¶àÊýÓû§Ìṩ°ïÖú£¬¼ÓÈëÓʼþÁбíµÄÖ÷Õ¾µãÊÇ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/"> http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/</a>£¬Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬ÏȼÓÈë<i>General</i> »ò <i>Bug</i>ÓʼþÁбíÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÏºÃµÄ¿ªÊ¼¡£
+</p>
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+ irc -c '#postgresql' "$USER" irc.freenode.net £¬»òÕßʹÓÃÆäËûIRC¿Í»§¶Ë³ÌÐò¡£ÔÚ´ËÍøÂçÖл¹´æÔÚÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄÎ÷°àÑÀƵµÀ(<i>#postgersql-es</i>)ºÍ·¨ÓïÆµµÀ
+ (<i>#postgresql-fr</i>)¡£Í¬ÑùµØ£¬ÔÚEFNETÉÏÒ²ÓÐÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄ½»Á÷ƵµÀ¡£
+</p>
+
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+ ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ<a href=" http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php"> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</a>¡£
+</p>
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+
+<h4><a name="1.6"></a>1.6)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿</h4>
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+</p>
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+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.7"></a>1.7)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾Êǰ汾 8.0.2 £¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖ×îа汾Ϊ8.0.3£©¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿Äê·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾£¬Ã¿¼¸¸öÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öС°æ±¾¡£
+</p>
+
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+<h4><a name="1.8"></a>1.8)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿</h4>
+
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+<h4><a name="4.2"></a>4.2)ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿ÈçºÎ²é¿´<i>psql</i>ÀïÓõ½µÄ²éѯָÁî²¢ÏÔʾËüÃÇ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÔÚ<i>psql</i>ÖÐʹÓà \dt ÃüÁîÀ´ÏÔʾÊý¾Ý±íµÄ¶¨Ò壬ҪÁ˽â<i>psql</i>ÖеÄÍêÕûÃüÁîÁбí¿ÉʹÓÃ\? £¬ÁíÍ⣬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ <i>psql</i> µÄÔ´´úÂë
+ Îļþ<i>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c</i>£¬Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É<i>psql</i>·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄËùÓÐ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø <i>-E</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>£¬
+ ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄãÔÚ<i>psql</i>ÖÐËù¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîµÄÄÚ²¿Êµ¼ÊʹÓõÄSQL²éѯ¡£PostgreSQLÒ²ÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö¼æÈÝSQLµÄINFORMATION SCHEMA½Ó¿Ú£¬
+ Äã¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÕâÀï»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÔÚϵͳÖÐÓÐһЩÒÔ<i>pg_</i> ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁ˱íµÄ¶¨Òå¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ʹÓà <i>psql -l</i> Ö¸Áî¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ò²¿ÉÒÔä¯ÀÀһϠ<i>pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source</i>Îļþ£¬ËüÁоÙÁ˺ܶà¿É´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÖлñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢µÄSELECTÓï·¨¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.3"></a>4.3)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÔÚ8.0°æ±¾Àï¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÜÈÝÒ×£¬¿ÉʹÓà ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÔÚÒÔǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ BEGIN;
+ ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col new_data_type;
+ UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS new_data_type);
+ ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
+ COMMIT;
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÄãÈ»ºó¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ<i>VACUUM FULL tab </i>Ö¸ÁîÀ´Ê¹ÏµÍ³ÊÕ»ØÎÞЧÊý¾ÝËùÕ¼ÓõĿռ䡣
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º
+</p>
+<blockquote>
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨ÒÑ´æÔÚÓÐ 32TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>32 TB</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»ÐмǼµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>1.6 TB</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?</td><td>1 GB</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿</td><td>250-1600 £¨ÓëÁÐÀàÐÍÓйأ©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
+ ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬µ±ÕâЩÊýÖµ±äµÃÒì³£µØ´óʱ£¬ÏµÍ³ÐÔÄÜÒ²»áÊܴܺóÓ°Ïì¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 32 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý»¹¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Óµ½Ëı¶¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿</h4>
+<p>
+ Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â£¨´æ´¢Ò»¸öÎı¾Îļþ£©ËùÕ¼ÓõĿռä×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÕâ¸öÎı¾Îļþ×ÔÉí´óС5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£
+ ¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶ÈΪ20×Ö½Ú¡£Îı¾ÎļþÕ¼Óà 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:
+</p>
+<pre>
+ 32 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
+ 24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öÕûÊýÐÍ×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
+ + 4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
+ ----------------------------------------
+ 60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+
+ PostgreSQL Êý¾ÝÒ³µÄ´óСÊÇ 8192 ×Ö½Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£º
+
+ 8192 ×Ö½Úÿҳ
+ ------------------- = 136 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
+ 60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+
+ 100000 Êý¾ÝÐÐ
+ -------------------- = 735 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©
+ 128 ÐÐÿҳ
+
+ 735 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³ = 6,021,120 ×Ö½Ú£¨6 MB£©
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+ Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܴܺó¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ¿ÕÖµ<i>NULL</i>´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.6"></a>4.6)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻ»áÑ¡ÖбíÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄ¼Ç¼ʱ²Å»á²ÉÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+ ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ΪÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñµÃ¡£
+ ʹÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+ ͳ¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ¸üÐÂÊÕ¼¯¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪÕâÖ»»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£
+ ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô
+ ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº
+</p>
+<pre>
+ SELECT col
+ FROM tab
+ ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
+ LIMIT 1;
+</pre>
+<p>
+ Èç¹ûÄãÈ·ÐÅPostgreSQLµÄÓÅ»¯Æ÷ʹÓÃ˳ÐòɨÃèÊDz»ÕýÈ·µÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ<code>SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</code>Ö¸Á
+ È»ºóÔÙ´ÎÔËÐвéѯ£¬Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öʹÓÃÒ»¸öË÷ÒýɨÃèÊÇ·ñȷʵҪ¿ìһЩ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç <i>LIKE</i> »ò <i>~</i> ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌØ¶¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓãº
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º
+ <ul>
+ <li> <i>LIKE</i> ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ <i>%</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+ <li> <i>~</i> £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ <i>^</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li>
+ <li>´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà <a href="#4.8">4.8</a> ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li>
+ <li>ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C locale£¬ÒòΪϵͳ²»¿ÉÄÜÖªµÀÔÚ·ÇC localeÇé¿öʱÏÂÒ»¸ö×î´ó×Ö·ûÊÇʲô¡£
+ ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸öÌØÊâµÄ<code>text_pattern_ops</code>Ë÷ÒýÀ´ÓÃÓÚ<small>LIKE</small>µÄË÷Òý¡£
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+ ÔÚ8.0֮ǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬³ý·ÇÒª²éѯµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÍË÷ÒýµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÏàÆ¥Å䣬·ñÔòË÷Òý¾­³£ÊÇδ±»Óõ½£¬ÌرðÊǶÔint2,int8ºÍÊýÖµÐ͵ÄË÷Òý¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.7"></a>4.7)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²Î¿¼ <small>EXPLAIN</small> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.8"></a>4.8)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²Ù×÷·û <i> ~ </i> ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø <i>~*</i> ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º
+</p>
+<pre> SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:
+</p>
+<pre> CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ <i>NULL</i> £¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬ <i>NULL</i> Öµ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ Óà <small>IS NULL</small> ºÍ <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΣ¬¾ßÌå·½·¨ÈçÏ£º
+</p>
+<pre> SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE col IS NULL;
+</pre>
+
+<p>ΪÁËÄܶԺ¬ <small>NULL</small>×Ö¶ÎÅÅÐò£¬¿ÉÔÚ <small>ORDER BY</small> Ìõ¼þÖÐʹÓà <small>IS NULL</small>ºÍ
+ <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ÐÞÊηû£¬Ìõ¼þÎªÕæ <i>true</i> ½«±ÈÌõ¼þΪ¼Ù<i>false</i> ÅÅÔÚÇ°Ãæ£¬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ӾͻὫº¬
+ NULL µÄ¼Ç¼ÅÅÔÚ½á¹ûµÄÉÏÃæ²¿·Ö£º
+</p>
+<pre> SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL)
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.10"></a>4.10)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿</h4>
+<blockquote>
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><th>ÀàÐÍ</th><th>ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ</th><th>˵Ã÷</th></tr>
+ <tr><td>VARCHAR(n)</td><td>varchar</td><td>Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>CHAR(n)</td><td>bpchar</td><td>¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>TEXT</td><td>text</td><td>ûÓÐÌØ±ðµÄÉÏÏÞÏÞÖÆ£¨½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ£©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>BYTEA</td><td>bytea</td><td>±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨Ê¹ÓÃNULLÒ²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£©</td></tr>
+ <tr><td>"char"</td><td>char</td><td>Ò»¸ö×Ö·û</td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÉÏÃæËùÁеÄǰËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£
+ ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£
+ È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅ̿ռäÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£
+ <small>TEXT</small> ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢×î´ó¿É´ï 1G×óÓÒµ«Î´¶¨ÒåÏÞÖÆ³¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ <small>CHAR(n)</small> ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶ÈÏàͬµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£ <small>CHAR(n)</small>»á¸ù¾ÝËù¸ø¶¨µÄ×ֶ㤶ÈÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹×㣨²»×ãµÄ×Ö¶ÎÄÚÈÝ£©£¬
+ ¶ø <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> Ö»´æ´¢Ëù¸ø¶¨µÄÊý¾ÝÄÚÈÝ¡£
+ <small>BYTEA</small> ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊǰüº¬ NULL ×Ö½ÚµÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÏàËÆµÄÐÔÄÜÌØÐÔ¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.1"></a>4.11.1)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磺
+</p>
+<pre>
+ CREATE TABLE person (
+ id SERIAL,
+ name TEXT
+ );
+</pre>
+<p>
+ »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+ CREATE TABLE person (
+ id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+ name TEXT
+ );
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.2"></a>4.11.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓÃ
+ <a href="#4.11.1"> 4.11.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£
+ ×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ &lt;<i>table</i>&gt;_&lt;<i>serialcolumn</i>&gt;_<i>seq</i>£¬
+ ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÀàËÆµÄ£¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磺
+</p>
+<pre>
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
+ new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.3"></a>4.11.3)ʹÓà <i>currval()</i> »áµ¼ÖÂºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄ³åÍ»Çé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ²»»á¡£<i>currval()</i> ·µ»ØµÄÊÇÄã±¾´Î»á»°½ø³ÌËù¸³µÄÖµ¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§µÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br/>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.4"></a>4.11.4)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄȡֵÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊøÖ®Ç°²»½øÐÐËø¶¨£¬
+ Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹µÄÊÂÎñºó£¬ÐòÁкŻá³öÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><br/><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)ʲôÊÇ <small>OID</small> £¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ <small>CTID</small> £¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐмǼ¶¼»á»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ<small>OID</small>£¬³ý·ÇÔÚ´´½¨±íʱʹÓÃ<small>WITHOUT OIDS</small>Ñ¡Ïî¡£
+ <small>OID</small>´´½¨Ê±»á×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý£¬ËùÓÐ OID ÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL ÖоùÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ È»¶ø£¬ËüÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö£¬
+ <small>OID</small>´Ëºó»á³öÏÖÖØ¸´¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ÔÚÓû§µÄÊý¾Ý±íÖУ¬×îºÃÊÇʹÓÃ<small>SERIAl</small>À´´úÌæ<small>OID</small>
+ ÒòΪ<small>SERIAL</small>Ö»ÊDZ£Ö¤ÔÚµ¥¸ö±íÖÐÊý¾ÝÊÇΨһµÄ£¬ÕâÑùËüÒç³öµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԾͷdz£Ð¡ÁË£¬
+ <small>SERIAL8</small>¿ÉÓÃÀ´±£´æ8×Ö½ÚµÄÐòÁкÅ×ֶΡ£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ <small>CTID</small> ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌØ¶¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£
+ <small>CTID</small> ÔڼǼ±»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔØºó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ
+</p>
+<pre>
+ ulimit -d 262144
+ limit datasize 256m
+</pre>
+<p>
+ È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬
+ Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£
+ Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.14"></a>4.14)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ´Ó psql ÀÊäÈë <code>SELECT version();</code>Ö¸Áî¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.15"></a>4.15)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
+</pre>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.16"></a>4.16)ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+ SELECT *
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
+</pre>
+<p>»òÊÇ</p>
+<pre>
+ SELECT *
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
+</pre>
+<p>
+ ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µ»Ø t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£
+ ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£
+ ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£
+ ¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÆÎªÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
+ ÒòΪ PostgreSQL Òª¼ÓÔØÓëÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬Òò´Ë¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐÊDz»¶¨µÄ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ¸½¼ÓÔöֵģ¿écontrib/dblinkÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»Óû§Ò²¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿âÖ´ÐвéѯȻºóÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ÔÚº¯ÊýÖзµ»ØÊý¾Ý¼Ç¼¼¯µÄ¹¦ÄÜÊǺÜÈÝÒ×ʹÓõģ¬ÏêÇé²Î¼û£º
+ <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions</a>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation with OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ PL/PgSQL»á»º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL
+ º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬
+ ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ<small>EXECUTE</small>
+ ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐǰ×Ü»á±»ÖØÐ½âÎö¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.27"></a>4.27)ĿǰÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿</h4>
+<p>
+ ¡°¸´ÖÆ¡±Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸öÊõÓÓкü¸ÖÖ¸´ÖƼ¼Êõ¿ÉʹÓã¬Ã¿ÖÖ¶¼ÓÐÓŵãºÍȱµã£º
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ö÷/´Ó¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÊÇÔÊÐíÒ»¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷½ÓÊܶÁ/дµÄÉêÇ룬¶ø¶à¸ö´Ó·þÎñÆ÷Ö»ÄܽÓÊܶÁ/<small>SELECT</small>²éѯµÄÉêÇ룬
+ Ŀǰ×îÁ÷ÐÐÇÒÊÇÃâ·ÑµÄÖ÷/´Ó PostgreSQL¸´ÖÆ·½°¸ÊÇ
+ <a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/slony1/projdisplay.php">Slony-I </a>¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ ¶à¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷µÄ¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÔÊÐí½«¶Á/дµÄÉêÇë·¢Ë͸ø¶ą̀µÄ¼ÆËã»ú£¬ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½ÓÉÓÚÐèÒªÔÚ¶ą̀·þÎñÆ÷Ö®¼äͬ²½Êý¾Ý±ä¶¯
+ ¿ÉÄÜ»á´øÀ´½ÏÑÏÖØµÄÐÔÄÜËðʧ£¬<a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/">Pgcluster</a>ÊÇĿǰÕâÖÖ·½°¸
+ ÖÐ×îºÃµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÒÔÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ Ò²ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐ踶·ÑºÍ»ùÓÚÓ²¼þµÄÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸£¬Ö§³ÖÉÏÊö¸÷ÖÖ¸´ÖÆÄ£ÐÍ¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
+