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+   
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-   FROM tab
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+    SELECT *
+    FROM tab
+    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+
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-   CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
-   
-    4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éÑ¯Àï£¬ÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñÎª NULL£¿
+    CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
+
+    4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éÑ¯Àï£¬ÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñÎª NULL
+    £¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ×¼È·ÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛÄ³×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬ NULL Öµ£¿
     
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+   ÓÃ IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×Ö¶Î£¬¾ßÌå·½·¨ÈçÏÂ£º
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   WHERE col IS NULL;
+
+   ÎªÁËÄÜ¶Ôº¬ NULL×Ö¶ÎÅÅÐò£¬¿ÉÔÚ ORDER BY Ìõ¼þÖÐÊ¹ÓÃ IS NULLºÍ IS NOT
+   NULL ÐÞÊÎ·û£¬Ìõ¼þÎªÕæ true ½«±ÈÌõ¼þÎª¼Ùfalse
+   ÅÅÔÚÇ°Ãæ£¬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×Ó¾Í»á½«º¬ NULL µÄ¼ÇÂ¼ÅÅÔÚ½á¹ûµÄÉÏÃæ²¿·Ö£º
+   SELECT *
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+   ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL)
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+   VARCHAR(n) Ö»´æ´¢Ëù¸ø¶¨µÄÊý¾ÝÄÚÈÝ¡£ BYTEA
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-   CREATE TABLE person (
-   id SERIAL,
-   name TEXT
-   );
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+                id   SERIAL,
+                name TEXT
+        );
+
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-   CREATE TABLE person (
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-   ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁÐµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Äã»¹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÃ¿ÐÐµÄ
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+        CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+        CREATE TABLE person (
+                id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+                name TEXT
+        );
+
+   ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁÐµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£
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-   new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
-   execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise
-   Pascal')");
+   Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔÊ½²åÈë¡£Ê¹ÓÃ 4.11.1 ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃÎ±ÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
+        new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+        execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
+
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+   ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£ ×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ
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+   SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈç£º
+        execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
+        new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+
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+<a href="#4.16">4.16</a>)ÈçºÎ½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿<br/>
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+<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄÐ©Êý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓÃ£¿<br/>
+</p>
+
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+
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+<p>
+PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ <i>Post-Gres-Q-L</i>£¬ÓÐÊ±ºòÒ²¼ò³ÆÎª<i>Postgres</i> ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	PostgreSQL ÊÇÃæÏòÄ¿±êµÄ¹ØÏµÊý¾Ý¿âÏµÍ³£¬Ëü¾ßÓÐ´«Í³ÉÌÒµÊý¾Ý¿âÏµÍ³µÄËùÓÐ¹¦ÄÜ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖº¬ÓÐ½«ÔÚÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS ÏµÍ³µÄÊ¹ÓÃµÄÔöÇ¿ÌØÐÔ¡£
+	PostgreSQL ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÃâ·ÑµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂë¶¼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£
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+	PostgreSQL µÄ¿ª·¢¶ÓÎéÖ÷ÒªÎªÖ¾Ô¸Õß£¬ËûÃÇ±é²¼ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØ²¢Í¨¹ý»¥ÁªÍø½øÐÐÁªÏµ£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÉçÇø¿ª·¢ÏîÄ¿£¬Ëü²»±»ÈÎºÎ¹«Ë¾¿ØÖÆ¡£
+	ÈçÏë¼ÓÈë¿ª·¢¶ÓÎé£¬Çë²Î¼û¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±³£¼ûÎÊÌâ£¨FAQ£©
+	<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</a>
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="1.2"></a>1.2)PostgreSQL µÄ°æÈ¨ÊÇÊ²Ã´?</h4>
+<p>
+PostgreSQLµÄ·¢²¼×ñ´Ó¾µäµÄBSD°æÈ¨¡£¹ØÓÚÔ´´úÂëµÄÈçºÎÊ¹ÓÃÃ»ÓÐÈÎºÎÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃÇºÜÏ²»¶ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½²¢ÇÒ»¹Ã»ÓÐ´òËã¸Ä±äËü¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+ÏÂÃæ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÃÇÊ¹ÓÃµÄBSD°æÈ¨ÄÚÈÝ£º
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	²¿·Ö°æÈ¨£¨c£©1996-2005£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×é£¬²¿·Ö°æÈ¨£¨c£©1994-1996 ¼ÓÖÝ´óÑ§¶ÊÂ
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	£¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California£©
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	ÔÊÐíÎªÈÎºÎÄ¿µÄÊ¹ÓÃ£¬¿½±´£¬ÐÞ¸ÄºÍ·Ö·¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎÄµµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈÎºÎ·ÑÓÃ£¬
+	²¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶ÎÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓÐ¿½±´ÖÐ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	£¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its           
+	documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is           
+	hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and           
+	the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.£©
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	ÔÚÈÎºÎÇé¿öÏÂ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óÑ§¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòÊ¹ÓÃ´ËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎÄµµ¶øµ¼ÖÂµÄ¶ÔÈÎºÎµ±ÊÂÈËµÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬
+	¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄËð»µ£¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðÊ§µÄÔðÈÎ£¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óÑ§ÒÑ¾½¨ÒéÁËÕâÐ©ËðÊ§µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔÊ±Ò²ÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	£¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR           
+	DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST           
+	PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF           
+	THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH           
+	DAMAGE.£©
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	¼ÓÖÝ´óÑ§Ã÷È··ÅÆúÈÎºÎ±£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚÄ³Ò»ÌØ¶¨ÓÃÍ¾µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£
+	ÕâÀïÌá¹©µÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óÑ§Ã»ÓÐÔðÈÎÌá¹©Î¬»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üÐÂ£¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐÞ¸ÄµÄ·þÎñ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	£¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT           
+	NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A           
+	PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND           
+	THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE,           
+	SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.£©<br/>          
+
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="1.3"></a>1.3)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄÐ©²Ù×÷ÏµÍ³Æ½Ì¨ÉÏ£¿</h4>
+
+<p>
+	Ò»°ãËµÀ´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈÝµÄÆ½Ì¨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL ¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁÐ³öÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄÆ½Ì¨¡£
+</p>
+
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+   PostgreSQlÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔËÐÐÔÚ»ùÓÚÎ¢ÈíWindows-NTµÄ²Ù×÷ÏµÍ³£¬ÈçWin2000£¬WinXP ºÍ Win2003£¬ÒÑÖÆ×÷Íê³ÉµÄ°²×°°ü¿É´Ó
+   <a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller</a>ÏÂÔØ£¬»ùÓÚMSDOSµÄWindows²Ù×÷ÏµÍ³
+   £¨Win95£¬Win98£¬WinMe£©ÐèÒªÍ¨¹ýCygwinÄ£Äâ»·¾³ÔËÐÐPostgreSQL¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  Í¬Ê±Ò²ÓÐÒ»¸öÎªNovell Netware 6¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó<a href="http://forge.novell.com"> http://forge.novell.com </a>»ñÈ¡£¬ÎªOS/2¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó
+  <a href="http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F">
+  http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F</a>
+</p>
+
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+
+<p>
+  Í¨¹ýä¯ÀÀÆ÷¿É´Ó<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/">http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/</a>ÏÂÔØ£¬Ò²¿ÉÍ¨¹ýFTP£¬´Ó
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+</p>
+
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+<p>
+    PostgreSQLÉçÇøÍ¨¹ýÓÊ¼þÁÐ±íÎªÆä´ó¶àÊýÓÃ»§Ìá¹©°ïÖú£¬¼ÓÈëÓÊ¼þÁÐ±íµÄÖ÷Õ¾µãÊÇ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/"> http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/</a>£¬Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏÂ£¬ÏÈ¼ÓÈë<i>General</i> »ò <i>Bug</i>ÓÊ¼þÁÐ±íÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÏºÃµÄ¿ªÊ¼¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	Ö÷ÒªµÄIRCÆµµÀÊÇÔÚFreeNode(<i>irc.freenode.net</i>)µÄ<i>#postgresql</i>£¬ÎªÁËÁ¬ÉÏ´ËÆµµÀ£¬¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃUNIX³ÌÐòirc£¬ÆäÖ¸Áî¸ñÊ½£º
+	irc -c '#postgresql' "$USER" irc.freenode.net £¬»òÕßÊ¹ÓÃÆäËûIRC¿Í»§¶Ë³ÌÐò¡£ÔÚ´ËÍøÂçÖÐ»¹´æÔÚÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄÎ÷°àÑÀÆµµÀ(<i>#postgersql-es</i>)ºÍ·¨ÓïÆµµÀ
+	(<i>#postgresql-fr</i>)¡£Í¬ÑùµØ£¬ÔÚEFNETÉÏÒ²ÓÐÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄ½»Á÷ÆµµÀ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁÐ±íÔÚ<a href=" http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php"> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</a>¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
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+<p>
+	¿É·ÃÎÊ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug</a>£¬ÌîÐ´BugÉÏ±¨±í¸ñ¼´¿É¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+    Í¬ÑùÒ²¿É·ÃÎÊftpÕ¾µã<a href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</a> ¼ì²éÓÐÎÞ¸üÐÂµÄPostgreSQL°æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£
+</p>
+
+
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+<p>
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+</p>
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+	<a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html</a>
+	ºÍ <a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a> ¡£
+	Ò²ÓÐ´óÁ¿µÄPostgreSQLÊé¼®¿É¹©¹ºÂò£¬ÆäÖÐ×îÎªÁ÷ÐÐµÄÒ»±¾ÊÇÓÉKorry Douglas±àÐ´µÄ¡£ÔÚ 
+	<a href="http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php</a>ÉÏ
+	ÉÏÓÐ´óÁ¿ÓÐ¹ØPostgreSQLÊé¼®µÄ¼ò½é¡£
+	ÔÚ <a href="http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a>ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓÐ¹Ø PostgreSQL µÄ´óÁ¿¼¼ÊõÎÄÕÂ¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	¿Í»§¶ËµÄÃüÁîÐÐ³ÌÐò<i>psql</i>ÓÐÒ»Ð©ÒÔ \d ¿ªÍ·µÄÃüÁî£¬¿ÉÏÔÊ¾¹ØÓÚÀàÐÍ£¬²Ù×÷·û£¬º¯Êý£¬»ã×ÜµÈµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬Ê¹ÓÃ \? ¿ÉÒÔÏÔÊ¾ËùÓÐ¿ÉÓÃµÄÃüÁî¡£
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+	ÎÒÃÇµÄ web Õ¾µã°üº¬¸ü¶àµÄÎÄµµ¡£
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+<p>
+	PostgreSQL Ö§³ÖÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹ÁËµÄ SQL-92 µÄ×Ó¼¯¡£²ÎÔÄÎÒÃÇµÄ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.TODO.html">TODO</a> ÁÐ±í£¬»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÒÑÖªBug£¬ÔÝÈ±µÄ¹¦ÄÜºÍ½«À´µÄ¼Æ»®¡£
+</p>
+
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+<h4><a name="1.10"></a>1.10)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÑ§Ï° SQL £¿</h4>
+<p>
+	Ê×ÏÈ¿¼ÂÇÉÏÊöÌáµ½µÄÓëPostgreSQLÏà¹ØµÄÊé¼®£¬ÁíÍâÒ»±¾ÊÇ<i>Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition</i>£¬
+	ÎÒÃÇµÄÐí¶àÓÃ»§Ï²»¶<i>The Practical SQL Handbook</i> Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley£¬ÆäËûµÄÔòÏ²»¶
+	<i>The Complete Reference SQL</i>, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill¡£
+</p>
+
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+<p>
+	Ïê¼û<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html"> Developer's FAQ </a>¡£
+</p>
+
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+<p>
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+	<dt><b>ÌØÐÔ</b></dt>
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+</dl>
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+<p>
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+	<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html"> Developer's FAQ </a>»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢£©¡£
+</p>
+
+<hr/>
+
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+<p>
+	PostgreSQL(È±Ê¡Çé¿ö)Ö»°²×°ÓÐCºÍÄÚÇ¶Ê½CµÄ½Ó¿Ú£¬ÆäËûµÄ½Ó¿Ú¶¼ÊÇ¶ÀÁ¢µÄÏîÄ¿£¬ÄÜ¹»·Ö±ðÏÂÔØ£¬ÕâÐ©½Ó¿ÚÏîÄ¿¶ÀÁ¢µÄºÃ´¦
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+<p>
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+	<a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/"> http://gborg.postgresql.org </a>ÉÏµÄ<i>Drivers/Interfaces</i>Ð¡½Ú¿ÉÕÒµ½£¬
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+
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+<p>
+	Ò»¸ö½éÉÜÒÔÊý¾Ý¿âÎªºóÌ¨µÄÍ¦²»´íµÄÕ¾µãÊÇ£º<a href="http://www.webreview.com">http://www.webreview.com</a>¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	¶ÔÓÚ Web ¼¯³É£¬PHP ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼«ºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ËüÔÚ£º<a href="http://www.php.net/">http://www.php.net/</a>¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	¶ÔÓÚ¸´ÔÓµÄÈÎÎñ£¬ºÜ¶àÈË²ÉÓÃ Perl ½Ó¿ÚºÍ CGI.pm »ò mod_perl ¡£
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+
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+<p>
+	ÊÇµÄ£¬ÔÚ <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</a>ÓÐÒ»¸öÏêÏ¸µÄÁÐ±í¡£
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+
+
+
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+<p>
+	ÔÚÔËÐÐ configure Ê±¼ÓÉÏ --prefix Ñ¡Ïî¡£
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+<p>
+	È±Ê¡Ê±£¬PostgreSQL Ö»ÔÊÐíÍ¨¹ý unix ÓòÌ×½Ó×Ö»òTCP/IP·½Ê½ÇÒÀ´×Ô±¾»úµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£
+	ÄãÖ»ÓÐÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÁËÅäÖÃÎÄ¼þ<i>postgresql.conf</i>ÖÐµÄ<i>listen_addresses</i>£¬ÇÒÒ²ÔÚÅäÖÃÎÄ¼þ<i>pg_hba.conf</i>ÖÐ´ò¿ªÁË
+	Ö÷»úÎª»ù´¡£¨ host-based £©µÄÉí·ÝÈÏÖ¤£¬²¢ÖØÐÂÆô¶¯PostgreSQL£¬·ñÔòÆäËû»úÆ÷ÊÇ²»ÄÜÓëÄãµÄPostgreSQL·þÎñÆ÷Á¬½ÓµÄ¡£
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+
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+<p>
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+		<li>Ê¹ÓÃANALYZEÒÔ±£³Ö¾«È·µÄÓÅ»¯Í³¼Æ£»</li>
+		<li>¶¨ÆÚÊ¹ÓÃ VACUUM »ò <i>pg_autovacuum</i></li>
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+		</ul>
+	</dd>
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+	<dt><b>·þÎñÆ÷µÄÅäÖÃ</b></dt>
+	<dd>
+		ÅäÖÃÎÄ¼þ<i>postgres.conf</i>ÖÐµÄºÜ¶àÉèÖÃ¶¼»áÓ°ÏìÐÔÄÜ£¬ËùÓÐ²ÎÊýµÄÁÐ±í¿É¼û£º
+		<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/runtime.html">Administration Guide/Server Run-time Environment/Run-time Configuration</a>£¬
+		ÓÐ¹Ø²ÎÊýµÄ½âÊÍ¿É¼û£º<a href="http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/annotated_conf_e.html">
+		http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/annotated_conf_e.html </a> ºÍ 
+		<a href="http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/perf.html">http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/perf.html</a>¡£
+	</dd>
+
+	<dt><b>Ó²¼þµÄÑ¡Ôñ</b></dt>
+	<dd>
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+		http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</a> ºÍ 
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+	</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
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+<p>
+	PostgreSQL ÓÐºÜ¶àÀàËÆ<i> log_* </i>µÄ·þÎñÆ÷ÅäÖÃ±äÁ¿¿ÉÓÃÓÚ²éÑ¯µÄ´òÓ¡ºÍ½ø³ÌÍ³¼Æ£¬¶øÕâÐ©¹¤×÷¶Ôµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄÜ²âÊÔºÜÓÐ°ïÖú¡£
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+<p>
+	Õâ±íÊ¾ÄãÒÑ´ïµ½È±Ê¡100¸ö²¢·¢ºóÌ¨½ø³ÌÊýµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬ÄãÐèÒªÍ¨¹ýÐÞ¸Ä<i>postgresql.conf</i>ÎÄ¼þÖÐµÄ<i>max_connections</i>ÖµÀ´
+	Ôö¼ÓpostmasterµÄºóÌ¨²¢·¢´¦ÀíÊý£¬ÐÞ¸ÄºóÐèÖØÐÂÆô¶¯<i>postmaster</i>¡£
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+
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+<p>
+	PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶ÔÃ¿´ÎÐ¡µÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁË½ÏÉÙµÄÐÞ¸Ä£¬Òò´Ë´Ó 7.4.0 Éý¼¶µ½ 7.4.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£
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+</p>
+
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+<p>
+	ÓÉÓÚ¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ´ó¶àÊýÊÇ¼æÈÝµÄ£¬ÈËÃÇ×ÜÊÇÇãÏòÓÚÏàÐÅËùÓÐ¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þÖÊÁ¿Ò²ÊÇÏàÍ¬µÄ¡£ÊÂÊµÉÏ²»ÊÇ£¬
+	ECC RAM£¨´øÆæÅ¼Ð£ÑéµÄÄÚ´æ£©£¬SCSI £¨Ó²ÅÌ£©ºÍÓÅÖÊµÄÖ÷°å±ÈÒ»Ð©±ãÒË»õÒª¸ü¼Ó¿É¿¿ÇÒ¾ßÓÐ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¡£PostgreSQL¼¸ºõ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÈÎºÎÓ²¼þÉÏ£¬
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+	Ó²¼þÅäÖÃºÍÐÔ¼Û±ÈµÄÌÖÂÛ¡£
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+
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+<p>
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+		Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë <i> ORDER BY</i>ÖÐµÄÌõ¼þÆ¥Åä£¬PostgreSQL ¿ÉÄÜ¾ÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼ÇÂ¼£¬
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+		¿ÉÊ¹ÓÃÓÎ±ê(cursor)ºÍFETCH¹¦ÄÜ¡£
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+		¿ÉÊ¹ÓÃÒÔÏÂ·½·¨ÌáÈ¡Ò»ÐÐËæ»ú¼ÇÂ¼µÄ£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+		SELECT  cols
+		FROM tab
+		ORDER BY random()
+		LIMIT 1 ;
+</pre>
+
+
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+<p>
+	ÔÚ<i>psql</i>ÖÐÊ¹ÓÃ \dt ÃüÁîÀ´ÏÔÊ¾Êý¾Ý±íµÄ¶¨Òå£¬ÒªÁË½â<i>psql</i>ÖÐµÄÍêÕûÃüÁîÁÐ±í¿ÉÊ¹ÓÃ\? £¬ÁíÍâ£¬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÄ¶Á <i>psql</i> µÄÔ´´úÂë
+	ÎÄ¼þ<i>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c</i>£¬Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É<i>psql</i>·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄËùÓÐ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Äã»¹¿ÉÒÔ´ø <i>-E</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>£¬
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+</p>
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+	ÔÚÏµÍ³ÖÐÓÐÒ»Ð©ÒÔ<i>pg_</i> ´òÍ·µÄÏµÍ³±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁË±íµÄ¶¨Òå¡£
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+</p>
+<p>
+	Ò²¿ÉÒÔä¯ÀÀÒ»ÏÂ <i>pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source</i>ÎÄ¼þ£¬ËüÁÐ¾ÙÁËºÜ¶à¿É´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÏµÍ³±íÖÐ»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢µÄSELECTÓï·¨¡£
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+
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+<p>
+	ÔÚ8.0°æ±¾Àï¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍºÜÈÝÒ×£¬¿ÉÊ¹ÓÃ ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖÐ£¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	BEGIN;
+    ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col new_data_type;
+    UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS new_data_type);
+    ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
+    COMMIT;
+</pre>
+<p>
+	ÄãÈ»ºó¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃ<i>VACUUM FULL tab </i>Ö¸ÁîÀ´Ê¹ÏµÍ³ÊÕ»ØÎÞÐ§Êý¾ÝËùÕ¼ÓÃµÄ¿Õ¼ä¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4)Ò»ÐÐ¼ÇÂ¼£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊÇ¶àÉÙ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	ÏÂÃæÊÇÒ»Ð©ÏÞÖÆ£º
+</p>
+<blockquote>
+	<table>
+	<tbody>
+		<tr><td>Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨ÒÑ´æÔÚÓÐ 32TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>32 TB</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>Ò»ÐÐ¼ÇÂ¼µÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>1.6 TB</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>Ò»¸ö×Ö¶ÎµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?</td><td>1 GB</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿</td><td>250-1600 £¨ÓëÁÐÀàÐÍÓÐ¹Ø£©</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>
+	</tbody>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+	µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÃ»ÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓÃ´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼ä¡¢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
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+</p>
+
+<p>
+	±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 32 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ÏµÍ³¶Ô´óÎÄ¼þµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓÃ¶à¸ö 1 GB µÄÎÄ¼þ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎÄ¼þÏµÍ³³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊÇ²»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	Èç¹ûÈ±Ê¡µÄ¿é´óÐ¡Ôö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý»¹¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Óµ½ËÄ±¶¡£
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+
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+<p>
+	Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â£¨´æ´¢Ò»¸öÎÄ±¾ÎÄ¼þ£©ËùÕ¼ÓÃµÄ¿Õ¼ä×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏàµ±ÓÚÕâ¸öÎÄ±¾ÎÄ¼þ×ÔÉí´óÐ¡5±¶µÄ´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼ä¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	ÀýÈç£¬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐÐµÄÎÄ¼þ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎÄ±¾ÃèÊö¡£
+	¼ÙÉèÎÄ±¾´®µÄÆ½¾ù³¤¶ÈÎª20×Ö½Ú¡£ÎÄ±¾ÎÄ¼þÕ¼ÓÃ 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâÐ©Êý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎÄ¼þ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:
+</p>
+<pre>
+     32 ×Ö½Ú: Ã¿ÐÐµÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
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+   +  4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
+   ----------------------------------------
+     60 ×Ö½ÚÃ¿ÐÐ
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+
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+   -------------------   =  136 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
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+      128 ÐÐÃ¿Ò³
+
+   735 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³  =  6,021,120 ×Ö½Ú£¨6 MB£©
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+	Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâÃ´¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄÜºÜ´ó¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	¿ÕÖµ<i>NULL</i>´æ·ÅÔÚÎ»Í¼ÖÐ£¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓÃºÜÉÙµÄ¿Õ¼ä¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.6"></a>4.6)ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎÒµÄ²éÑ¯ºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâÐ©²éÑ¯Ã»ÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	²¢·ÇÃ¿¸ö²éÑ¯¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óÐ¡³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îÐ¡Öµ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éÑ¯Ö»»áÑ¡ÖÐ±íÖÐ½ÏÐ¡±ÈÀýµÄ¼ÇÂ¼Ê±²Å»á²ÉÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+	ÕâÊÇÒòÎªË÷ÒýÉ¨ÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄÜ±ÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòÉ¨Ãè£©¸üÂý¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	ÎªÁËÅÐ¶ÏÊÇ·ñÊ¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL±ØÐë»ñµÃÓÐ¹Ø±íµÄÍ³¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâÐ©Í³¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃ VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñµÃ¡£
+	Ê¹ÓÃÍ³¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓÐ¶àÉÙÐÐ£¬¾ÍÄÜ¹»¸üºÃµØÅÐ¶ÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+	Í³¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½ÓË³ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓÃ¡£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐÍ³¼ÆÖµµÄ¸üÐÂÊÕ¼¯¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	Ë÷ÒýÍ¨³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´ÎË³ÐòÉ¨Ãè£¬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔÊ½µÄÅÅÐòÍ¨³£±ÈË÷ÒýÉ¨ÃèÒª¿ì¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏÊ¹ÓÃÊ±¾³£»áÊ¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòÎªÕâÖ»»á·µ»Ø±íµÄÒ»Ð¡²¿·Ö¡£
+	Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô
+	ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT Ê¹ÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îÐ¡ÖµÒ²ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔµÄ£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	SELECT col
+	FROM tab
+	ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
+	LIMIT 1;
+</pre>
+<p>
+	Èç¹ûÄãÈ·ÐÅPostgreSQLµÄÓÅ»¯Æ÷Ê¹ÓÃË³ÐòÉ¨ÃèÊÇ²»ÕýÈ·µÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÊ¹ÓÃ<code>SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</code>Ö¸Áî£¬
+	È»ºóÔÙ´ÎÔËÐÐ²éÑ¯£¬Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öÊ¹ÓÃÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÉ¨ÃèÊÇ·ñÈ·ÊµÒª¿ìÒ»Ð©¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	µ±Ê¹ÓÃÍ¨Åä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç <i>LIKE</i> »ò <i>~</i> Ê±£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌØ¶¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂÊ¹ÓÃ£º
+</p>
+<ul>
+	<li>×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕÍ¨×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇËµ£º
+		<ul>
+		<li> <i>LIKE</i> Ä£Ê½²»ÄÜÒÔ <i>%</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+		<li> <i>~</i> £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïÊ½£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ <i>^</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>
+		</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄÄ£Ê½Àà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li>
+	<li>´óÐ¡Ð´ÎÞ¹ØµÄ²éÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔÓÃ <a href="#4.8">4.8</a> ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li>
+	<li>ÔÚ×ö initdb Ê±±ØÐë²ÉÓÃÈ±Ê¡µÄ±¾µØÉèÖÃ C locale£¬ÒòÎªÏµÍ³²»¿ÉÄÜÖªµÀÔÚ·ÇC localeÇé¿öÊ±ÏÂÒ»¸ö×î´ó×Ö·ûÊÇÊ²Ã´¡£
+		ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏÂ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸öÌØÊâµÄ<code>text_pattern_ops</code>Ë÷ÒýÀ´ÓÃÓÚ<small>LIKE</small>µÄË÷Òý¡£
+	</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+	ÔÚ8.0Ö®Ç°µÄ°æ±¾ÖÐ£¬³ý·ÇÒª²éÑ¯µÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍºÍË÷ÒýµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÏàÆ¥Åä£¬·ñÔòË÷Òý¾³£ÊÇÎ´±»ÓÃµ½£¬ÌØ±ðÊÇ¶Ôint2,int8ºÍÊýÖµÐÍµÄË÷Òý¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.7"></a>4.7)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éÑ¯ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎÒµÄ²éÑ¯£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	²Î¿¼ <small>EXPLAIN</small> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.8"></a>4.8)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïÊ½ËÑË÷ºÍ´óÐ¡Ð´ÎÞ¹ØµÄÕýÔò±í´ïÊ½²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐÐ´óÐ¡Ð´ÎÞ¹Ø²éÕÒ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	²Ù×÷·û <i> ~ </i> ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïÊ½Æ¥Åä£¬¶ø <i>~*</i> ´¦Àí´óÐ¡Ð´ÎÞ¹ØµÄÕýÔò±í´ïÊ½Æ¥Åä¡£´óÐ´Ð©ÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉÎª ILIKE¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	´óÐ¡Ð´ÎÞ¹ØµÄµÈÊ½±È½ÏÍ¨³£Ð´×ö£º
+</p>
+<pre>    SELECT *
+    FROM tab
+    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+</pre>
+<p>
+	ÕâÑù½«²»»áÊ¹ÓÃ±ê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓÃµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý:
+</p>
+<pre>    CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éÑ¯Àï£¬ÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñÎª <i>NULL</i> £¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ×¼È·ÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛÄ³×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬ <i>NULL</i> Öµ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	ÓÃ <small>IS NULL</small> ºÍ <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×Ö¶Î£¬¾ßÌå·½·¨ÈçÏÂ£º
+</p>
+<pre>   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   WHERE col IS NULL;
+</pre>
+
+<p>ÎªÁËÄÜ¶Ôº¬ <small>NULL</small>×Ö¶ÎÅÅÐò£¬¿ÉÔÚ <small>ORDER BY</small> Ìõ¼þÖÐÊ¹ÓÃ <small>IS NULL</small>ºÍ
+   <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ÐÞÊÎ·û£¬Ìõ¼þÎªÕæ <i>true</i> ½«±ÈÌõ¼þÎª¼Ù<i>false</i> ÅÅÔÚÇ°Ãæ£¬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×Ó¾Í»á½«º¬
+   NULL µÄ¼ÇÂ¼ÅÅÔÚ½á¹ûµÄÉÏÃæ²¿·Ö£º
+</p>
+<pre>   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL)
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.10"></a>4.10)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐÊ²Ã´²»Í¬£¿</h4>
+<blockquote>
+	<table>
+	<tbody>
+		<tr><th>ÀàÐÍ</th><th>ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ</th><th>ËµÃ÷</th></tr>
+		<tr><td>VARCHAR(n)</td><td>varchar</td><td>Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×ã¶¨Òå³¤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>CHAR(n)</td><td>bpchar</td><td>¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×ã¶¨Òå³¤¶ÈÊ±£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>TEXT</td><td>text</td><td>Ã»ÓÐÌØ±ðµÄÉÏÏÞÏÞÖÆ£¨½öÊÜÐÐµÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ£©</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>BYTEA</td><td>bytea</td><td>±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁÐ£¨Ê¹ÓÃNULLÒ²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£©</td></tr>
+		<tr><td>"char"</td><td>char</td><td>Ò»¸ö×Ö·û</td></tr>
+		</tbody>
+	</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+	ÔÚÏµÍ³±íºÍÔÚÒ»Ð©´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄã½«¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	ÉÏÃæËùÁÐµÄÇ°ËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇËµ£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËÄ¸ö×Ö½ÚÊÇ³¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£
+	ÓÚÊÇÊµ¼ÊÕ¼ÓÃµÄ¿Õ¼ä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óÐ¡Òª¶àÒ»Ð©¡£
+	È»¶øÕâÐ©ÀàÐÍ¶¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄÜ±ÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	<small>VARCHAR(n)</small> ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£
+	<small>TEXT</small> ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢×î´ó¿É´ï 1G×óÓÒµ«Î´¶¨ÒåÏÞÖÆ³¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	<small>CHAR(n)</small> ×îÊÊºÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶ÈÏàÍ¬µÄ×Ö·û´®¡£ <small>CHAR(n)</small>»á¸ù¾ÝËù¸ø¶¨µÄ×Ö¶Î³¤¶ÈÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹×ã£¨²»×ãµÄ×Ö¶ÎÄÚÈÝ£©£¬
+	¶ø <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> Ö»´æ´¢Ëù¸ø¶¨µÄÊý¾ÝÄÚÈÝ¡£
+	<small>BYTEA</small> ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL ×Ö½ÚµÄÖµ¡£ÕâÐ©ÀàÐÍ¾ßÓÐÏàËÆµÄÐÔÄÜÌØÐÔ¡£
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.1"></a>4.11.1)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁÐºÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×Ö¶Î£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁÐºÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈç£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	CREATE TABLE person ( 
+		id   SERIAL, 
+		name TEXT 
+	);
+</pre>
+<p>
+	»á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+	CREATE TABLE person ( 
+		id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+		name TEXT
+	);
+</pre>
+<p>
+	²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁÐµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.2"></a>4.11.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁÐºÅµÄÖµ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈëÖ®Ç°ÏÈÓÃº¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁÐ¶ÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔÊ½²åÈë¡£Ê¹ÓÃ
+	<a href="#4.11.1"> 4.11.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃÎ±ÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+	execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
+</pre>
+<p>
+	ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éÑ¯ÖÐÊ¹ÓÃ´æ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈç£¬×÷Îª person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£
+	×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ  &lt;<i>table</i>&gt;_&lt;<i>serialcolumn</i>&gt;_<i>seq</i>£¬
+	ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×Ö¶ÎµÄÃû³Æ¡£
+</p>
+<p>
+	ÀàËÆµÄ£¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóÈ±Ê¡²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓÃº¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈç£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
+	new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+</pre>
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.3"></a>4.11.3)Ê¹ÓÃ <i>currval()</i> »áµ¼ÖÂºÍÆäËûÓÃ»§µÄ³åÍ»Çé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	²»»á¡£<i>currval()</i> ·µ»ØµÄÊÇÄã±¾´Î»á»°½ø³ÌËù¸³µÄÖµ¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓÃ»§µÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br/>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.11.4"></a>4.11.4)ÎªÊ²Ã´²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁÐºÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁÐºÅ×Ö¶ÎµÄÈ¡ÖµÖÐ´æÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	ÎªÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁÐºÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄÊ±ºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐÐµÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊøÖ®Ç°²»½øÐÐËø¶¨£¬
+	Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹µÄÊÂÎñºó£¬ÐòÁÐºÅ»á³öÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><br/><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)Ê²Ã´ÊÇ <small>OID</small> £¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ <small>CTID</small> £¿</h4>
+<p>
+	PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÃ¿Ò»ÐÐ¼ÇÂ¼¶¼»á»ñµÃÒ»¸öÎ¨Ò»µÄ<small>OID</small>£¬³ý·ÇÔÚ´´½¨±íÊ±Ê¹ÓÃ<small>WITHOUT OIDS</small>Ñ¡Ïî¡£
+	<small>OID</small>´´½¨Ê±»á×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý£¬ËùÓÐ OID ÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL ÖÐ¾ùÊÇÎ¨Ò»µÄ¡£ È»¶ø£¬ËüÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚÊ±½«Òç³ö£¬
+	<small>OID</small>´Ëºó»á³öÏÖÖØ¸´¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïÊ¹ÓÃ OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£
+</p>
+<p>	
+	ÔÚÓÃ»§µÄÊý¾Ý±íÖÐ£¬×îºÃÊÇÊ¹ÓÃ<small>SERIAl</small>À´´úÌæ<small>OID</small>
+	ÒòÎª<small>SERIAL</small>Ö»ÊÇ±£Ö¤ÔÚµ¥¸ö±íÖÐÊý¾ÝÊÇÎ¨Ò»µÄ£¬ÕâÑùËüÒç³öµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¾Í·Ç³£Ð¡ÁË£¬
+	<small>SERIAL8</small>¿ÉÓÃÀ´±£´æ8×Ö½ÚµÄÐòÁÐºÅ×Ö¶Î¡£
+</p>
+
+<p>
+	<small>CTID</small> ÓÃÓÚ±êÊ¶´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒÆµÄÌØ¶¨µÄÎïÀíÐÐ¡£
+	<small>CTID</small> ÔÚ¼ÇÂ¼±»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔØºó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚÊ¹ÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐÐ¡£
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13)ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÏµÍ³µÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓÃ¹âÁË£¬»òÕßÄÚºË¶ÔÄ³Ð©×ÊÔ´ÓÐ½ÏµÍµÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster Ö®Ç°ÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁî£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	ulimit -d 262144
+	limit datasize 256m
+</pre>
+<p>
+	È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄÜ³É¹¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬
+	Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈÃ²éÑ¯Íê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐÐºó´´½¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£
+	Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËÊ±ÒòÎªºóÌ¨·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌâ£¬ÇëÔÚÔËÐÐ¿Í»§¶ËÖ®Ç°Ö´ÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.14"></a>4.14)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	´Ó psql Àï£¬ÊäÈë <code>SELECT version();</code>Ö¸Áî¡£
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="4.15"></a>4.15)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öÈ±Ê¡ÖµÊÇµ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×Ö¶Î£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	Ê¹ÓÃ CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
+</pre>
+
+
+<h4><a name="4.16"></a>4.16)ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
+<p>
+	PostgreSQL ²ÉÓÃ±ê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º
+</p>
+<pre>
+	SELECT *
+	FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
+</pre>
+<p>»òÊÇ</p>
+<pre>
+	SELECT *
+	FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
+</pre>
+<p>
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