diff options
102 files changed, 20187 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/COPYRIGHT b/COPYRIGHT new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d35f1266038 --- /dev/null +++ b/COPYRIGHT @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +POSTGRES95 Data Base Management System + +Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California + +Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its +documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement +is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this +paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. + +IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR +DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING +LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS +DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. + +THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, +INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY +AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS +ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO +PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. + diff --git a/HISTORY b/HISTORY new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b4c295641fc --- /dev/null +++ b/HISTORY @@ -0,0 +1,283 @@ +Postgres95 1.02 Thu Aug 1 18:00:00 EDT 1996 +------------------------------------------------------------- + +Source code maintainenance and development + * worldwide team of volunteers + * the source tree now in CVS at ftp.ki.net + * developers mailing list - pg95-dev@ki.net + +Enhancements + * psql (and underlying libpq library) now has many more options for + formatting output, including HTML + * pg_dump now output the schema and/or the data, with many fixes to + enhance completeness. + * psql used in place of monitor in administration shell scripts. + monitor to be depreciated in next release. + * date/time functions enhanced + * NULL insert/update/comparison fixed/enhanced + * TCL/TK lib and shell fixed to work with both tck7.4/tk4.0 and tcl7.5/tk4.1 + +Bug Fixes (almost too numerous to mention) + * indexes + * storage management + * check for NULL pointer before dereferencing + * Makefile fixes + +New Ports + * added SolarisX86 port + * added BSDI 2.1 port + * added DGUX port + +Contributors (appologies to any missed) + * Kurt J. Lidl <lidl@va.pubnix.com> + (missed in first run, but no less important) + * Erich Stamberger <eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at> + * Jason Wright <jason@shiloh.vnet.net> + * Cees de Groot <C.deGroot@inter.NL.net> + * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de + * michael.siebenborn@ae3.Hypo.DE (Michael Siebenborn (6929)) + * Brian E. Gallew <geek+@cmu.edu> + * Vadim B. Mikheev <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> + * Adam Sussman <myddryn@vidya.com> + * Chris Dunlop <chris@onthe.net.au> + * Marc G. Fournier <scrappy@ki.net> + * Dan McGuirk <mcguirk@indirect.com> + * Dr_George_D_Detlefsen <drgeorge@ilt.com> + * Erich Stamberger <eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at> + * Massimo Dal Zotto <dz@cs.unitn.it> + * Randy Kunkee <kunkee@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM> + * Rick Weldon <rick@wisetech.com> + * Thomas van Reimersdahl <reimersd@dali.techinfo.rwth-aachen.de> + * david bennett <dave@bensoft.com> + * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de + * Julian Assange <proff@suburbia.net> + * Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us> + * Paul "Shag" Walmsley <ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu> + * "Alistair G. Crooks" <azcb0@sde.uts.amdahl.com> + +Postgres95 1.01 Fri Feb 23 18:20:36 PST 1996 +------------------------------------------------------------- +Incompatibilities: + * 1.01 is backwards compatible with 1.0 database provided the user + follow the steps outlined in the MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 file. + If those steps are not taken, 1.01 is not compatible with 1.0 database. + +Enhancements: + * added PQdisplayTuples() to libpq and changed monitor and psql to use it + * added NeXT port (requires SysVIPC implementation) + * added CAST .. AS ... syntax + * added ASC and DESC keywords + * added 'internal' as a possible language for CREATE FUNCTION + internal functions are C functions which have been statically linked + into the postgres backend. + * a new type "name" has been added for system identifiers (table names, + attribute names, etc.) This replaces the old char16 type. The + of name is set by the NAMEDATALEN #define in src/Makefile.global + * a readable reference manual that describes the query language. + * added host-based access control. A configuration file ($PGDATA/pg_hba) + is used to hold the configuration data. If host-based access control + is not desired, comment out HBA=1 in src/Makefile.global. + * changed regex handling to be uniform use of Henry Spencer's regex code + regardless of platform. The regex code is included in the distribution + * added functions and operators for case-insensitive regular expressions. + The operators are ~* and !~*. + * pg_dump uses COPY instead of SELECT loop for better performance + +Bug fixes: + * fixed an optimizer bug that was causing core dumps when + functions calls were used in comparisons in the WHERE clause + * changed all uses of getuid to geteuid so that effective uids are used + * psql now returns non-zero status on errors when using -c + * applied public patches 1-14 + +Postgres95 1.0 Tue Sep 5 11:24:11 PDT 1995 +------------------------------------------------------------- + +Copyright change: + * The copyright of Postgres 1.0 has been loosened to be freely modifiable + and modifiable for any purpose. Please read the COPYRIGHT file. + Thanks to Professor Michael Stonebraker for making this possible. + +Incompatibilities: + * date formats have to be MM-DD-YYYY (or DD-MM-YYYY if you're using + EUROPEAN STYLE). This follows SQL-92 specs. + * "delimiters" is now a keyword + +Enhancements: + * sql LIKE syntax has been added + * copy command now takes an optional USING DELIMITER specification. + delimiters can be any single-character string. + * IRIX 5.3 port has been added. + Thanks to Paul Walmsley (ccshag@everest.cclabs.missouri.edu) and others. + * updated pg_dump to work with new libpq + * \d has been added psql + Thanks to Keith Parks (emkxp01@mtcc.demon.co.uk) + * regexp performance for architectures that use POSIX regex has been + improved due to caching of precompiled patterns. + Thanks to Alistair Crooks (agc@uts.amdahl.com) + * a new version of libpq++ + Thanks to William Wanders (wwanders@sci.kun.nl) + +Bug fixes: + * arbitrary userids can be specified in the createuser script + * \c to connect to other databases in psql now works. + * bad pg_proc entry for float4inc() is fixed + * users with usecreatedb field set can now create databases without + having to be usesuper + * remove access control entries when the entry no longer has any + permissions + * fixed non-portable datetimes implementation + * added kerberos flags to the src/backend/Makefile + * libpq now works with kerberos + * typographic errors in the user manual have been corrected. + * btrees with multiple index never worked, now we tell you they don't + work when you try to use them + + +Postgres95 Beta 0.03 Fri Jul 21 14:49:31 PDT 1995 +------------------------------------------------------ +Incompatible changes: + * BETA-0.3 IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH DATABASES CREATED WITH PREVIOUS VERSIONS + (due to system catalog changes and indexing structure changes). + * double-quote (") is deprecated as a quoting character for string literals; + you need to convert them to single quotes ('). + * name of aggregates (eg. int4sum) are renamed in accordance with the + SQL standard (eg. sum). + * CHANGE ACL syntax is replaced by GRANT/REVOKE syntax. + * float literals (eg. 3.14) are now of type float4 (instead of float8 in + previous releases); you might have to do typecasting if you depend on it + being of type float8. If you neglect to do the typecasting and you assign + a float literal to a field of type float8, you may get incorrect values + stored! + * LIBPQ has been totally revamped so that frontend applications + can connect to multiple backends + * the usesysid field in pg_user has been changed from int2 to int4 to + allow wider range of Unix user ids. + * the netbsd/freebsd/bsd o/s ports have been consolidated into a + single BSD44_derived port. (thanks to Alistair Crooks) + +SQL standard-compliance (the following details changes that makes postgres95 +more compliant to the SQL-92 standard): + * the following SQL types are now built-in: smallint, int(eger), float, real, + char(N), varchar(N), date and time. + + The following are aliases to existing postgres types: + smallint -> int2 + integer, int -> int4 + float, real -> float4 + char(N) and varchar(N) are implemented as truncated text types. In + addition, char(N) does blank-padding. + * single-quote (') is used for quoting string literals; '' (in addition to + \') is supported as means of inserting a single quote in a string + * SQL standard aggregate names (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT) are used + (Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your + own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.) + * CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added. + - Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" keyword. + For example: + GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group; + The keyword 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users. + + Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group + at a time. + + "WITH GRANT OPTION" is not supported. Only class owners can change + access control + - The default access control is to to grant users readonly access. + You must explicitly grant insert/update access to users. To change + this, modify the line in + src/backend/utils/acl.h + that defines ACL_WORLD_DEFAULT + +Bug fixes: + * the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now, + aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the + aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty table will now properly return 0. + MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a tuple of value NULL. + * allow the use of \; inside the monitor + * the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work + * NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work + * hash indices work, and access methods in general should perform better. + creation of large btree indices should be much faster. (thanks to Paul + Aoki) + +Other changes and enhancements: + * addition of an EXPLAIN statement used for explaining the query execution + plan (eg. "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP" prints out the execution plan for + the query). + * WARN and NOTICE messages no longer have timestamps on them. To turn on + timestamps of error messages, uncomment the line in + src/backend/utils/elog.h: + /* define ELOG_TIMESTAMPS */ + * On an access control violation, the message + "Either no such class or insufficient privilege" + will be given. This is the same message that is returned when + a class is not found. This dissuades non-privileged users from + guessing the existence of privileged classes. + * some additional system catalog changes have been made that are not + visible to the user. + +libpgtcl changes: + * The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command. + pg_result -oid returns oid of the last tuple inserted. If the + last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "". + * the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands: + pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc. + +Portability enhancements and New Ports: + * flex/lex problems have been cleared up. Now, you should be able to use + flex instead of lex on any platforms. We no longer make assumptions of + what lexer you use based on the platform you use. + * The Linux-ELF port is now supported. Various configuration have been + tested: The following configuration is known to work: + kernel 1.2.10, gcc 2.6.3, libc 4.7.2, flex 2.5.2, bison 1.24 + with everything in ELF format, + +New utilities: + * ipcclean added to the distribution + ipcclean usually does not need to be run, but if your backend crashes + and leaves shared memory segments hanging around, ipcclean will + clean them up for you. + +New documentation: + * the user manual has been revised and libpq documentation added. + +Postgres95 Beta 0.02 (Thu May 25 16:54:46 PDT 1995) +------------------------------------------------------ +Incompatible changes: + * The SQL statement for creating a database is 'CREATE DATABASE' instead + of 'CREATEDB'. Similarly, dropping a database is 'DROP DATABASE' instead + of 'DESTROYDB'. However, the names of the executables 'createdb' and + 'destroydb' remain the same. + +New tools: + * pgperl - a Perl (4.036) interface to Postgres95 + * pg_dump - a utility for dumping out a postgres database into a + script file containing query commands. The script files are in a ASCII + format and can be used to reconstruct the database, even on other + machines and other architectures. (Also good for converting + a Postgres 4.2 database to Postgres95 database.) + +The following ports have been incorporated into postgres95-beta-0.02: + * the NetBSD port by Alistair Crooks + * the AIX port by Mike Tung + * the Windows NT port by Jon Forrest (more stuff but not done yet) + * the Linux ELF port by Brian Gallew + +The following bugs have been fixed in postgres95-beta-0.02: + * new lines not escaped in COPY OUT and problem with COPY OUT when first + attribute is a '.' + * cannot type return to use the default user id in createuser + * SELECT DISTINCT on big tables crashes + * Linux installation problems + * monitor doesn't allow use of 'localhost' as PGHOST + * psql core dumps when doing \c or \l + * the "pgtclsh" target missing from src/bin/pgtclsh/Makefile + * libpgtcl has a hard-wired default port number + * SELECT DISTINCT INTO TABLE hangs + * CREATE TYPE doesn't accept 'variable' as the internallength + * wrong result using more than 1 aggregate in a SELECT + +Postgres95 Beta 0.01 (Mon May 1 19:03:10 PDT 1995) +------------------------------------------------------ +Initial release. diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..60d0fe6e417 --- /dev/null +++ b/INSTALL @@ -0,0 +1,256 @@ + +POSTGRES95 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS +Copyright (c) 1996 Regents of the University of California + +This directory contains the source and documentation for Postgres95 +(version 1.02) Postgres95 is a derivative of POSTGRES 4.2 (the last +release of the UC Berkeley research project). For copyright terms +for postgres95, please see the file named COPYRIGHT. This version +was developed by a team of developers on the postgres developers +mailing list. Version 1.01 was developed by Jolly Chen and Andrew Yu. + +Postgres95 has been tested on the following platforms: + + alpha - DEC Alpha AXP on OSF/1 2.0 + hpux - HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.0 + i386_solaris - i386 Solaris + sparc_solaris - SUN SPARC on Solaris 2.4 + sparc - SUN SPARC on SunOS 4.1.3 + ultrix4 - DEC MIPS on Ultrix 4.4 + linux - Intel x86 on Linux 1.2 and Linux ELF + BSD44_derived - OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD) + bsdi - BSD/OS 2.0 and 2.01 + bsdi_2_1 - BSD/OS 2.1 + aix - IBM on AIX 3.2.5 + irix5 - SGI MIPS on IRIX 5.3 + dgux - DG/UX 5.4R3.10 + Some hooks are provided for + svr4 - Intel x86 on Intel SVR4 + next - Motorola MC68K or Intel x86 on NeXTSTEP 3.2 + but these are guaranteed not to work as of yet. + +Postgres95 is also known to work on a number of other platforms that +the authors have not personally tested. + +You should have at least 8 MB of memory and at least 30 MB of disk space to +hold the source, binaries, and user databases. + +If you would like to migrate your databases from postgres 1.0 to +postgres 1.02, see the directory called MIGRATION_1.0_TO_1.02. People +upgrading from version 1.01 do not have to make any database changes. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +To install Postgres95 on UNIX platforms: + +1. Create the postgres login. + + Create a login called postgres (this requires root privileges). We + recommend that you run the postmaster as the user postgres for security + reasons. + + If you run the postmaster as yourself, be warned that you essentially + grant all database users the ability to execute arbitrary C functions + as you without your password. (In any case, DO NOT run the postmaster + as root.) + +2. Compile and install Postgres95. + + If you have earlier versions of Postgres installed, you might want + to install Postgres95 in a different place. + + If you're installing Postgres95 on Ultrix 4.x or Linux, see the + porting notes at the end for additional packages that you need to install + before installing Postgres95. + + Our Makefiles require GNU make (called gmake in this document) and + also assume that "install" accepts BSD options. The INSTALL + variable in the Makefiles is set to the BSD-compatible version of + install. On some systems, you will have to find a BSD-compatible + install to the location of this program. (eg. bsdinst, which comes + with the MIT X Window System distribution) + + Customization can be done by editing src/Makefile.global. You may change + the various configuration options here, such as where the Postgres95 + executable files are installed and where postgres looks for the database + directory. The configuration switches are fairly self-explanatory, but we + will go over some of the more commonly-changed options: + + - PORTNAME specifies the platform on which Postgres95 is being build + (linux is the default). You might need to change it to reflect your + platform. (sparc for SunOS 4.1.x, sparc_solaris for Solaris 2.4, + ultrix4 for Ultrix 4.4, and hpux for HP-UX 9.0) + + - SRCDIR specifies where the source files are located. (defaults + to $(POSTGRESDIR)/src.) + + - POSTSGRESDIR specifies the top-level directory where Postgres95 + binaries, header files, libraries, and databases are installed. + + - POSTGRESLOGIN specifies the user who will be doing initdb and + running the postmaster (defaults to postgres). Do not set + this to root, or any users with UID = 0! + + - NAMEDATALEN and OIDNAMELEN allows you to set the maximum + length of system identifiers (table names, function names, etc.) + It defaults to 32. You may alter this if you like, but + be aware that databases created with different NAMEDATALEN's + do not interoperate. + + - USE_READLINE specifies whether you want to use the GNU + readline and history libraries for the psql interactive + frontend program. + GNU readline is not supplied with postgres95 and can be found + in the usual ftp sites for GNU software. + + - HBA specifies whether you wish to use host-based + authentication for postgres95. If you do use host-based + authentication, after installing, modify the file + $PGDATA/pg_hba accordingly. + + After editing src/Makefile.global, you are ready to compile and + install Postgres95 (it takes about 10 minutes on a 133Mhz Pentium + running linux): + + % cd src + % gmake + % gmake install + + The first gmake ultimately issues the message "All of Postgres95 is + successfully made. Ready to install." If you don't get that, the make + failed, and there should be error messages at the end detailing why. + + After the installation is complete, check that you have the following files + in the top level Postgres95 directory (eg. /usr/local/postgres95). + + You will find the following executables in the bin directory (which + should be included in the search path of your shell): + + % ls /usr/local/postgres95/bin + cleardbdir* destroydb* pg_dump* postgres* + createdb* destroyuser* pg_id* postmaster@ + createuser* initdb* pg_version* psql* + + You will find the following in the database directory: + + % ls -R /usr/local/postgres95/data + files/ + pg_hba + + data/files: + global1.bki local1_template1.bki + global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source + +3. Initialize the database. + + After you have installed Postgres95, initialize the database by typing: + + % initdb + +4. Start the postmaster. + + Now, you are ready to make the system operational by running the + postmaster daemon. There are a few environment variables which affect + its operation: + PGDATA - location of the database (eg. /usr/local/postgres95/data) + PGPORT - TCP port where it listens for connection (eg. 5432) + You don't have to set these variables if you use the (compile time) + default. + + % postmaster -S + + +5. Testing. + + We suggest you run the regression tests to make sure the release + was installed successfully. The regression tests can be found in + src/test/regress. (see src/test/regress/README for more details) + + % cd /usr/local/postgres95/src/test/regress + % gmake all runtest + + This will run a whole slew of regression tests and might take a long + time to run. When it's done, the output is in the file obj/regress.out. + You can compare this to a sample run that we supply in the file + sample.regress.out. (You should get roughly the same output except + for some pathnames.) + + % diff obj/regress.out sample.regress.out + + The regression test takes about half an hour to run on a Sparc 10. + You may want to use 'grep -v' to remove unsignificant differences. + +6. Run queries. + + After the database is initialized, you can create a new database. To + create a database, do the following: + + % createdb foo + + To connect to the postmaster, you have a choice of two front-end programs. + ("psql" is recommended. "monitor" is the old terminal monitor + supplied in earlier versions of Postgres) + + % psql foo +Please read the file COPYRIGHT for copyright terms of POSTGRES95 + + type \? for help on slash commands + type \q to quit + type \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query +You are currently connected to the database: foo + +foo=> + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Questions? Bugs? Feedback? + +First, please read the Frequently Asked Questions and answers +in the file called FAQ. + +If you still have questions, please send them to +postgres95@postgres95.vnet.net. + +If you have a bug report to make, please send a filled out version of +the file named "bug.template" to pg95-dev@ki.net. + +If you would like to help out with the development and maintenance of +postgres95, send subscribe to the developers mailing list. See +README.support for more information + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Porting Notes: +------------- +Ultrix4.x: + You need to install the libdl-1.1 package since Ultrix 4.x doesn't + have a dynamic loader. It's available in + s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:pub/personal/andrew/libdl-1.1.tar.Z + +Linux: + The linux port defaults to the ELF binary format. (Note that if you're + using ELF, you don't need dld because you'll be using the dl library + that comes with Linux ELF instead.) + + To compile on non-ELF Linux, comment out the LINUX_ELF line in + src/mk/port/postgres.mk.linux. Also, the dld library MUST be obtained + and installed on the system. It enables dynamic link loading capability + to the postgres port. The dld library can be obtained from the sunsite + linux distributions. The current name is dld-3.2.5. + (Jalon Q. Zimmerman + <sneaker@powergrid.electriciti.com> 5/11/95) + + To compile with flex, you need a recent version (2.5.2 or + later). Otherwise, you will get a 'yy_flush_buffer' undefined error. + +BSD/OS: + For BSD/OS 2.0 and 2.01, you will need to get flex version 2.5.2 + as well as the GNU dld library. Flex version 2.5.3 has a known bug. + +NeXT: + The NeXT port was supplied by Tom R. Hageman <tom@basil.icce.rug.nl>. + It requires a SysV IPC emulation library and header files for + shared libary and semaphore stuff. Tom just happens to sell such + a product so contact him for information. He has also indicated that + binary releases of postgres95 for NEXTSTEP will be made available to + the general public. Contact Info@RnA.nl for information. + + diff --git a/MAKE_CTAGS b/MAKE_CTAGS new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ef99564694c --- /dev/null +++ b/MAKE_CTAGS @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +#!/bin/sh +trap "rm -f /tmp/$$" 0 1 2 3 15 +rm -f ./tags +find `pwd`/ -type f -name '*.[chyl]' -print|xargs ctags -t -a -f tags +sort tags >/tmp/$$ && mv /tmp/$$ tags + +find . -type d -print |while read DIR +do + [ "$DIR" != "." ] && ln -f -s `pwd`/tags $DIR/tags +done diff --git a/MIGRATION_to_1.02.1 b/MIGRATION_to_1.02.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..859a94570a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/MIGRATION_to_1.02.1 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +From scrappy@ki.net Wed Aug 14 20:41:08 1996 +Status: RO +X-Status: +Received: from candle.pha.pa.us (maillist@s1-03.ppp.op.net [206.84.209.132]) by quagmire.ki.net (8.7.5/8.7.5) with ESMTP id UAA01234 for <scrappy@ki.net>; Wed, 14 Aug 1996 20:41:00 -0400 (EDT) +Received: (from maillist@localhost) by candle.pha.pa.us (8.7.4/8.7.3) id UAA13966 for scrappy@ki.net; Wed, 14 Aug 1996 20:40:48 -0400 (EDT) +From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us> +Message-Id: <199608150040.UAA13966@candle.pha.pa.us> +Subject: New migration file +To: scrappy@ki.net (Marc G. Fournier) +Date: Wed, 14 Aug 1996 20:40:47 -0400 (EDT) +X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL25] +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +Here is a new migratoin file for 1.02.1. It includes the 'copy' change +and a script to convert old ascii files. + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate +databases from postgres95 1.01 and 1.02 to postgres95 1.02.1. + +If you are starting afresh with postgres95 1.02.1 and do not need +to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +In order to upgrade older postgres95 version 1.01 or 1.02 databases to +version 1.02.1, the following steps are required: + +1) start up a new 1.02.1 postmaster + +2) Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.02.1 to 1.01 or 1.02 + databases. This is done by running the new 1.02.1 server against + your own 1.01 or 1.02 database and applying the queries attached at + the end of thie file. This can be done easily through psql. If your + 1.01 or 1.02 database is named "testdb" and you have cut the commands + from the end of this file and saved them in addfunc.sql: + + % psql testdb -f addfunc.sql + +Those upgrading 1.02 databases will get a warning when executing the +last two statements because they are already present in 1.02. This is +not a cause for concern. + + * * * + +If you are trying to reload a pg_dump or text-mode 'copy tablename to +stdout' generated with a previous version, you will need to run the +attached sed script on the ASCII file before loading it into the +database. The old format used '.' as end-of-data, while '\.' is now the +end-of-data marker. Also, empty strings are now loaded in as '' rather +than NULL. See the copy manual page for full details. + + sed 's/^\.$/\\./g' <in_file >out_file + +If you are loading an older binary copy or non-stdout copy, there is no +end-of-data character, and hence no conversion necessary. + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +-- following lines added by agc to reflect the case-insensitive +-- regexp searching for varchar (in 1.02), and bpchar (in 1.02.1) +create operator ~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne); +create operator ~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne); + + + + + diff --git a/README b/README new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..63fc0080efa --- /dev/null +++ b/README @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +POSTGRES95 Data Base Management System + +This directory contains the 1.02 release of Postgres95. See INSTALL for +the installation notes and HISTORY for the changes. + +We also have a WWW home page located at: + http://www.ki.net/postgres95 + +Postgres95 is not public domain software. It is copyrighted by the +University of California but may be used according to the licensing +terms of the the copyright below: + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +POSTGRES95 Data Base Management System + +Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California + +Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its +documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement +is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this +paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. + +IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR +DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING +LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS +DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. + +THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, +INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY +AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS +ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO +PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. + diff --git a/contrib/array/array_iterator.c b/contrib/array/array_iterator.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..95ab119f853 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/array/array_iterator.c @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ +/* + * array_iterator.c -- + * + * This file defines a new group of operators which take an + * array and a scalar value, iterate a scalar operator over the + * elements of the array and the value and compute a result as + * the logical OR or AND of the results. + * For example array_int4eq returns true if some of the elements + * of an array of int4 is equal to the given value: + * + * array_int4eq({1,2,3}, 1) --> true + * array_int4eq({1,2,3}, 4) --> false + * + * If we have defined T array types and O scalar operators + * we can define T x O array operators, each of them has a name + * like "array_<basetype><operation>" and takes an array of type T + * iterating the operator O over all the elements. Note however + * that some of the possible combination are invalid, for example + * the array_int4_like because there is no like operator for int4. + * It is now possible to write queries which look inside the arrays: + * + * create table t(id int4[], txt text[]); + * select * from t where t.id *= 123; + * select * from t where t.txt *~ '[a-z]'; + * select * from t where t.txt[1:3] **~ '[a-z]'; + * + * Copyright (c) 1996, Massimo Dal Zotto <dz@cs.unitn.it> + */ + +#include <ctype.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <string.h> + +#include "postgres.h" +#include "pg_type.h" +#include "miscadmin.h" +#include "syscache.h" +#include "access/xact.h" +#include "utils/builtins.h" +#include "utils/elog.h" + +static int32 +array_iterator(Oid elemtype, Oid proc, int and, ArrayType *array, Datum value) +{ + HeapTuple typ_tuple; + TypeTupleForm typ_struct; + bool typbyval; + int typlen; + func_ptr proc_fn; + int pronargs; + int nitems, i, result; + int ndim, *dim; + char *p; + + /* Sanity checks */ + if ((array == (ArrayType *) NULL) + || (ARR_IS_LO(array) == true)) { + /* elog(NOTICE, "array_iterator: array is null"); */ + return (0); + } + ndim = ARR_NDIM(array); + dim = ARR_DIMS(array); + nitems = getNitems(ndim, dim); + if (nitems == 0) { + /* elog(NOTICE, "array_iterator: nitems = 0"); */ + return (0); + } + + /* Lookup element type information */ + typ_tuple = SearchSysCacheTuple(TYPOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(elemtype),0,0,0); + if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typ_tuple)) { + elog(WARN,"array_iterator: cache lookup failed for type %d", elemtype); + return 0; + } + typ_struct = (TypeTupleForm) GETSTRUCT(typ_tuple); + typlen = typ_struct->typlen; + typbyval = typ_struct->typbyval; + + /* Lookup the function entry point */ + proc_fn == (func_ptr) NULL; + fmgr_info(proc, &proc_fn, &pronargs); + if ((proc_fn == NULL) || (pronargs != 2)) { + elog(WARN, "array_iterator: fmgr_info lookup failed for oid %d", proc); + return (0); + } + + /* Scan the array and apply the operator to each element */ + result = 0; + p = ARR_DATA_PTR(array); + for (i = 0; i < nitems; i++) { + if (typbyval) { + switch(typlen) { + case 1: + result = (int) (*proc_fn)(*p, value); + break; + case 2: + result = (int) (*proc_fn)(* (int16 *) p, value); + break; + case 3: + case 4: + result = (int) (*proc_fn)(* (int32 *) p, value); + break; + } + p += typlen; + } else { + result = (int) (*proc_fn)(p, value); + if (typlen > 0) { + p += typlen; + } else { + p += INTALIGN(* (int32 *) p); + } + } + if (result) { + if (!and) { + return (1); + } + } else { + if (and) { + return (0); + } + } + } + + if (and && result) { + return (1); + } else { + return (0); + } +} + +/* + * Iterators for type _text + */ + +int32 +array_texteq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 25, /* text */ + (Oid) 67, /* texteq */ + 0, /* logical or */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_all_texteq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 25, /* text */ + (Oid) 67, /* texteq */ + 1, /* logical and */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_textregexeq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 25, /* text */ + (Oid) 81, /* textregexeq */ + 0, /* logical or */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_all_textregexeq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 25, /* text */ + (Oid) 81, /* textregexeq */ + 1, /* logical and */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +/* + * Iterators for type _char16. Note that the regexp operators + * take the second argument of type text. + */ + +int32 +array_char16eq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 20, /* char16 */ + (Oid) 490, /* char16eq */ + 0, /* logical or */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_all_char16eq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 20, /* char16 */ + (Oid) 490, /* char16eq */ + 1, /* logical and */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_char16regexeq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 20, /* char16 */ + (Oid) 700, /* char16regexeq */ + 0, /* logical or */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_all_char16regexeq(ArrayType *array, char* value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 20, /* char16 */ + (Oid) 700, /* char16regexeq */ + 1, /* logical and */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +/* + * Iterators for type _int4 + */ + +int32 +array_int4eq(ArrayType *array, int4 value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 23, /* int4 */ + (Oid) 65, /* int4eq */ + 0, /* logical or */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_all_int4eq(ArrayType *array, int4 value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 23, /* int4 */ + (Oid) 65, /* int4eq */ + 1, /* logical and */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_int4gt(ArrayType *array, int4 value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 23, /* int4 */ + (Oid) 147, /* int4gt */ + 0, /* logical or */ + array, (Datum)value); +} + +int32 +array_all_int4gt(ArrayType *array, int4 value) +{ + return array_iterator((Oid) 23, /* int4 */ + (Oid) 147, /* int4gt */ + 1, /* logical and */ + array, (Datum)value); +} diff --git a/contrib/array/array_iterator.doc b/contrib/array/array_iterator.doc new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..01c1b2195cf --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/array/array_iterator.doc @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +From: Massimo Dal Zotto <dz@cs.unitn.it> +Date: Mon, 6 May 1996 01:03:37 +0200 (MET DST) +Subject: [PG95]: new operators for arrays + +- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- + +Hi, + +I have written an extension to Postgres95 which allows to use qualification +clauses based on the values of single elements of arrays. +For example I can now select rows having some or all element of an array +attribute equal to a given value or matching a regular expression: + +select * from t where t.foo *= 'bar'; +select * from t where t.foo **~ '^ba[rz]'; + +The scheme is quite general, each operator which operates on a base type can +be iterated over the elements of an array. It seem to work well but defining +each new operators requires writing a different C function. Furthermore in +each function there are two hardcoded OIDs which reference a base type and +a procedure. Not very portable. Can anyone suggest a better and more portable +way to do it ? Do you think this could be a useful feature for next release ? +Here is my code, it can be compiled and loaded as a dynamic module without +need to recompile the backend. I have defined only the few operators I needed, +the list can be extended. Feddback is welcome. + diff --git a/contrib/array/array_iterator.sql b/contrib/array/array_iterator.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7a3356266c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/array/array_iterator.sql @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +/* + * SQL code + +- - -- load the new functions +- - -- +load '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so'; + +- - -- define the array operators *=, **=, *~ and **~ for type _text +- - -- +create function array_texteq(_text, text) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_all_texteq(_text, text) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_textregexeq(_text, text) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_all_textregexeq(_text, text) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create operator *= ( + leftarg=_text, + rightarg=text, + procedure=array_texteq); + +create operator **= ( + leftarg=_text, + rightarg=text, + procedure=array_all_texteq); + +create operator *~ ( + leftarg=_text, + rightarg=text, + procedure=array_textregexeq); + +create operator **~ ( + leftarg=_text, + rightarg=text, + procedure=array_all_textregexeq); + +- - -- define the array operators *=, **=, *~ and **~ for type _char16 +- - -- +create function array_char16eq(_char16, char16) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_all_char16eq(_char16, char16) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_char16regexeq(_char16, text) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_all_char16regexeq(_char16, text) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create operator *= ( + leftarg=_char16, + rightarg=char16, + procedure=array_char16eq); + +create operator **= ( + leftarg=_char16, + rightarg=char16, + procedure=array_all_char16eq); + +create operator *~ ( + leftarg=_char16, + rightarg=text, + procedure=array_char16regexeq); + +create operator **~ ( + leftarg=_char16, + rightarg=text, + procedure=array_all_char16regexeq); + +- - -- define the array operators *=, **=, *> and **> for type _int4 +- - -- +create function array_int4eq(_int4, int4) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_all_int4eq(_int4, int4) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_int4gt(_int4, int4) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create function array_all_int4gt(_int4, int4) + returns bool + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/array_iterator.so' + language 'c'; + +create operator *= ( + leftarg=_int4, + rightarg=int4, + procedure=array_int4eq); + +create operator **= ( + leftarg=_int4, + rightarg=int4, + procedure=array_all_int4eq); + +create operator *> ( + leftarg=_int4, + rightarg=int4, + procedure=array_int4gt); + +create operator **> ( + leftarg=_int4, + rightarg=int4, + procedure=array_all_int4gt); + +*/ + +/* end of file */ + diff --git a/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.c b/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dc1fec8bd20 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.c @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +/* + * datetime_functions.c -- + * + * This file defines new functions for the time and date data types. + * + * Copyright (c) 1996, Massimo Dal Zotto <dz@cs.unitn.it> + */ + +#include <time.h> + +#include "postgres.h" +#include "pg_type.h" +#include "utils/palloc.h" + +typedef struct DateADT { + char day; + char month; + short year; +} DateADT; + +typedef struct TimeADT { + short hr; + short min; + float sec; +} TimeADT; + +TimeADT * +time_difference(TimeADT *time1, TimeADT *time2) +{ + TimeADT *time = (TimeADT*)palloc(sizeof(TimeADT)); + + time->sec = time1->sec - time2->sec; + time->min = time1->min - time2->min; + time->hr = time1->hr - time2->hr; + + if (time->sec < 0) { + time->sec += 60.0; + time->min--; + } else if (time->sec >= 60.0) { + time->sec -= 60.0; + time->min++; + } + + if (time->min < 0) { + time->min += 60; + time->hr--; + } else if (time->min >= 60) { + time->min -= 60; + time->hr++; + } + + if (time->hr < 0) { + time->hr += 24; + } else if (time->hr >= 24) { + time->hr -= 24; + } + + return (time); +} + +TimeADT * +currentTime() +{ + time_t current_time; + struct tm *tm; + TimeADT *result = (TimeADT*)palloc(sizeof(TimeADT)); + + current_time = time(NULL); + tm = localtime(¤t_time); + result->sec = tm->tm_sec; + result->min = tm->tm_min; + result->hr = tm->tm_hour; + + return (result); +} + +int4 +currentDate() +{ + time_t current_time; + struct tm *tm; + int4 result; + DateADT *date = (DateADT*)&result; + + current_time = time(NULL); + tm = localtime(¤t_time); + date->day = tm->tm_mday; + date->month = tm->tm_mon+1; + date->year = tm->tm_year+1900; + + return (result); +} + +int4 +hours(TimeADT *time) +{ + return (time->hr); +} + +int4 +minutes(TimeADT *time) +{ + return (time->min); +} + +int4 +seconds(TimeADT *time) +{ + int seconds = (int)time->sec; + return (seconds); +} + +int4 +day(int4 val) +{ + DateADT *date = (DateADT*)&val; + return (date->day); +} + +int4 +month(int4 val) +{ + DateADT *date = (DateADT*)&val; + return (date->month); +} + +int4 +year(int4 val) +{ + DateADT *date = (DateADT*)&val; + return (date->year); +} + +int4 +asMinutes(TimeADT *time) +{ + int seconds = (int)time->sec; + return (time->min + 60*time->hr); +} + +int4 +asSeconds(TimeADT *time) +{ + int seconds = (int)time->sec; + return (seconds + 60*time->min + 3600*time->hr); +} + diff --git a/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.doc b/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.doc new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0c7a01819a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.doc @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +From: Massimo Dal Zotto <dz@cs.unitn.it> +Date: Tue, 14 May 1996 14:31:18 +0200 (MET DST) +Subject: [PG95]: new postgres functions + +- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- + +Some time ago I read in the mailing list requests of people looking +for more time and date functions. I have now written some of them: + + time_difference(time1, time2) ,also defined as operator '-' + hour(time) + minutes(time) + seconds(time) + asMinutes(time) + asSeconds(time) + currentTime() + currentDate() + +The file can be compiled as shared library and loaded as dynamic module +without need to recompile the backend. This can also be taken as an example +of the extensibility of postgres (user-defined functions, operators, etc). +I would be nice to see more of these user contributed modules posted to this +list and hopefully accessible from the Postgres home page. + + diff --git a/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.sql b/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2e50a4a19fd --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/datetime/datetime_functions.sql @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ + +-- SQL code to load and define 'datetime' functions + +-- load the new functions + +load '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so'; + +-- define the new functions in postgres + +create function time_difference(time,time) + returns time + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function currentDate() + returns date + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function currentTime() + returns time + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function hours(time) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function minutes(time) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function seconds(time) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function day(date) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function month(date) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function year(date) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function asMinutes(time) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create function asSeconds(time) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/datetime_functions.so' + language 'c'; + +create operator - ( + leftarg=time, + rightarg=time, + procedure=time_difference); + diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/Makefile b/contrib/pginterface/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7759ef8d28f --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# +# Makefile +# +# +TARGET = pginsert +CFLAGS = -g -Wall -I/u/postgres95/include +LIBS = -L/u/postgres95/lib -lpq + +$(TARGET) : pginsert.o pginterface.o halt.o + $(CC) -o $(TARGET) $(XFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) \ + pginsert.o pginterface.o halt.o $(LIBS) + +clean: + rm -f *.o $(TARGET) log core + +install: + make clean + make CFLAGS=-O + install -s -o bin -g bin $(TARGET) /usr/local/bin diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/README b/contrib/pginterface/README new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5062431f096 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/README @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ + + + Pginterface 1.0 + +Attached is a copy of the Postgres support routines I wrote to allow me +to more cleanly interface to the libpg library, more like a 4gl SQL +interface. + +It has several features that may be useful for others: + +I have simplified the C code that calls libpq by wrapping all the +functionality of libpq in calls to connectdb(), doquery(), fetch(), and +disconnectdb(). Each call returns a structure or value, so if you need +to do more work with the result, you can. Also, I have a global +variable that allows you to disable the error checking I have added to +the doquery() routine. + +I have added a function called fetch(), which allows you to pass +pointers as parameters, and on return the variables are filled with the +data from the binary cursor you opened. These binary cursors are not +useful if you are running the query engine on a system with a different +architecture than the database server. If you pass a NULL pointer, the +column is skipped, and you can use libpq to handle it as you wish. + +I have used sigprocmask() to block the reception of certain signals +while the program is executing SQL queries. This prevents a user +pressing Control-C from stopping all the back ends. It blocks SIGHUP, +SIGINT, and SIGTERM, but does not block SIGQUIT or obviously kill -9. +If your platform does not support sigprocmask(), you can remove those +function calls. ( Am I correct that abnormal termination can cause +shared memory resynchronization?) + +There is a demo program called pginsert that demonstrates how the +library can be used. + +You can create a library of pginterface.c and halt.c, and just include +pginterface.h in your source code. + +I am willing to maintain this if people find problems or want additional +functionality. + +Bruce Momjian (root@candle.pha.pa.us) diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/halt.c b/contrib/pginterface/halt.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..58ca11a5878 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/halt.c @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +/* +** +** halt.c +** +** This is used to print out error messages and exit +*/ + +#include <varargs.h> +#include <signal.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <errno.h> + + +/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- +** +** halt - print error message, and call clean up routine or exit +** +**------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +/*VARARGS*/ +void halt(va_alist) +va_dcl +{ + va_list arg_ptr; + char *format, *pstr; + void (*sig_func)(); + + va_start(arg_ptr); + format = va_arg(arg_ptr,char *); + if (strncmp(format,"PERROR", 6) != 0) + vfprintf(stderr,format,arg_ptr); + else + { + for (pstr=format+6; *pstr == ' ' || *pstr == ':'; pstr++) + ; + vfprintf(stderr,pstr,arg_ptr); + perror(""); + } + va_end(arg_ptr); + fflush(stderr); + + /* call one clean up function if defined */ + if ( (sig_func = signal(SIGTERM, SIG_DFL)) != SIG_DFL && + sig_func != SIG_IGN) + (*sig_func)(0); + else if ( (sig_func = signal(SIGHUP, SIG_DFL)) != SIG_DFL && + sig_func != SIG_IGN) + (*sig_func)(0); + else if ( (sig_func = signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL)) != SIG_DFL && + sig_func != SIG_IGN) + (*sig_func)(0); + else if ( (sig_func = signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_DFL)) != SIG_DFL && + sig_func != SIG_IGN) + (*sig_func)(0); + exit(1); +} diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/halt.h b/contrib/pginterface/halt.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cb4ea545b9b --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/halt.h @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +/* +** halt.h +** +*/ + +void halt(); + diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/pginsert.c b/contrib/pginterface/pginsert.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b49d3449c66 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/pginsert.c @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +/* + * insert.c + * +*/ + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <signal.h> +#include <time.h> +#include "halt.h" +#include <libpq-fe.h> +#include "pginterface.h" + +int main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + char query[4000]; + int row =1; + int aint; + float afloat; + double adouble; + char achar[11], achar16[17], abpchar[11], avarchar[51], atext[51]; + time_t aabstime; + + if (argc != 2) + halt("Usage: %s database\n",argv[0]); + + connectdb(argv[1],NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL); + + on_error_continue(); + doquery("DROP TABLE testfetch"); + on_error_stop(); + + doquery("\ + CREATE TABLE testfetch( \ + aint int4, \ + afloat float4, \ + adouble float8, \ + achar char, \ + achar16 char16, \ + abpchar char(10), \ + avarchar varchar(50), \ + atext text, \ + aabstime abstime) \ + "); + + while(1) + { + sprintf(query,"INSERT INTO testfetch VALUES ( \ + %d, \ + 2322.12, \ + '923121.0323'::float8, \ + 'A', \ + 'Betty', \ + 'Charley', \ + 'Doug', \ + 'Ernie', \ + 'now' )", row); + doquery(query); + + doquery("BEGIN WORK"); + doquery("DECLARE c_testfetch BINARY CURSOR FOR \ + SELECT * FROM testfetch"); + + doquery("FETCH ALL IN c_testfetch"); + + while (fetch( + &aint, + &afloat, + &adouble, + achar, + achar16, + abpchar, + avarchar, + atext, + &aabstime) != END_OF_TUPLES) + printf("int %d\nfloat %f\ndouble %f\nchar %s\nchar16 %s\n\ +bpchar %s\nvarchar %s\ntext %s\nabstime %s", + aint, + afloat, + adouble, + achar, + achar16, + abpchar, + avarchar, + atext, + ctime(&aabstime)); + + + doquery("CLOSE c_testfetch"); + doquery("COMMIT WORK"); + printf("--- %-d rows inserted so far\n",row); + + row++; + } + + disconnectdb(); + return 0; +} + diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/pginterface.c b/contrib/pginterface/pginterface.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9df7021eb71 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/pginterface.c @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +/* + * pginterface.c + * +*/ + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <signal.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <stdarg.h> + +#include "halt.h" +#include <libpq-fe.h> +#include "pginterface.h" + +static void sig_disconnect(); +static void set_signals(); + +#define NUL '\0' + +/* GLOBAL VARIABLES */ +static PGconn* conn; +static PGresult* res = NULL; + +#define ON_ERROR_STOP 0 +#define ON_ERROR_CONTINUE 1 + +static int on_error_state = ON_ERROR_STOP; + +/* LOCAL VARIABLES */ +static sigset_t block_sigs, unblock_sigs; +static int tuple; + +/* +** +** connectdb - returns PGconn structure +** +*/ +PGconn *connectdb( char *dbName, + char *pghost, + char *pgport, + char *pgoptions, + char *pgtty) +{ + /* make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName); + if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) + halt("Connection to database '%s' failed.\n%s\n", dbName, + PQerrorMessage(conn)); + set_signals(); + return conn; +} + +/* +** +** disconnectdb +** +*/ +void disconnectdb() +{ + PQfinish(conn); +} + +/* +** +** doquery - returns PGresult structure +** +*/ +PGresult *doquery(char *query) +{ + if (res != NULL) + PQclear(res); + + sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK,&block_sigs,NULL); + res = PQexec(conn, query); + sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK,&unblock_sigs,NULL); + + if (on_error_state == ON_ERROR_STOP && + (res == NULL || + PQresultStatus(res) == PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE || + PQresultStatus(res) == PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR || + PQresultStatus(res) == PGRES_FATAL_ERROR)) + { + if (res != NULL) + fprintf(stderr,"query error: %s\n",PQcmdStatus(res)); + else fprintf(stderr,"connection error: %s\n",PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQfinish(conn); + halt("failed request: %s\n", query); + } + tuple = 0; + return res; +} + +/* +** +** fetch - returns tuple number (starts at 0), or the value END_OF_TUPLES +** NULL pointers are skipped +** +*/ +int fetch(void *param, ...) +{ + va_list ap; + int arg, num_args; + + num_args = PQnfields(res); + + if (tuple >= PQntuples(res)) + return END_OF_TUPLES; + va_start(ap, param); + for (arg = 0; arg < num_args; arg++) + { + if (param != NULL) + { + if (PQfsize(res, arg) == -1) + { + memcpy(param,PQgetvalue(res,tuple,arg),PQgetlength(res,tuple,arg)); + ((char *)param)[PQgetlength(res,tuple,arg)] = NUL; + } + else + memcpy(param,PQgetvalue(res,tuple,arg),PQfsize(res,arg)); + } + param = va_arg(ap, char *); + } + va_end(ap); + return tuple++; +} + +/* +** +** on_error_stop +** +*/ +void on_error_stop() +{ + on_error_state = ON_ERROR_STOP; +} + +/* +** +** on_error_continue +** +*/ +void on_error_continue() +{ + on_error_state = ON_ERROR_CONTINUE; +} + +/* +** +** sig_disconnect +** +*/ +static void sig_disconnect() +{ + fprintf(stderr,"exiting...\n"); + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +/* +** +** set_signals +** +*/ +static void set_signals() +{ + sigemptyset(&block_sigs); + sigemptyset(&unblock_sigs); + sigaddset(&block_sigs,SIGTERM); + sigaddset(&block_sigs,SIGHUP); + sigaddset(&block_sigs,SIGINT); +/* sigaddset(&block_sigs,SIGQUIT); no block */ + sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK,&unblock_sigs,NULL); + signal(SIGTERM,sig_disconnect); + signal(SIGHUP,sig_disconnect); + signal(SIGINT,sig_disconnect); + signal(SIGQUIT,sig_disconnect); +} diff --git a/contrib/pginterface/pginterface.h b/contrib/pginterface/pginterface.h new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6e074ff2349 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pginterface/pginterface.h @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +/* + * pglib.h + * +*/ + +PGresult *doquery(char *query); +PGconn *connectdb(); +void disconnectdb(); +int fetch(void *param, ...); +void on_error_continue(); +void on_error_stop(); + +#define END_OF_TUPLES (-1) diff --git a/contrib/soundex/soundex.c b/contrib/soundex/soundex.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2ce6ef510f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/soundex/soundex.c @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +/*****************************************************************************/ +/* soundex.c */ +/*****************************************************************************/ + +#include <string.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include "postgres.h" /* for char16, etc. */ +#include "utils/palloc.h" /* for palloc */ +#include "libpq-fe.h" /* for TUPLE */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <ctype.h> + +/* prototype for soundex function */ +char *soundex(char *instr, char *outstr); + +text *text_soundex(text *t) +{ + /* ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ */ + char *table = "01230120022455012623010202"; + int count = 0; + text *new_t; + + char outstr[6+1]; /* max length of soundex is 6 */ + char *instr; + + /* make a null-terminated string */ + instr=palloc(VARSIZE(t)+1); + memcpy(instr,VARDATA(t),VARSIZE(t)-VARHDRSZ); + instr[VARSIZE(t)-VARHDRSZ] = (char)0; + + /* load soundex into outstr */ + soundex(instr, outstr); + + /* Now the outstr contains the soundex of instr */ + /* copy outstr to new_t */ + new_t = (text *) palloc(strlen(outstr)+VARHDRSZ); + memset(new_t, 0, strlen(outstr)+1); + VARSIZE(new_t) = strlen(outstr)+VARHDRSZ; + memcpy((void *) VARDATA(new_t), + (void *) outstr, + strlen(outstr)); + + /* free instr */ + pfree(instr); + + return(new_t); +} + +char *soundex(char *instr, char *outstr) +{ /* ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ */ + char *table = "01230120022455012623010202"; + int count = 0; + + while(!isalpha(instr[0]) && instr[0]) + ++instr; + + if(!instr[0]) { /* Hey! Where'd the string go? */ + outstr[0]=(char)0; + return outstr; + } + + if(toupper(instr[0]) == 'P' && toupper(instr[1]) == 'H') { + instr[0] = 'F'; + instr[1] = 'A'; + } + + *outstr++ = (char)toupper(*instr++); + + while(*instr && count < 5) { + if(isalpha(*instr) && *instr != *(instr-1)) { + *outstr = table[toupper(instr[0]) - 'A']; + if(*outstr != '0') { + ++outstr; + ++count; + } + } + ++instr; + } + + *outstr = '\0'; + return(outstr); +} + diff --git a/contrib/soundex/soundex.sql b/contrib/soundex/soundex.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..af8ea41fd2f --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/soundex/soundex.sql @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +--------------- soundex.sql: + +CREATE FUNCTION text_soundex(text) RETURNS text + AS '/usr/local/postgres/postgres95/src/funcs/soundex.so' LANGUAGE 'c'; + +SELECT text_soundex('hello world!'); + +CREATE TABLE s (nm text)\g + +insert into s values ('john')\g +insert into s values ('joan')\g +insert into s values ('wobbly')\g + +select * from s +where text_soundex(nm) = text_soundex('john')\g + +select nm from s a, s b +where text_soundex(a.nm) = text_soundex(b.nm) +and a.oid <> b.oid\g + +CREATE FUNCTION text_sx_eq(text, text) RETURNS bool AS +'select text_soundex($1) = text_soundex($2)' +LANGUAGE 'sql'\g + +CREATE FUNCTION text_sx_lt(text,text) RETURNS bool AS +'select text_soundex($1) < text_soundex($2)' +LANGUAGE 'sql'\g + +CREATE FUNCTION text_sx_gt(text,text) RETURNS bool AS +'select text_soundex($1) > text_soundex($2)' +LANGUAGE 'sql'; + +CREATE FUNCTION text_sx_le(text,text) RETURNS bool AS +'select text_soundex($1) <= text_soundex($2)' +LANGUAGE 'sql'; + +CREATE FUNCTION text_sx_ge(text,text) RETURNS bool AS +'select text_soundex($1) >= text_soundex($2)' +LANGUAGE 'sql'; + +CREATE FUNCTION text_sx_ne(text,text) RETURNS bool AS +'select text_soundex($1) <> text_soundex($2)' +LANGUAGE 'sql'; + +DROP OPERATOR #= (text,text)\g + +CREATE OPERATOR #= (leftarg=text, rightarg=text, procedure=text_sx_eq, +commutator=text_sx_eq)\g + +SELECT * +FROM s +WHERE text_sx_eq(nm,'john')\g + +SELECT * +from s +where s.nm #= 'john'; + diff --git a/contrib/string/string_io.c b/contrib/string/string_io.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ab49c5321a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/string/string_io.c @@ -0,0 +1,361 @@ +/* + * string_io.c -- + * + * This file defines new input/output conversion routines for strings. + * + * Copyright (c) 1996, Massimo Dal Zotto <dz@cs.unitn.it> + */ + +#include <ctype.h> +#include <string.h> + +#include "postgres.h" +#include "utils/elog.h" +#include "utils/palloc.h" +#include "utils/builtins.h" + +/* define this if you want to see iso-8859 characters */ +#define ISO8859 + +#define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)) +#define VALUE(char) ((char) - '0') +#define DIGIT(val) ((val) + '0') +#define ISOCTAL(c) (((c) >= '0') && ((c) <= '7')) +#ifndef ISO8859 +#define NOTPRINTABLE(c) (!isprint(c)) +#else +#define NOTPRINTABLE(c) (!isprint(c) && ((c) < 0xa0)) +#endif + +/* + * string_output() -- + * + * This function takes a pointer to a string data and an optional + * data size and returns a printable representation of the data + * translating all escape sequences to C-like \nnn or \c escapes. + * The function is used by output methods of various string types. + * + * Arguments: + * data - input data (can be NULL) + * size - optional size of data. A negative value indicates + * that data is a null terminated string. + * + * Returns: + * a pointer to a new string containing the printable + * representation of data. + */ + +char * +string_output(char *data, int size) +{ + register unsigned char c, *p, *r, *result; + register int l, len; + + if (data == NULL) { + result = (char *) palloc(2); + result[0] = '-'; + result[1] = '\0'; + return (result); + } + + if (size < 0) { + size = strlen(data); + } + + /* adjust string length for escapes */ + len = size; + for (p=data,l=size; l>0; p++,l--) { + switch (*p) { + case '\\': + case '"' : + case '{': + case '}': + case '\b': + case '\f': + case '\n': + case '\r': + case '\t': + case '\v': + len++; + break; + default: + if (NOTPRINTABLE(c)) { + len += 3; + } + } + } + len++; + + result = (char *) palloc(len); + + for (p=data,r=result,l=size; (l > 0) && (c = *p); p++,l--) { + switch (c) { + case '\\': + case '"' : + case '{': + case '}': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = c; + break; + case '\b': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = 'b'; + break; + case '\f': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = 'f'; + break; + case '\n': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = 'n'; + break; + case '\r': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = 'r'; + break; + case '\t': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = 't'; + break; + case '\v': + *r++ = '\\'; + *r++ = 'v'; + break; + default: + if (NOTPRINTABLE(c)) { + *r = '\\'; + r += 3; + *r-- = DIGIT(c & 07); + c >>= 3; + *r-- = DIGIT(c & 07); + c >>= 3; + *r = DIGIT(c & 03); + r += 3; + } else { + *r++ = c; + } + } + } + *r = '\0'; + + return((char *) result); +} + +/* + * string_input() -- + * + * This function accepts a C string in input and copies it into a new + * object allocated with palloc() translating all escape sequences. + * An optional header can be allocatd before the string, for example + * to hold the length of a varlena object. + * This function is not necessary for input from sql commands because + * the parser already does escape translation, all data input routines + * receive strings in internal form. + * + * Arguments: + * str - input string possibly with escapes + * size - the required size of new data. A value of 0 + * indicates a variable size string, while a + * negative value indicates a variable size string + * of size not greater than this absolute value. + * hdrsize - size of an optional header to be allocated before + * the data. It must then be filled by the caller. + * rtn_size - an optional pointer to an int variable where the + * size of the new string is stored back. + * + * Returns: + * a pointer to the new string or the header. + */ + +char * +string_input(char *str, int size, int hdrsize, int *rtn_size) +{ + register unsigned char *p, *r; + unsigned char *result; + int len; + + if ((str == NULL) || (hdrsize < 0)) { + return (char *) NULL; + } + + /* Compute result size */ + len = strlen(str); + for (p=str; *p; ) { + if (*p++ == '\\') { + if (ISOCTAL(*p)) { + if (ISOCTAL(*(p+1))) { + p++; + len--; + } + if (ISOCTAL(*(p+1))) { + p++; + len--; + } + } + if (*p) p++; + len--; + } + } + + /* result has variable length */ + if (size == 0) { + size = len+1; + } else + + /* result has variable length with maximum size */ + if (size < 0) { + size = MIN(len, - size)+1; + } + + result = (char *) palloc(hdrsize+size); + memset(result, 0, hdrsize+size); + if (rtn_size) { + *rtn_size = size; + } + + r = result + hdrsize; + for (p=str; *p; ) { + register unsigned char c; + if ((c = *p++) == '\\') { + switch (c = *p++) { + case '\0': + p--; + break; + case '0': + case '1': + case '2': + case '3': + case '4': + case '5': + case '6': + case '7': + c = VALUE(c); + if (isdigit(*p)) { + c = (c<<3) + VALUE(*p++); + } + if (isdigit(*p)) { + c = (c<<3) + VALUE(*p++); + } + *r++ = c; + break; + case 'b': + *r++ = '\b'; + break; + case 'f': + *r++ = '\f'; + break; + case 'n': + *r++ = '\n'; + break; + case 'r': + *r++ = '\r'; + break; + case 't': + *r++ = '\t'; + break; + case 'v': + *r++ = '\v'; + break; + default: + *r++ = c; + } + } else { + *r++ = c; + } + } + + return((char *) result); +} + +char * +c_charout(int32 c) +{ + char str[2]; + + str[0] = (char) c; + str[1] = '\0'; + + return (string_output(str, 1)); +} + +char * +c_char2out(uint16 s) +{ + return (string_output((char *) &s, 2)); +} + +char * +c_char4out(uint32 s) +{ + return (string_output((char *) &s, 4)); +} + +char * +c_char8out(char *s) +{ + return (string_output(s, 8)); +} + +char * +c_char16out(char *s) +{ + return (string_output(s, 16)); +} + +/* + * This can be used for text, bytea, SET and unknown data types + */ + +char * +c_textout(struct varlena *vlena) +{ + int len = 0; + char *s = NULL; + + if (vlena) { + len = VARSIZE(vlena) - VARHDRSZ; + s = VARDATA(vlena); + } + return (string_output(s, len)); +} + +/* + * This can be used for varchar and bpchar strings + */ + +char * +c_varcharout(char *s) +{ + int len; + + if (s) { + len = *(int32*)s - 4; + s += 4; + } + return (string_output(s, len)); +} + +#ifdef 0 +struct varlena * +c_textin(char *str) +{ + struct varlena *result; + int len; + + if (str == NULL) { + return ((struct varlena *) NULL); + } + + result = (struct varlena *) string_input(str, 0, VARHDRSZ, &len); + VARSIZE(result) = len; + + return (result); +} + +char * +c_char16in(char *str) +{ + return (string_input(str, 16, 0, NULL)); +} +#endif + diff --git a/contrib/string/string_io.sql b/contrib/string/string_io.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..011371707d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/string/string_io.sql @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ + +- - -- load the new functions +- - -- +load '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so'; + +- - -- create function c_textin(opaque) +- - -- returns text +- - -- as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' +- - -- language 'c'; + +create function c_charout(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +create function c_char2out(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +create function c_char4out(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +create function c_char8out(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +create function c_char16out(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +create function c_textout(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +create function c_varcharout(opaque) + returns int4 + as '/home/dz/lib/postgres/string_output.so' + language 'c'; + +- - -- define a function which sets the new output routines for char types +- - -- +- - -- select c_mode(); +- - -- +create function c_mode() + returns text + as 'update pg_type set typoutput=''c_charout'' where typname=''char''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_char2out'' where typname=''char2''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_char4out'' where typname=''char4''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_char8out'' where typname=''char8''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_char16out'' where typname=''char16''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_textout'' where typname=''text''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_textout'' where typname=''bytea''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_textout'' where typname=''unknown''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_textout'' where typname=''SET''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_varcharout'' where typname=''varchar''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''c_varcharout'' where typname=''bpchar''\; + select ''c_mode''::text' + language 'sql'; + +- - -- define a function which restores the original routines for char types +- - -- +- - -- select pg_mode(); +- - -- +create function pg_mode() + returns text + as 'update pg_type set typoutput=''charout'' where typname=''char''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''char2out'' where typname=''char2''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''char4out'' where typname=''char4''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''char8out'' where typname=''char8''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''char16out'' where typname=''char16''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''textout'' where typname=''text''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''textout'' where typname=''bytea''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''textout'' where typname=''unknown''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''textout'' where typname=''SET''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''varcharout'' where typname=''varchar''\; + update pg_type set typoutput=''varcharout'' where typname=''bpchar''\; + select ''pg_mode''::text' + language 'sql'; + +- - -- or do the changes manually +- - -- +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='charout' where typname='char'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='char2out' where typname='char2'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='char4out' where typname='char4'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='char8out' where typname='char8'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='char16out' where typname='char16'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='textout' where typname='text'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='textout' where typname='bytea'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='textout' where typname='unknown'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='textout' where typname='SET'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='varcharout' where typname='varchar'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='varcharout' where typname='bpchar'; +- - -- +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_charout' where typname='char'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_char2out' where typname='char2'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_char4out' where typname='char4'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_char8out' where typname='char8'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_char16out' where typname='char16'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_textout' where typname='text'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_textout' where typname='bytea'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_textout' where typname='unknown'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_textout' where typname='SET'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_varcharout' where typname='varchar'; +- - -- update pg_type set typoutput='c_varcharout' where typname='bpchar'; + diff --git a/contrib/zap_ltv/README b/contrib/zap_ltv/README new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..22559e85836 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/zap_ltv/README @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +From ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu Wed Jul 10 04:27:16 1996 +Received: from realtime.cc.missouri.edu (realtime.cc.missouri.edu [128.206.212.69]) by ki.net (8.7.5/8.7.5) with ESMTP id EAA12722 for <scrappy@ki.net>; Wed, 10 Jul 1996 04:27:13 -0400 (EDT) +Received: from localhost (ccshag@localhost) by realtime.cc.missouri.edu (8.7.1/8.7.1) with SMTP id DAA00915; Wed, 10 Jul 1996 03:26:42 -0500 (CDT) +X-Authentication-Warning: realtime.cc.missouri.edu: ccshag owned process doing -bs +Date: Wed, 10 Jul 1996 03:26:41 -0500 (CDT) +From: "Paul 'Shag' Walmsley" <ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu> +Sender: ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu +To: postgres95-hackers@oozoo.vnet.net +cc: pixel@tiger.coe.missouri.edu, michael.siebenborn@ae3.Hypo.DE, + scrappy@ki.net +Subject: Workaround for database corruption problems [long] +Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.93.960710023021.673B-100000@realtime.cc.missouri.edu> +X-Disclaimer: The opinions of this writer do not necessarily represent those of the University of Missouri-Columbia. +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII +Status: RO +X-Status: + + +I've been poking through the guts of POSTGRES95 in pursuit of the +previously-mentioned "database corruption" problem, and I think that I +have some preliminary answers and a workaround for people to play around +with. + +Specifically, the problem that I'm referring to is manifested by +pg_log, pg_time, or pg_variable either growing to huge sizes (usually +128MB) or showing evidence of internal corruption. Symptoms that appear +to the user include receiving messages like the following in psql or +monitor: + "WARN:cannot open segment 1 of relation pg_time" + "WARN:cannot write block 16384 of pg_log" +.. which are followed up in a 'postmaster -d 3' debug log by a + "NOTICE:AbortTransaction and not in in-progress state" + +It's been my experience that this problem is difficult to reproduce on +demand; I've tried several different ways and haven't succeeded. (If +anyone knows how to reliably reproduce this, please E-mail me.) I was, +however, able to obtain a database in a corrupted state from one of the +fellows on campus here running POSTGRES95; and following is something of a +post-mortem. + +---------- +The problem with the database is that after any query, POSTGRES95 attempts +to generate a huge pg_log file and fails (running out of disk space) with +a "WARN:cannot write block 16384 of pg_log" message. The contents of the +database and its internal structure were reasonably intact - I discovered +that I was able to execute a single SQL query per-backend, and could +therefore back the contents of the database up with a COPY command. (I +wasn't able to use pg_dump; it failed on its BEGIN TRANSACTION step.) +Inspection of data/pg_log, data/pg_variable, and data/pg_time revealed the +following; + +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data/pg_log.old | head +0000000 0060 2000 2000 2000 f680 0000 ed00 0000 +0000020 e300 0000 dc00 0000 ce00 0000 bc00 0000 +0000040 b140 0000 a740 0000 9dc0 0000 9180 0000 +0000060 8580 0000 7c80 0000 6fc0 0000 6480 0000 +0000100 58c0 0000 4fc0 0000 4640 0000 3a80 0000 +0000120 30c0 0000 23c0 0000 1900 0000 0c40 0000 +0000140 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0000200 8800 0000 0000 0000 0800 0000 0000 0000 +0000220 0800 0000 0000 0000 0800 0000 0000 0000 + + +Now, already something is obviously wrong: pg_log shouldn't have any +values other than 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, a, c, or e for each nybble (see the XID_ +... definitions in src/backend/access/transam.h:35; two of these can be +stored per nybble.) + + +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data/pg_variable.old | head +0000000 0058 2000 2000 2740 f240 0000 e400 0000 +0000020 d780 0000 cac0 0000 b840 0000 a900 0000 +0000040 9f80 0000 9280 0000 8580 0000 78c0 0000 +0000060 6c80 0000 6200 0000 5800 0000 4f80 0000 +0000100 44c0 0000 39c0 0000 2d80 0000 2600 0000 +0000120 1c00 0000 0e00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +0000140 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0000700 0000 01bc 0000 009c 0014 ffff ffff 0000 +0000720 0004 5f0b 0000 0000 0000 0ba3 0000 0c23 + + +This is obviously broken too; the only bytes that should be non-zero in +pg_variable are the first 16 (see src/backend/access/transam.h:99). + + +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data/pg_time.old | head -10 +0000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0004000 31c6 09ae 0000 0000 31c6 09b3 31a9 79a6 +0004020 31a9 79a6 31a9 79a8 31a9 79a9 31a9 79a9 +0004040 31a9 79a9 31a9 79aa 31a9 79aa 31a9 79aa +0004060 31a9 79aa 31a9 79aa 31a9 79ab 31a9 79ab +0004100 31a9 79ab 31a9 79ac 31a9 79ac 31a9 79ac +0004120 31a9 79ac 31a9 79ad 31a9 79ad 31a9 79ae +0004140 31a9 79ae 31a9 79af 31a9 79af 31a9 79af +0004160 31a9 79b0 31a9 79b0 31a9 79b4 31a9 79b4 +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data/pg_time.old +32b | head -10 +0032000 6665 6520 666f 7220 31c5 cb61 696e 6720 +0032020 6465 7665 6c6f 7065 7273 2062 7579 2061 +0032040 206c 6f77 2d69 6e63 6f6d 6520 6170 6172 +0032060 746d 656e 7420 636f 6d70 6c65 7869 6e20 +0032100 7468 6520 7472 6561 7375 7265 7227 7320 +0032120 7761 7264 2066 726f 6d20 7468 6520 6665 +0032140 6465 7261 6c20 676f 7665 726e 6d65 6e74 +0032160 2066 6f72 2024 313b 2064 6576 656c 6f70 +0032200 6572 7361 6c73 6f20 31c5 cb7c 31be 91a2 +0032220 31be 91a2 31be 91a2 31be 91a2 31be 91a3 + +The first part of pg_time looked okay -- filled with 4-byte time values +with the occasional "00 00 00 00" here and there -- but inspection into +pg_time's guts revealed some preposterous numbers. + +For your comparing pleasure, I include copies of what these files +_should_ look like -- more or less -- from a newly initdb'd database +directory: + +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data-new-initdb/pg_log +0000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0000200 8aaa aaaa aaaa aaa8 0000 0000 0000 0000 +0000220 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0020000 +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data-new-initdb/pg_variable +0000000 0000 0000 0000 0222 0000 021e 0000 5120 +0000020 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0020000 +realtime /usr/postgres95 > od -x data-new-initdb/pg_time +0000000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0004000 31e3 4fb3 0000 0000 31e3 4fb4 31e3 4fb4 +0004020 31e3 4fb4 31e3 4fb5 31e3 4fb5 31e3 4fb5 +0004040 31e3 4fb6 31e3 4fb6 31e3 4fb6 31e3 4fb6 +0004060 31e3 4fb7 31e3 4fb7 31e3 4fb7 31e3 4fb7 +0004100 31e3 4fb8 31e3 4fb8 31e3 4fb8 31e3 4fb9 +0004120 31e3 4fb9 31e3 4fb9 31e3 4fb9 31e3 4fba +0004140 31e3 4fba 31e3 4fba 31e3 4fbb 31e3 4fbb +0004160 31e3 4fbb 31e3 4fbb 31e3 4fbb 0000 0000 +0004200 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 +* +0020000 + + +What's more, if I view pg_log, pg_variable, and pg_time with a text +editor, I discover that the corrupted areas contain fragments of tuples +from the database! +---------- + + +Since I have been unable to reproduce this problem on demand (and +therefore have a complete picture of all of the queries executed on the +database), I've only been able to speculate on the original cause of the +problem. One explanation would be some kind of buffer manager bug; or +perhaps the backend is running low on file descriptors and bollixing +existing ones? I intend to continue tracking this down as I have the +time, but in the interim, I've created a quick Perl script that is +designed to restore some sense of rationality to the +pg_{log,time,variable} files. It's a horribly barbaric way to do this -- +at the very least, it almost certainly breaks time travel, and will +almost certainly result in duplicate oid problems -- but it restored my +pathological database here to a sufficiently working state such that I +could run pg_dump on it and do various other queries with it. The script +is included at the bottom of this message. + +Anyway, fellow posthackers, assuming that no one raises any red flags +about this, I'll post it on postgres95@oozoo.vnet.net as a temporary +stop-gap workaround to allow people to recover their databases when this +sort of problem occurs. + +I wish I had more time to do this kind of thing. + + +- Paul "Shag" Walmsley <ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu> + "Knowing is not enough." -- Hal Hartley, "Surviving Desire" + + diff --git a/contrib/zap_ltv/zap_ltv.pl b/contrib/zap_ltv/zap_ltv.pl new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d3709ffb93d --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/zap_ltv/zap_ltv.pl @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +#!/bin/perl +# +# zap_ltv - attempt to restore a POSTGRES95 database afflicted with +# pg_log, pg_time, or pg_variable corruption to +# minimal functionality +# +# Paul Walmsley <ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu> +# +# Legalese: +# +# In no event shall Paul Walmsley be liable to any party for direct, +# indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, including +# lost profits, arising from the use of this software, even if Paul Walmsley +# has been advised of the possibility of such damage. Paul Walmsley +# specifically disclaims any warranties, including, but not limited to, +# the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular +# purpose. The software provided hereunder is on an "as is" basis, +# and Paul Walmsley has no obligations to provide maintenance, support, +# updates, enhancements, or modifications. +# +# Thanks, Berkeley ;-) + +print "This program should only be run if POSTGRES95 is not currently\n"; +print "running on this system. It should also not be run unless you \n"; +print "are having seemingly unrecoverable problems with your POSTGRES95\n"; +print "database related to pg_log, pg_time, or pg_variable corruption.\n\n"; +print "This program replaces the existing pg_log, pg_time, and pg_variable\n"; +print "files with \"clean\" copies of those files. This will almost \n"; +print "certainly result in duplicate IDs when any INSERTs are attempted,\n"; +print "and probably has other side-effects as well. Back up your databases\n" +print "and re-initdb from scratch after using this!\n\n"; +print "This program will attempt to make a backup of your pg_time,\n"; +print "pg_log, and pg_variable files (to pg_time.backup, pg_log.backup,\n"; +print "and pg_variable.backup, respectively).\n\n"; +print "This program bears no guarantees nor any warranties whatsoever.\n"; +print "View the source for details.\n\n"; +print "Press ENTER to zap your pg_log, pg_time, and pg_variable files:"; + +$trash=<STDIN>; + +$pg_log_data=pack('xxxx@8192',0); +$pg_time_data=pack('xxxx@8192',0); +# next_tid, last_tid, and oid are pulled from a fresh initdb +$pg_variable_data=pack('xxxxxxCCxxCCxxCC@8192',2,34,2,30,81,32); + +if (length($pg_log_data)!=8192) { + die "pg_log_data must be exactly 8192 bytes long"; +} +if (length($pg_time_data)!=8192) { + die "pg_time_data must be exactly 8192 bytes long"; +} +if (length($pg_variable_data)!=8192) { + die "pg_variable_data must be exactly 8192 bytes long"; +} + + +if (! -f 'pg_database') { + die "This program must be run from your POSTGRES95 data directory."; +} + +system('cp pg_log pg_log.backup'); +open(PG_LOG,'>pg_log'); +binmode(PG_LOG); +$written=syswrite(PG_LOG,$pg_log_data,8192); +close(PG_LOG); + +if ($written!=8192) { + die "pg_log write failed: $!"; +} + +$written=0; +system('cp pg_time pg_time.backup'); +open(PG_TIME,'>pg_time'); +binmode(PG_TIME); +$written=syswrite(PG_TIME,$pg_time_data,8192); +close(PG_TIME); + +if ($written!=8192) { + die "pg_time write failed: $!"; +} + +$written=0; +system('cp pg_variable pg_variable.backup'); +open(PG_VARIABLE,'>pg_variable'); +binmode(PG_VARIABLE); +$written=syswrite(PG_VARIABLE,$pg_variable_data,8192); +close(PG_VARIABLE); + +if ($written!=8192) { + die "pg_variable write failed: $!"; +} + +print "Done.\n"; diff --git a/doc/1.0_to_1.01.sql b/doc/1.0_to_1.01.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e136c83920d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/1.0_to_1.01.sql @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +-- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01 + +create function int4eqoid (int4, oid) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function oideqint4 (oid, int4) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char2icregexeq (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char2icregexne (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char4icregexeq (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char4icregexne (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char8icregexeq (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char8icregexne (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char16icregexeq (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function char16icregexne (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function texticregexeq (text, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; +create function texticregexne (text, text) returns bool as 'foo' +language 'internal'; + +-- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01 + +create operator = (leftarg = int4, rightarg = oid, procedure = int4eqoid); +create operator = (leftarg = oid, rightarg = int4, procedure = oideqint4); +create operator ~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexne); +create operator ~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexne); +create operator ~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexne); +create operator ~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexne); +create operator ~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq); +create operator !~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne); + + + diff --git a/doc/FAQ b/doc/FAQ new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..42df6d34aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/FAQ @@ -0,0 +1,827 @@ +================================================== +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for Postgres95 +================================================== +last updated: Sun Aug 11 01:35:34 EDT 1996 + +current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us) +original author: Jolly Chen (jolly@cs.berkeley.edu) + +changes in this version (* = modified, + = new): +* 1.8) What documentation is available for Postgres95? +* 3.13) What is the maximum size for a tuple? +* 3.14) I defined indices but my queries don't seem to make use of them. Why? +* 3.37) What is the time-warp feature and how does it relate to vacuum? ++ 3.38) How do I tune the database engine for better performace? + +This file is divided approximately as follows: +1.*) General questions +2.*) Installation questions +3.*) Postgres95 Features questions +4.*) Questions about extending Postgres95 +5.*) Bugs + +Questions answered: +1.1) What is Postgres95? +1.2) What does Postgres95 run on? +1.3) Where can I get Postgres95? +1.4) What's the copyright on Postgres95? +1.5) Support for Postgres95 +1.6) Future releases of Postgres95 +1.7) Is there a commercial version of Postgres95? +1.9) What version of SQL does Postgres95 use? +1.10) Does Postgres95 work with databases from earlier versions of postgres? +1.11) How many people use Postgres95? +2.1) I get the error "cpp: command not found" when I try to compile +2.2) I get 'yy_flush_buffer undefined' when I try to compile the backend +2.3) initdb doesn't run +2.4) when I start up the postmaster, I get +2.5) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and +2.6) How do I install postgres95 somewhere other than /usr/local/postgres95? +2.7) The backend compiled successfully, but compiling libpq resulted + in a complaint: "libpq/pqcomm.h" not found when compiling fe-auth.c. +2.8) Where can I find the bug fixes for postgres95? +2.9) I can't apply the patches even though everything looks like it should + work. +2.10) When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call core dumped message. +2.11) I get the error message "obj/fmgr.h: No such file or directory" +2.12) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors. +2.13) I get the strange make errors right at the beginning: +2.14) I have changed a source file, but a recompile does not see the +3.1) How do I specify a KEY or other constraints on a column? +3.2) Does Postgres95 support nested subqueries? +3.3) How do I define a unique indices? +3.4) I've having a lot of problems with using rules. +3.5) I can't seem to write into the middle of large objects reliably. +3.6) Does postgres95 have a graphical user interface? A report +3.7) How can I write client applications to Postgres95? +3.8) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my Postgres95 +3.9) How do I set up a pg_group? +3.10) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal cursors? +3.11) Why doesn't the != operator work? +3.12) What is a R-tree index and what is it used for? +3.13) What is the maximum size for a tuple? +3.14) I defined indices but my queries don't seem to make use of them. Why? +3.15) Are there ODBC drivers for Postgres95? +3.16) How do I use postgres for multi-dimensional indexing (> 2 dimensions)? +3.17) How do I do regular expression searches? case-insensitive + regexp searching? +3.18) I can't access the database as the 'root' user. +3.19) I experienced a server crash during a vacuum. How do I remove the + lock file? +3.20) What is the difference between the various character types? +3.21) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL? +3.22) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query? +3.23) How do I create a serial field? +3.24) How do I create a multi-column index? +3.25) What are the temp_XXX files in my database directory? +3.26) Why are my table files not getting any smaller after a delete? +3.27) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine? +3.28) I get the error 'default index class unsupported' when creating an + index. How do I do it? +3.29) Why does creating an index crash the backend server? +3.30) How do I specify a decimal constant as a float8, or a string as a text? +3.31) How do I find out what indexes or operations are defined in the + database? +3.32) My database is corrupt. I can't do anything. What should I do? +3.33) Createdb, destroydb, createuser,destroyuser don't run. Why? +3.34) Why does 'createuser' return 'unexpected last match in input()'? +3.35) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why? +3.36) What tools are available for hooking postgres to Web pages? +3.37) What is the time-warp feature and how does it relate to vacuum? +3.38) How do I tune the database engine for better performace? +4.1) I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it in psql, it + dumps core. +4.2) I get messages of the type NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 +4.3) I've written some nifty new types and functions for Postgres95. +4.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple? +5.1) How do I find out about bug fixes? +5.2) How do I make a bug report? + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 1: General Questions +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +1.1) What is Postgres95? + + Postgres95 is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database + management system, a next-generation DBMS research prototype. + While Postgres95 retains the powerful data model and rich data + types of POSTGRES, it replaces the PostQuel query language with an + extended subset of SQL. Postgres95 is free and the complete + source is available. + + Postgres95 development is being performed by a team of Internet + developers who all subscribe to the Postgres95 development mailing + list. The current coordinator is Marc G. Fournier (scrappy@ki.net). + (See below on how to join). This team is now responsible for all + current and future development of Postgres95. + + The authors of Postgres95 1.01 were Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen. + Many others have contributed to the porting, testing, debugging and + enhancement of the code. The original Postgres code, from which + Postgres95 is derived, was the effort of many graduate + students, undergraduate students, and staff programmers + working under the direction of Professor Michael Stonebraker + at the University of California, Berkeley. + +1.2) What does Postgres95 run on? + + The authors have compiled and tested Postgres95 on the following + platforms(some of these compiles require gcc 2.7.0): + + - DEC Alpha AXP on OSF/1 2.0 + - HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.0 + - i386 Solaris + - SUN SPARC on Solaris 2.4 + - SUN SPARC on SunOS 4.1.3 + - DEC MIPS on Ultrix 4.4 + - Intel x86 on Linux 1.2 and Linux ELF + - OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD) + - IBM on AIX 3.2.5 + - BSD/OS 2.0, 2.01 & 2.1 + - SGI MIPS on IRIX 5.3 + + The following ports are bundled with the Postgres95 distribution. The + authors do not have handy access to these platforms but the + ports have been tested by the others. + + - Motorola MC68K or Intel x86 on NeXTSTEP 3.2 + - Intel x86 on Intel SVR4 + +1.3) Where can I get Postgres95? + + The primary anonymous ftp site for postgres95 is: + + ftp://ftp.ki.net/pub/postgres95 + + A mirror site exists at: + + ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95 + +1.4) What's the copyright on Postgres95? + + Postgres95 is subject to the following COPYRIGHT. + +POSTGRES95 Data Base Management System + +Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California + +Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its +documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement +is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this +paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies. + +IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR +DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING +LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS +DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. + +THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, +INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY +AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS +ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO +PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS. + +1.5) Support for Postgres95 + + There is no official support for Postgres95 from the original + maintainers or from University of California, Berkeley. It is + maintained through volunteer effort only. + + With the generosity of the Jason Wright and others at Vnet, + the postgres95 mailing list now has a new home -- + postgres95@postgres95.vnet.net. It is available for + discussion of matters pertaining to Postgres95, including but + not limited to bug reports and fixes. For info on how to + subscribe, send a mail with the lines in the body (not the + subject line): + help + info postgres95 + to + majordomo@postgres95.vnet.net + + There is also a digest list available. To subscribe to this list, + send email to majordomo@postgres95.vnet.net with a BODY of: + subscribe postgres95-digest + Digests are sent out to members of this list whenever the main list has + received around 30k of messages. + + Archives and digests of the new mailing list at Vnet can be found at: + ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95/archives + ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95/digests + + There is also a developers mailing list available. To subscribe to + this list, send email to pg95-dev-request@ki.net with a BODY of: + + subscribe pg95-dev + + Additional information about Postgres95 can be found via the + postgres95 WWW home page at: + http://www.ki.net/postgres95 + +1.6) Future releases of Postgres95 + + The latest release of postgres95 is version 1.02. + +1.7) Is there a commercial version of Postgres95? + + Illustra Information Technology (a wholly owned subsidiary of + Informix Software, Inc.) sells an object-relational + DBMS called Illustra that was originally based on postgres. + Illustra has cosmetic similarities to postgres95 but has more + features, is more robust, performs better, and offers real + documentation and support. On the flip side, it costs money. + For more information, contact sales@illustra.com + +1.8) What documentation is available for Postgres95? + + A user manual, manual pages, and some small test examples + are included in the distribution. The www page contains + pointers to an implementation guide and five papers written + about postgres design concepts and features. + +1.9) What version of SQL does Postgres95 use? + + Postgres95 supports a subset of SQL-92. It has most of the + important constructs but lacks some of the functionality. + The most visible differences are: + - no support for primary keys or column constraints + - no support for nested subqueries + - no HAVING clause under a GROUP BY + + On the other hand, you get to create user-defined types, + functions, inheritance etc. If you're willing to help with + postgres95 coding, eventually we can also add the missing + features listed above. + +1.10) Does Postgres95 work with databases from earlier versions of postgres? + + Postgres95 v1.02 is compatible with databases created with v1.01. + Those upgrading from 1.0 to 1.02 should read the directions in the + MIGRATION_1.0_TO_1.02 directory. + +1.11) How many people use Postgres95? + + Since we don't have any licensing or registration scheme, it's + impossible to tell. We do know hundreds copies of postgres95 + v1.* have been downloaded, and that there many hundreds of + subscribers to the mailing lists. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 2: Installation Questions +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +2.1) I get the error "cpp: command not found" when I try to compile +the backend. + + Edit the src/backend/utils/Gen_fmgrtab.sh script to include the path + for the cpp for your particular site. + +2.2) I get 'yy_flush_buffer undefined' when I try to compile the backend + + Use a more recent version of flex, version 2.5.2. Version 2.5.3 + has a known bug. + +2.3) initdb doesn't run + + * check to see that you have the proper paths set + * check that the 'postgres' user owns all the right files + * ensure that there are files in $PGDATA/files, and that they + are non-empty. If they aren't, then "gmake install" failed for + some reason + +2.4) when I start up the postmaster, I get + "FindBackend: could not find a backend to execute..." + "postmaster: could not find backend to execute..." + + You probably do not have the right path set up. the 'postgres' + executable needs to be in your path. + +2.5) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and +date formats. + + Check your locale configuration. postgres95 uses the locale + settings of the user that ran the postmaster process. Set those + accordingly for your operating environment. + +2.6) How do I install postgres95 somewhere other than /usr/local/postgres95? + + You need to manually edit the paths in src/Makefile.global to + your site configuration. + +2.7) The backend compiled successfully, but compiling libpq resulted + in a complaint: "libpq/pqcomm.h" not found when compiling fe-auth.c. + + You've probably installed postgres95 somewhere other than + /usr/local/postgres, but didn't edit the src/Makefile.global + accordingly. See question 2.6. + +2.8) Where can I find the bug fixes for postgres95? + + The patches should be applied in the order listed. The patch files + can be ftp'ed directly from the directory: + ftp://ftp.ki.net/pub/postgres95 + +2.9) I can't apply the patches even though everything looks like it should + work. + + If you cut and paste directly off your web browser, tabs and + whitespaces may not be preserved properly. Use the 'save as file' + option from your web browser instead. + +2.10) When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call core dumped message. + + It could be a variety of problems, but first check to see that you + have system V extensions installed on your kernel. Postgres95 + requires kernel support for shared memory. + +2.11) I get the error message "obj/fmgr.h: No such file or directory" + + This indicates that you did not generate the file fmgr.h + properly. Something failed in the running of the + src/backend/utils/Gen_fmgrtab.sh script. Check to see the + paths used in that script is appropriate to your system. + +2.12) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors. + + You either do not have shared memory configured properly in kernel + or you need to enlarge the shared memory available in the kernel. + The exact amount you need depends on your architecture and how + many buffers you configure postmaster to run with. For most + systems, with default buffer sizes, you need a minimum of ~760K. + +2.13) I get the strange make errors right at the beginning: + warning: NUL character seen; rest of line ignored + *** missing separator. Stop. + or + Is a directory. Stop. + + Eliminate any whitespaces at the end of the PORTNAME line in + Makefile.global. Extraneous tabs or spaces will confuse the make + templates. + +2.14) I have changed a source file, but a recompile does not see the +change? + + The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies. You have to + do a 'make clean' and then another 'make'. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 3: Postgres95 Features +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +3.1) How do I specify a KEY or other constraints on a column? + + Column constraints are not supported in postgres95. + As a consequence, the system does not check for duplicates. + +3.2) Does Postgres95 support nested subqueries? + + Subqueries are not implemented, but they can be simulated using sql + functions. + +3.3) How do I define a unique indices? + + Postgres95 does not support unique indices. Defining an index does + not preclude insertion of duplicate index key values. + +3.4) I've having a lot of problems with using rules. + + Currently, the rule system in postgres95 is mostly broken. It + works enough to support the view mechanism, but that's about it. Use + postgres95 rules at your own peril. + +3.5) I can't seem to write into the middle of large objects reliably. + + The Inversion large object system in postgres95 is also + mostly broken. It works well enough for storing large wads + of data and reading them back out, but the implementation has + some underlying problems. Use postgres95 large objects at + your own peril. + +3.6) Does postgres95 have a graphical user interface? A report +generator? A embedded query language interface? + + No. No. No. Not in the official distribution at least. Some + users have reported some success at using 'pgbrowse' and 'onyx' as + frontends to postgres95. Several contributions are working on + tk based frontend tools. Ask on the mailing list. + +3.7) How can I write client applications to Postgres95? + + Postgres95 supports a C-callable library interface called libpq + as well as a Tcl-based library interface called libtcl. + + Others have contributed a perl interface and a WWW gateway + to postgres95. See the postgres95 home pages for more details. + +3.8) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my Postgres95 + backend? + + Use host-based authentication by modifying the file + $PGDATA/pg_hba accordingly. + +3.9) How do I set up a pg_group? + + Currently, there is no easy interface to set up user groups. + You have to explicitly insert/update the pg_group table. For example: + + jolly=> insert into pg_group (groname, grosysid, grolist) + jolly=> values ('posthackers', '1234', '{5443, 8261}'); + INSERT 548224 + jolly=> grant insert on foo to group posthackers; + CHANGE + jolly=> + + The fields in pg_group are: + groname: the group name. This a char16 and should + be purely alphanumeric. Do not include underscores + or other punctuation. + grosysid: the group id. This is an int4. + This should be unique for each group. + grolist: the list of pg_user id's that belong in the group. + This is an int4[]. + +3.10) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal cursors? + + Normal cursors return data back in ASCII format. Since data is stored + natively in binary format, the system must do a conversion to produce + the ASCII format. In addition, ASCII formats are often large in size + than binary format. Once the attributes come back in ASCII, often the + client application then has to convert it to a binary format to + manipulate it anyway. + + Binary cursors give you back the data in the native binary + representation. Thus, binary cursors will tend to be a little faster + since there's less overhead of conversion. + + However, ASCII is architectural neutral whereas binary representation + can differ between different machine architecture. Thus, if your client + machine uses a different representation than you server machine, getting + back attributes in binary format is probably not what you want. Also, + if your main purpose is displaying the data in ASCII, then getting it + back in ASCII will save you some effort on the client side. + +3.11) Why doesn't the != operator work? + + SQL specifies <> as the inequality operator, and that is what + we have defined for the built-in types. You are free, however, to + extend postgres95 to include the != operator if you like. + +3.12) What is a R-tree index and what is it used for? + + An r-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index can't + handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range searches in a + single dimension. R-tree's can handle multi-dimensional data. For + example, if a R-tree index can be built on an attribute of type + 'point', the system can more efficient answer queries like select all + points within a bounding rectangle. + + The canonical paper that describes the original R-Tree design is: + + Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." + Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57. + + You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database + Systems" + +3.13) What is the maximum size for a tuple? + + Tuples are limited to 8K bytes. Taking into account system attributes + and other overhead, one should stay well shy of 8,000 bytes to be on + the safe side. To use attributes larger than 8K, try using the large + objects interface. + + Tuples do not cross 8k boundaries so a 5k tuple will require 8k + of storage. + +3.14) I defined indices but my queries don't seem to make use of them. Why? + + Postgres95 does not automatically maintain statistics. One has to + make an explicit 'vacuum' call to update the statistics. After + statistics are updated, the optimizer has a better shot at using + indices. Note that the optimizer is limited and does not use indices + in some circumstances (such as OR clauses). + + If the system still does not see the index, it is probably because you + have created an index on a field with the improper *_ops type. For + example, you have created a CHAR(4) field, but have specified a + char_ops index type_class. + + See the create_index manual page for information on what type classes + are available. It must match the field type. + + Postgres does not warn the user when the improper index is created. + + Indexes not used for ORDER BY operations. + +3.15) Are there ODBC drivers for Postgres95? + + PostODBC is available as an ODBC driver for Postgres95. + + For all people being interested in PostODBC, a freely available ODBC + driver for Postgres95, there are now two mailing lists devoted to the + discussion of PostODBC. The mailing lists are: + + postodbc-users@listserv.direct.net + and + postodbc-developers@listserv.direct.net + + these lists are ordinary majordomo mailing lists. You can subscribe + by sending a mail to + + majordomo@listserv.direct.net + +3.16) How do I use postgres for multi-dimensional indexing (> 2 dimensions)? + + Builtin R-Trees can handle polygons and boxes. In theory, R-trees can + be extended to handle higher number of dimensions. In practice, + extending R-trees require a bit of work and we don't currently have + any documentation on how to do it. + +3.17) How do I do regular expression searches? case-insensitive +regexp searching? + + Postgres95 supports the SQL LIKE syntax as well as more general + regular expression searching with the ~ operator. The !~ is the + negated regexp operator. ~* and !~* are the case-insensitive regular + expression operators. + +3.18) I can't access the database as the 'root' user. + + You should not create database users with user id 0(root). They will + be unable to access the database. This is a security precaution + because of the ability of any user to dynamically link object modules + into the database engine. + +3.19) I experienced a server crash during a vacuum. How do I remove the +lock file? + + If the server crashes during a vacuum command, chances are it will + leave a lock file hanging around. Attempts to re-run the vacuum + command result in + WARN:can't create lock file -- another vacuum cleaner running? + + If you are sure that no vacuum is actually running, you can remove the + file called "pg_vlock" in your database directory (which is + $PGDATA/base/<dbName>) + +3.20) What is the difference between the various character types? + +Type Internal Name Notes +-------------------------------------------------- +CHAR char 1 character } +CHAR2 char2 2 characters } +CHAR4 char4 4 characters } optimized for a fixed length +CHAR8 char8 8 characters } +CHAR16 char16 16 characters } +CHAR(#) bpchar blank padded to the specified fixed length +VARCHAR(#) varchar size specifies maximum length, no padding +TEXT text length limited only by maximum tuple length +BYTEA bytea variable-length array of bytes + + Remember, you need to use the internal name when creating indexes + on these fields or when doing other internal operations. + + The last four types above are "varlena" types (i.e. the first + four bytes is the length, followed by the data). CHAR(#) and + VARCHAR(#) allocate the maximum number of bytes no matter how + much data is stored in the field. TEXT and BYTEA are the only + character types that have variable length on the disk. + +3.21) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL? + + Postgres95 has two builtin keywords, "isnull" and "notnull" (note no + spaces). For example: + select * from tbl where field isnull + will return rows from tbl where the field is null valued. + +3.22) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query? + + Place the word 'EXPLAIN' at the beginning of the query, for example: + + EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE age = 23; + +3.23) How do I create a serial field? + + There is no way to create a serial or unique field in Postgres95. You + can use each row's oid field as a unique value. However, if you need + to dump and reload the database, you will be assigned new oid's. + There is no way to restore the original oids. + + One valid way of doing this is to create a function: + + create table my_oids (f1 int4); + insert into my_oids values (1); + create function new_oid () returns int4 as + 'update my_oids set f1 = f1 + 1; select f1 from my_oids; ' + language 'sql'; + + then: + + create table my_stuff (my_key int4, value text); + insert into my_stuff values (new_oid(), 'hello'); + + However, keep in mind there is a race condition here where one + server could do the update, then another one do an update, and + they both could select the same new id. This statement should + be performed within a transaction. + +3.24) How do I create a multi-column index? + + You can not directly create a multi-column index using create index. + You need to define a function which acts on the multiple columns, then + use create index with that function. + +3.25) What are the temp_XXX files in my database directory? + + They are temp_ files generated by the query executor. For example, + if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an ORDER BY, some temp files are + generated as a result of the sort. + + If you have no transactions or sorts running at the time, it is safe to + delete the temp_ files. + +3.26) Why are my table files not getting any smaller after a delete? + + If you run vacuum, unused rows will be marked for reuse, but the file + blocks are not released. We could move the unused rows to the end of + the file and use ftruncate() to decrease the file size, but no one has + implemented this yet. + +3.27) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine? + + The default configuration allows only connections from tcp/ip host + localhost. You need to add a host entry to the file + postgres95/data/pg_hba. + +3.28) I get the error 'default index class unsupported' when creating an +index. How do I do it? + + You probably used: + + create index idx1 on person using btree (name); + + Postgres95 indexes are extensible, and therefore you must specify a + class_type when creating an index. Read the manual page for create + index (called create_index). + +3.29) Why does creating an index crash the backend server? + + You have probably defined an incorrect *_ops type class for the field + you are indexing. + +3.30) How do I specify a decimal constant as a float8, or a string as a text? + + Use the :: operator. It is needed only when the default promotion + rules fail. i.e.: + + insert into tab1 values (4.23::float8, '2343'::text) + +3.31) How do I find out what indexes or operations are defined in the +database? + + Run the file postgres95/src/tutorial/syscat.source. It illustrates + many of the 'select's needed to get information out of the database + system tables. + +3.32) My database is corrupt. I can't do anything. What should I do? + + The 1.02 release has a README file and utility that describes a + possible cause of the problem and a workaround. See the file + postgres95/contrib/zap_ltv/README for more information. Also + please contact the README author to help generate a complete + fix for this bug. + + This bug may be fixed in 1.02. + +3.33) Createdb, destroydb, createuser,destroyuser don't run. Why? + + Release 1.02 does not have this problem. + + The 1.01 release of postgres95 uses a variable called PAGER to + filter the output of SELECT statements. Unfortunately, this + PAGER is used even when the standard output is not a terminal. + Upgrade to 1.02, due out August 1996, or undefine your PAGER + variable. There is also a patch located in the July archives of + the mailing list that fixes this problem on 1.01. + +3.34) Why does 'createuser' return 'unexpected last match in input()'? + + You have compile postgres with flex version 2.5.3. There is bug + in this version of flex. Use flex version 2.5.2 instead. There + is a doc/README.flex file which will properly patch the flex 2.5.3 + source code. + +3.35) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why? + + This problem can be caused by a kernel that is not configured to + support semaphores. + +3.36) What tools are available for hooking postgres to Web pages? + + For web integration, PHP/FI is an excellent interface. The URL for + that is http://www.vex.net/php/ + + PHP is great for simple stuff, but for more complex stuff, some + still use the perl interface and CGI.pm. + + An example of using WWW with C to talk to Postgres is can be + tried at: + + http://www.ki.net/~mlc + +3.37) What is the time-warp feature and how does it relate to vacuum? + + Postgres95 handles data changes differently than most database + systems. When a row is changed in a table, the original row + is marked with the time it was changed, and a new row is created + with the current data. By default, only current rows are used + in a table. If you specify a date/time after the table name in + a FROM clause, you can access the data that was current at that + time, i.e. + + SELECT * + FROM employees ['July 24, 1996 09:00:00'] + + displays employee rows in the table at the specified time. + You can specify intervals like [date,date], [date,], [,date], + or [,]. This last option accesses all rows that ever existed. + + INSERTed rows get a timestamp too, so rows that were not in + the table at the desired time will not appear. + + Vacuum removes rows that are no longer current. This time-warp + feature is used by the engine for rollback and crash recovery. + +3.38) How do I tune the database engine for better performace? + + There are two things that can be done. You can use Openlink's + option to disable fsync() by starting the postmaster with a + '-o -F' option. This will prevent fsync()'s from flushing to + disk after every transaction. + + You can also use the postmaster -B option to increase the number + of shared memory buffers shared among the backend processes. If + you make this parameter too high, the process will not start or + crash unexpectedly. Each buffer is 8K and the defualt is 64 + buffers. + + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 4: Extending Postgres95 +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +4.1) I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it in psql, it +dumps core. + + The problem could be a number of things. Try testing your + user-defined function in a stand alone test program first. + Also, make sure you are not sending elog NOTICES when the front-end + is expecting data, such as during a type_in() or type_out() + functions + +4.2) I get messages of the type + NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 not in alloc set! + + You are pfree'ing something that was not palloc'ed. When writing + user-defined functions, do not include the file + "libpq-fe.h". Doing so will cause your palloc to be a malloc + instead of a free. Then, when the backend pfrees the storage, + you get the notice message. + +4.3) I've written some nifty new types and functions for Postgres95. + + Please share them with other postgres95 users. Send your + extensions to mailing list, and they will eventually end up in + the contrib/ subdirectory. + +4.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple? + + This requires extreme wizardry, so extreme that the authors + have not ever tried it, though in principle it can be done. + The short answer is ... you can't. This capability is + forthcoming in the future. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 5: Bugs +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +5.1) How do I find out about bug fixes? + + The directory ftp.ki.net:/pub/postgres95 contains patches for + the latest release. + +5.2) How do I make a bug report? + + First, check to see that your bug is not one that has already + been fixed (question 5.1). Then, fill out the "bug-template" + file and send it to: + + pg95-dev@ki.net + + This is the address of the developers mailing list. + diff --git a/doc/MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 b/doc/MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..324184c3572 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate +databases from postgres95 1.0 to postgres95 1.01. + +If you are starting afresh with postgres95 1.01 and do not need +to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +In order to postgres95 version 1.01 with databases created with +postgres95 version 1.0, the following steps are required: + +1) Set the definition of NAMEDATALEN in src/Makefile.global to 16 + and OIDNAMELEN to 20. + +2) Decide whether you want to use Host based authentication. + + A) If you do, you must create a file name "pg_hba" in your top-level data + directory (typically the value of your $PGDATA). src/libpq/pg_hba + shows an example syntax. + + B) If you do not want host-based authentication, you can comment out + the line + HBA = 1 + in src/Makefile.global + + Note that host-based authentication is turned on by default, and if + you do not take steps A or B above, the out-of-the-box 1.01 will + not allow you to connect to 1.0 databases. + +3) compile and install 1.01, but DO NOT do the initdb step. + +4) before doing anything else, terminate your 1.0 postmaster, and + backup your existing $PGDATA directory. + +5) set your PGDATA environment variable to your 1.0 databases, but set up + path up so that 1.01 binaries are being used. + +6) modify the file $PGDATA/PG_VERSION from 5.0 to 5.1 + +7) start up a new 1.01 postmaster + +5) Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.01 to 1.0 + databases. This is done by running the new 1.01 server against + your own 1.0 database and applying the queries in the file + 1.0_to_1.01.sql. This can be done easily through psql. If your + 1.0 database is name "testdb": + + % psql testdb -f 1.0_to_1.01.sql + + diff --git a/doc/Makefile b/doc/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..829a64dadcd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +#------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# +# Makefile +# Makefile for doc directory to install man pages +# +# Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California +# Copyright (c) 1996, Dr George D Detlefsen +# +# +# IDENTIFICATION +# $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/Makefile,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:17 scrappy Exp $ +# +#------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +MKDIR= ../src/mk +include $(MKDIR)/postgres.mk + +CLEANFILES=* + +install-man: + -mkdir -p $(POSTMANDIR) + -mkdir $(POSTMANDIR)/man1 + -mkdir $(POSTMANDIR)/man3 + -mkdir $(POSTMANDIR)/man5 + -mkdir $(POSTMANDIR)/manl + cp man/*.1* $(POSTMANDIR)/man1 + cp man/*.3* $(POSTMANDIR)/man3 + cp man/*.5* $(POSTMANDIR)/man5 + cp man/*.l* $(POSTMANDIR)/manl + +install:: install-man + diff --git a/doc/README.OPENLINK b/doc/README.OPENLINK new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3a522672166 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/README.OPENLINK @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +varchar.diff +------------ +This patch was necessary for the OpenLink Postgres Database Agent. +I think this fixes a bug anyway. + +The following query demonstrates this bug: + + create table foo (bar varchar); + insert into foo values (''); -- no problem + select * from foo where bar = ''; -- fails + + +fsync.diff +---------- +This patch adds an option to disable synchronous writes. +It adds an extra option to postgres: -F + +When started with -F, all fsync() calls will be no-ops, +so you'll be in big trouble when your machine suddenly crashes and your disk +cache is not flushed. + +Use at your own risk (but it is *much* faster with large inserts) + +This also speeds up initdb for initial database bootstrapping + +To start postmaster with this "feature" enabled, type + postmaster -o -F -S + diff --git a/doc/README.flex b/doc/README.flex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ab3c34948fd --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/README.flex @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +From: ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de + +Hi, + +thank you for the latest Postgres95 distribution! + +>does the createuser bug still persist, or have +>we finally worked that one out? + +As has been indication by Bruce Momjian, the createuser problem was +caused by a bug in flex 2.5.3 (which has been confirmed by Vern +Paxson, the flex maintainer - many thanks to them); the bug will be +fixed in flex 2.5.4. Vern Paxson has been so kind as to supply me with +a patch that will be part of the 2.5.4 release; I'm including it below +in case someone has installed flex 2.5.3 and doesn't want to go +back to 2.5.2... + +Regards, + +Ernst +--- +*** flex-2.5.3/flex.skl Sat May 25 21:02:33 1996 +--- flex.skl Tue Jul 2 16:35:49 1996 +*************** +*** 1,7 **** + /* A lexical scanner generated by flex */ + + /* Scanner skeleton version: +! * $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/Attic/README.flex,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:17 scrappy Exp $ + */ + + #define FLEX_SCANNER +--- 1,7 ---- + /* A lexical scanner generated by flex */ + + /* Scanner skeleton version: +! * $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/Attic/README.flex,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:17 scrappy Exp $ + */ + + #define FLEX_SCANNER +*************** +*** 783,789 **** + /* don't do the read, it's not guaranteed to return an EOF, + * just force an EOF + */ +! yy_n_chars = 0; + + else + { +--- 783,789 ---- + /* don't do the read, it's not guaranteed to return an EOF, + * just force an EOF + */ +! yy_current_buffer->yy_n_chars = yy_n_chars = 0; + + else + { +*************** +*** 838,843 **** +--- 838,845 ---- + /* Read in more data. */ + YY_INPUT( (&yy_current_buffer->yy_ch_buf[number_to_move]), + yy_n_chars, num_to_read ); ++ ++ yy_current_buffer->yy_n_chars = yy_n_chars; + } + + if ( yy_n_chars == 0 ) +*************** +*** 947,953 **** + + yy_cp += (int) (dest - source); + yy_bp += (int) (dest - source); +! yy_n_chars = yy_current_buffer->yy_buf_size; + + if ( yy_cp < yy_current_buffer->yy_ch_buf + 2 ) + YY_FATAL_ERROR( "flex scanner push-back overflow" ); +--- 949,956 ---- + + yy_cp += (int) (dest - source); + yy_bp += (int) (dest - source); +! yy_current_buffer->yy_n_chars = +! yy_n_chars = yy_current_buffer->yy_buf_size; + + if ( yy_cp < yy_current_buffer->yy_ch_buf + 2 ) + YY_FATAL_ERROR( "flex scanner push-back overflow" ); +*************** +*** 997,1009 **** + + switch ( yy_get_next_buffer() ) + { + case EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE: + { + if ( yywrap() ) +- { +- yy_c_buf_p = yytext_ptr + offset; + return EOF; +- } + + if ( ! yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof ) + YY_NEW_FILE; +--- 1000,1025 ---- + + switch ( yy_get_next_buffer() ) + { ++ case EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH: ++ /* This happens because yy_g_n_b() ++ * sees that we've accumulated a ++ * token and flags that we need to ++ * try matching the token before ++ * proceeding. But for input(), ++ * there's no matching to consider. ++ * So convert the EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH ++ * to EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE. ++ */ ++ ++ /* Reset buffer status. */ ++ yyrestart( yyin ); ++ ++ /* fall through */ ++ + case EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE: + { + if ( yywrap() ) + return EOF; + + if ( ! yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof ) + YY_NEW_FILE; +*************** +*** 1017,1031 **** + case EOB_ACT_CONTINUE_SCAN: + yy_c_buf_p = yytext_ptr + offset; + break; +- +- case EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH: +- #ifdef __cplusplus +- YY_FATAL_ERROR( +- "unexpected last match in yyinput()" ); +- #else +- YY_FATAL_ERROR( +- "unexpected last match in input()" ); +- #endif + } + } + } +--- 1033,1038 ---- + diff --git a/doc/README.support b/doc/README.support new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..754b6caa123 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/README.support @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ + +In order to co-ordinate both usage and development of Postgres95, +there are currently two mailing lists available: + + +General Discussion + - mainly geared towards usage of PostGres95 and associated + support & third-party software + + - send a message of subscribe to postgres95-request@postgres95.vnet.net + + - a digest version of this list is available. To subscribe, send + a message of subscribe to: + postgres95-digest-request@postgres95.vnet.net + + - archives and back issues of these lists are stored on: + ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95/archives + ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95/digests + +Developers Mailling List + - those wishing to help improve Postgres95 and further develop it + + - send a message of subscribe to pg95-dev-request@ki.net + + +WWW: http://www.ki.net/postgres95 +FTP: ftp://ftp.ki.net/pub/postgres95 + + The current source tree, with all patches installed, is available +via sup @ sup.ki.net, or in a .tar.gz file available at: + + ftp://ftp.ki.net/pub/postgres95 + + + diff --git a/doc/RELEASE.patchlevel b/doc/RELEASE.patchlevel new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..29b1518c672 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/RELEASE.patchlevel @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +From scrappy@ki.net Thu Aug 1 13:39:58 1996 +Status: RO +X-Status: +Received: from daemun.ilt.com ([204.247.102.21]) by ki.net (8.7.5/8.7.5) with ESMTP id NAA16984 for <scrappy@ki.net>; Thu, 1 Aug 1996 13:39:51 -0400 (EDT) +From: postgres@madmax.ilt.com +Received: from madmax.ilt.com (madmax [199.26.203.43]) by daemun.ilt.com (8.7.5/8.7.3) with SMTP id KAA02799 for <scrappy@ki.net>; Thu, 1 Aug 1996 10:39:31 -0700 (PDT) +Received: by madmax.ilt.com (SMI-8.6/ILT-SVR4-1.1) + id KAA19226; Thu, 1 Aug 1996 10:34:46 -0700 +Date: Thu, 1 Aug 1996 10:34:46 -0700 +Message-Id: <199608011734.KAA19226@madmax.ilt.com> +To: scrappy@ki.net +Subject: RELEASE.patchlevel + +## Postgres95 +## +## This file is used to maintain sequencing of patches + +version: 1.02 +patch level: 0 +patch date: Thu Aug 1 18:00:00 EDT 1996 + + + + diff --git a/doc/TODO b/doc/TODO new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a91b47a5b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/TODO @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +From scrappy@ki.net Tue Aug 6 19:57:11 1996 +Status: RO +X-Status: +Received: from candle.pha.pa.us (maillist@s1-03.ppp.op.net [206.84.209.132]) by quagmire.ki.net (8.7.5/8.7.5) with ESMTP id TAA01576 for <scrappy@ki.net>; Tue, 6 Aug 1996 19:57:08 -0400 (EDT) +Received: (from maillist@localhost) by candle.pha.pa.us (8.7.4/8.7.3) id TAA11618 for scrappy@ki.net; Tue, 6 Aug 1996 19:57:37 -0400 (EDT) +From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us> +Message-Id: <199608062357.TAA11618@candle.pha.pa.us> +Subject: add TODO to distribution +To: scrappy@ki.net (Marc G. Fournier) +Date: Tue, 6 Aug 1996 19:57:36 -0400 (EDT) +X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL25] +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +Here is the current TODO list. Let's add it to the next distribution. +This was not ready at the time of the 1.02 release. + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +================================================= +TODO list (FAQ) for Postgres95 +================================================== +last updated: Mon Aug 5 21:00:12 EDT 1996 + +current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us) +original author: Jolly Chen (jolly@cs.berkeley.edu) + + +RELIABILITY +----------- +Overhaul mdmgr/smgr to fix double unlinking and double opens, cleanup +Memory leaks (hunt and destroy with tools like Purify) + fix unitialized reads of memory + fix array over-runs of memory writes +Re-visit and fix vacuum + can't vacuum large objects + can't shrink tables, pg_time and pg_log +Fix all NULL features +DROP AGGREGATE should take in basetype as an arg +Add other language types for built-in functions + expand to allow tcl, perl, java, + generalize the function manager switch to pass + function sources to interpreter engines. +Fix large object mapping scheme + not to stuff everything as files in a single directory +Fix CLUSTER +Prevent improper index creation +Starting quote in insert string errors +Change default decimal constant representation from float4 to float8 +ALTER TABLE bug - running postgress process needs to re-read table definition +Allow libpq to distinguish between text value '' and null +Allow non-postgres users with createdb privs to destroydb's + +PERFORMANCE +----------- +Optimizing disjunctive queries +Other optimizer bugs +Is fsync use optimized? +Multi-representational types, a la Illustra. For example, have a + text type that is stored in-tuple when less than 8K and in large + objects, when greater than 8K. + +ENHANCEMENTS +------------ +Add full ANSI SQL capabilities ( a vendor has offered to help) + add subselects + column constraints (using rules), esp. primary keys + add DEFAULT, UNIQUE, RESTRAINT, and CHECK capabilities + report "Not implemented" if valid syntax is supplied + add OUTER joins + make VIEWs updateable where possible + add UNIONS, INTERSECTS, SUBTRACTS + add temporary tables + add assertions + add domains + add sql3 recursive unions + add the concept of dataspaces + Implement HAVING clause + Implement IN qualifier +Add a way to preserve oid's when doing dump and load + if not, make oid's accessable in insert rules +Add word index for text fields, maybe with trigrams, i.e.: + ' (cat | dog) & ! fox ' meaning text has cat or dog, but not fox +Allow compression of large fields or a compressed field type +Fix the rules system + robust + making INSTEAD rules work +Full set of text operations and functions + word searches, concat, upper/lower(), max() on text, char +Replace table-level locking with row or page-level locking +Large objects + overwriting blocks has problems + there are other problems, too. +Better interface for adding to pg_group +Make multi-field indexes easier to create + allow optimizer to effectively use parameters without accessing table +Improve debugging output +Add int8 type +Add table comments +Add support for tables >2G +Incorporate the PERL PG95 interface library into source tree +Threaded version of the server or libpq +Add REGEX internationalization + +DOCUMENTATION +------------- +Better documentation. Write a real book on postgres, perhaps? +Document OPENLINK fsync patch +Update usermanual source +Reduce size of regression diffs + +PORTABILITY +----------- +Windows NT port + Mariposa project at Berkeley has a person who's working on this +Binary distributions for linux +Merge bsdi_2_1 to bsdi +Merge i386_solaris and sparc_solaris into solaris + diff --git a/doc/bug.template b/doc/bug.template new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6c78804acf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/bug.template @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +To report a bug, please complete the following form and send it by +email to pg95-dev@ki.net + +============================================================================ + POSTGRES95 BUG REPORT TEMPLATE +============================================================================ + + +Your name : +Your email address : + + +System Configuration +--------------------- + Architecture (example: Intel Pentium) : + + Operating System (example: Linux 1.3.42 ELF) : + + Postgres95 version (example: Postgres95-1.01) : Postgres95-1.02 + + Compiler used (example: gcc 2.7.0) : + + +Please enter a FULL description of your problem: +------------------------------------------------ + + + + + +Please describe a way to repeat the problem. Please try to provide a +concise reproducible example, if at all possible: +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + + + +If you know how this problem might be fixed, list the solution below: +--------------------------------------------------------------------- + diff --git a/doc/libpgtcl.doc b/doc/libpgtcl.doc new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3ee5c6dfc09 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/libpgtcl.doc @@ -0,0 +1,181 @@ + +pgtcl is a tcl package for front-end programs to interface with Postgres95 +backends. PgTcl does not use the libpq library but communicates to +the backend directly via the frontend-backend protocol. Thus, it is +more efficient than previous postgres->tcl bindings which are layered +on top of libpq. In addition, pgtcl can handle multiple backend +connections from a single frontend application. + +If you have any questions or bug reports, please send them to +Jolly Chen at jolly@cs.berkeley.edu. + +------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +The pgtcl package provides the following commands. + + pg_connect - opens a connection to the backend server + pg_disconnect - closes a connection + pg_exec - send a query to the backend + pg_result - manipulate the results of a query + + pg_lo_creat - create a large object + pg_lo_open - open a large object + pg_lo_close - close a large object + pg_lo_read - read a large object + pg_lo_write - write a large object + pg_lo_lseek - seek to a position on a large object + pg_lo_tell - return the current seek position of a large object + pg_lo_unlink - delete a large object + pg_lo_import - import a Unix file into a large object + pg_lo_export - export a large object into a Unix file + +1) pg_connect: opens a connection to the backend + + syntax: + pg_connect dbName [-host hostName] [-port portNumber] [-tty pqtty] [-options optionalBackendArgs]] + + the return result is either an error message or a handle for a database + connection. Handles start with the prefix "pgp" + + +2) pg_disconnect: closes a connection + + syntax: + pg_disconnect connection + + The argument passed in must be a connection pointer. + +3) pg_exec: send a query string to the backend + + syntax: + pg_exec connection query + + the return result is either an error message or a handle for a query + result. Handles start with the prefix "pgp" + +4) pg_result: get information about a query result + + syntax: + pg_result result ?option? + + the options are: + -status + the status of the result + -oid + if the last query was an insert, returns the oid of the + inserted tuple + -conn + the connection that produced the result + -assign arrayName + assign the results to an array + -numTuples + the number of tuples in the query + -attributes + returns a list of the name/type pairs of the tuple attributes + -getTuple tupleNumber + returns the values of the tuple in a list + -clear + clear the result buffer. Do not reuse after this + +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +The pg_lo* routines are interfaces to the Inversion large objects in postgres. +The functions are designed to mimic the analogous file system functions in +the standard Unix file system interface. + +The pg_lo* routines should typically be used within a BEGIN/END transaction +block becaus the file descriptor returned by pg_lo_open is only valid for +the current transaction. pg_lo_import and pg_lo_export MUST be used +in a BEGIN/END transaction block. + +* pg_lo_creat: create a large object + + syntax: + g_lo_creat conn mode + +mode can be any OR'ing together of INV_READ, INV_WRITE, and INV_ARCHIVE. +The OR delimiter character is "|". + e.g. [pg_lo_creat $conn "INV_READ|INV_WRITE"] + +returns the oid of the large object created. + +* pg_lo_open: open a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_open conn objOid mode + + where mode can be either "r", "w", or "rw" + + returns a file descriptor for use in later pg_lo* routines + +* pg_lo_close: close a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_close conn fd + +* pg_lo_read: read a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_read conn fd bufVar len + +reads at most len bytes from a large object into a variable named bufVar. +Note that the third argument should be a variable name. + +* pg_lo_write: write a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_write conn fd buf len + +write at most len bytes to a large object. +The third argument should be the actual string to write, not a variable name. + +* pg_lo_lseek: seek to a position on a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_lseek conn fd offset whence + +whence can be "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END", or "SEEK_SET" + +* pg_lo_tell: return the current seek position of a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_tell conn fd + +* pg_lo_unlink: delete a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_unlink conn lobjId + +* pg_lo_import: import a Unix file into a large object + + syntax: + pg_lo_import conn filename + + pg_lo_import must be called within a BEGIN/END transaction block + +* pg_lo_export: export a large object into a Unix file + + syntax: + pg_lo_export conn lobjId filename + + pg_lo_export must be called within a BEGIN/END transaction block + +------------------------------------------------------------------ +Here's a small example of how to use the routines: + +# getDBs : +# get the names of all the databases at a given host and port number +# with the defaults being the localhost and port 5432 +# return them in alphabetical order +proc getDBs { {host "localhost"} {port "5432"} } { + # datnames is the list to be result + set conn [pg_connect template1 -host $host -port $port] + set res [pg_exec $conn "SELECT datname FROM pg_database ORDER BY datname"] + set ntups [pg_result $res -numTuples] + for {set i 0} {$i < $ntups} {incr i} { + lappend datnames [pg_result $res -getTuple $i] + } + pg_disconnect $conn + return $datnames +} + diff --git a/doc/man/README b/doc/man/README new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ef98aebfd63 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/README @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The page.5 source should be run through pic when generating troff +output. nroff doesn't handle pic. diff --git a/doc/man/abort.l b/doc/man/abort.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d2f552c1c25 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/abort.l @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/abort.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:19 scrappy Exp $ +.TH ABORT SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.\" XXX This .XA has to go after the .TH so that the index page number goes +.\" in the right place... +.SH Abort +.SH NAME +abort \(em abort the current transaction +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBabort\fP \fB[transaction]\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command aborts the current transaction and causes all the +updates made by the transaction to be discarded. +.IR "abort" +is functionally equivalent to +.IR "rollback". +.SH "SEE ALSO" +begin(l), +end(l), +rollback(l). diff --git a/doc/man/alter_table.l b/doc/man/alter_table.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..245533a03c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/alter_table.l @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/alter_table.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:19 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "ALTER TABLE" SQL 11/5/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +alter table \(em add attributes to a class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBalter table\fR classname [*] + \fBadd column\fR attname type + +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.BR "alter table" +command +causes a new attribute to be added to an existing class, +.IR classname . +The new attributes and their types are specified +in the same style and with the the same restrictions as in +.IR create table (l). +.PP +In order to add an attribute to each class in an entire inheritance +hierarchy, use the +.IR classname +of the superclass and append a \*(lq*\*(rq. (By default, the +attribute will not be added to any of the subclasses.) This should +.BR always +be done when adding an attribute to a superclass. If it is not, +queries on the inheritance hierarchy such as +.nf +select * from super* s +.fi +will not work because the subclasses will be missing an attribute +found in the superclass. +.PP +For efficiency reasons, default values for added attributes are not +placed in existing instances of a class. That is, existing instances +will have NULL values in the new attributes. If non-NULL values are +desired, a subsequent +.IR update (l) +query should be run. +.PP +You must own the class in order to change its schema. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +-- add the date of hire to the emp class +-- +alter table emp add column hiredate abstime +.fi +.nf +-- +-- add a health-care number to all persons +-- (including employees, students, ...) +-- +alter table person * add column health_care_id int4 +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create table (l), +update (l). diff --git a/doc/man/begin.l b/doc/man/begin.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f7340c549ac --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/begin.l @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/begin.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH BEGIN SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +begin \(em begins a transaction +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBbegin\fP \fB[transaction|work]\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command begins a user transaction which Postgres will guarantee is +serializable with respect to all concurrently executing transactions. +Postgres uses two-phase locking to perform this task. If the transaction +is committed, Postgres will ensure that all updates are done or none of +them are done. Transactions have the standard ACID (atomic, +consistent, isolatable, and durable) property. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +abort(l), +end(l). diff --git a/doc/man/bki.5 b/doc/man/bki.5 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4c6f68c7dea --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/bki.5 @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/bki.5,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH BKI FILES 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +\&.../src/backend/obj/{local,dbdb}.bki \(em template scripts +.SH DESCRIPTION +Backend Interface (BKI) files are scripts that describe the contents +of the initial Postgres database. This database is constructed during +system installation, by the +.IR initdb +command. +.IR Initdb +executes the Postgres backend with a special set of flags, that cause it +to consume the BKI scripts and bootstrap a database. +.PP +These files are automatically generated from system header files +during installation. They are not intended for use by humans, and you +do not need to understand their contents in order to use Postgres. These +files are copied to +.nf +\&.../files/{global1,local1_XXX}.bki +.fi +during system installation. +.PP +All new user databases will be created by copying the template +database that Postgres constructs from the BKI files. Thus, a simple way +to customize the template database is to let the Postgres initialization +script create it for you, and then to run the terminal monitor to make +the changes you want. +.PP +The Postgres backend interprets BKI files as described below. This +description will be easier to understand if the example in +\*(lq.../files/global1.bki\*(rq is at hand. +.PP +Commands are composed of a command name followed by space separated +arguments. Arguments to a command which begin with a \*(lq$\*(rq are +treated specially. If \*(lq$$\*(rq are the first two characters, then +the first \*(lq$\*(rq is ignored and the argument is then processed +normally. If the \*(lq$\*(rq is followed by space, then it is treated +as a +.SM NULL +value. Otherwise, the characters following the \*(lq$\*(rq are +interpreted as the name of a macro causing the argument to be replaced +with the macro's value. It is an error for this macro to be +undefined. +.PP +Macros are defined using +.nf +define macro macro_name = macro_value +.fi +and are undefined using +.nf +undefine macro macro_name +.fi +and redefined using the same syntax as define. +.PP +Lists of general commands and macro commands +follow. +.SH "GENERAL COMMANDS" +.TP 5n +.BR "open" " classname" +Open the class called +.IR classname +for further manipulation. +.TP +.BR "close" " [classname]" +Close the open class called +.IR classname. +It is an error if +.IR classname +is not already opened. If no +.IR classname +is given, then the currently open class is closed. +.TP +.BR print +Print the currently open class. +.TP +.BR "insert" " [oid=oid_value] " "(" " value1 value2 ... " ")" +Insert a new instance to the open class using +.IR value1 , +.IR value2 , +etc., for its attribute values and +.IR oid_value +for its OID. If +.IR oid_value +is not \*(lq0\*(rq, then this value will be used as the instance's +object identifier. Otherwise, it is an error. +.TP +.BR "insert (" " value1 value2 ... " ")" +As above, but the system generates a unique object identifier. +.TP +.BR "create" " classname " "(" " name1 = type1, name2 = type2, ... " ")" +Create a class named +.IR classname +with the attributes given in parentheses. +.TP +.BR "open (" " name1 = type1, name2 = type2,... " ") as" " classname" +Open a class named +.IR classname +for writing but do not record its existence in the system catalogs. +(This is primarily to aid in bootstrapping.) +.TP +.BR "destroy" " classname" +Destroy the class named +.IR classname . +.TP +.BR "define index" " index-name " "on" " class-name " "using" " amname " +( opclass attr | function({attr}) ) +.br +Create an index named +.IR index_name +on the class named +.IR classname +using the +.IR amname +access method. The fields to index are called +.IR name1 , +.IR name2 , +etc., and the operator collections to use are +.IR collection_1 , +.IR collection_2 , +etc., respectively. +.SH "MACRO COMMANDS" +.TP +.BR "define function" " macro_name " "as" " rettype function_name ( args )" +Define a function prototype for a function named +.IR macro_name +which has its value of type +.IR rettype +computed from the execution +.IR function_name +with the arguments +.IR args +declared in a C-like manner. +.TP +.BR "define macro" " macro_name " "from file" " filename" +Define a macro named +.IR macname +which has its value +read from the file called +.IR filename . +.\" .uh "DEBUGGING COMMANDS" +.\" .sp +.\" .in .5i +.\" r +.\" .br +.\" Randomly print the open class. +.\" .sp +.\" m -1 +.\" .br +.\" Toggle display of time information. +.\" .sp +.\" m 0 +.\" .br +.\" Set retrievals to now. +.\" .sp +.\" m 1 Jan 1 01:00:00 1988 +.\" .br +.\" Set retrievals to snapshots of the specfied time. +.\" .sp +.\" m 2 Jan 1 01:00:00 1988, Feb 1 01:00:00 1988 +.\" .br +.\" Set retrievals to ranges of the specified times. +.\" Either time may be replaced with space +.\" if an unbounded time range is desired. +.\" .sp +.\" \&.A classname natts name1 type1 name2 type2 ... +.\" .br +.\" Add attributes named +.\" .ul +.\" name1, +.\" .ul +.\" name2, +.\" etc. of +.\" types +.\" .ul +.\" type1, +.\" .ul +.\" type2, +.\" etc. to the +.\" .ul +.\" class +.\" classname. +.\" .sp +.\" \&.RR oldclassname newclassname +.\" .br +.\" Rename the +.\" .ul +.\" oldclassname +.\" class to +.\" .ul +.\" newclassname. +.\" .sp +.\" \&.RA classname oldattname newattname +.\" .br +.\" Rename the +.\" .ul +.\" oldattname +.\" attribute in the class named +.\" .ul +.\" classname +.\" to +.\" .ul +.\" newattname. +.SH EXAMPLE +The following set of commands will create the \*(lqpg_opclass\*(rq +class containing the +.IR int_ops +collection as object +.IR 421, +print out the class, and then close it. +.nf +create pg_opclass (opcname=char16) +open pg_opclass +insert oid=421 (int_ops) +print +close pg_opclass +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +initdb(1), +createdb(1), +createdb(l), +template(files). diff --git a/doc/man/built-in.3 b/doc/man/built-in.3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..48af4cbe316 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/built-in.3 @@ -0,0 +1,700 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/built-in.3,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH BUILT-INS INTRO 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +This section describes the data types, functions and operators +available to users in Postgres as it is distributed. +.SH "Built-in and System Types" +.SH "BUILT-IN TYPES" +This section describes both +.BR built-in +data types. +These Built-in types are +are installed in every database. +.PP +Users may add new types to Postgres using the +.IR "define type" +command described in this manual. User-defined types are not +described in this section. +.SH "List of built-in types" +.PP +.if n .ta 5 +15 +40 +.if t .ta 0.5i +1.5i +3.0i +.in 0 +.nf + \fBPOSTGRES Type\fP \fBMeaning\fP + abstime absolute date and time + aclitem access control list item + bool boolean + box 2-dimensional rectangle + bpchar blank-padded characters + bytea variable length array of bytes + char character + char2 array of 2 characters + char4 array of 4 characters + char8 array of 8 characters + char16 array of 16 characters + cid command identifier type + date ANSI SQL date type + filename large object filename + int alias for int4 + integer alias for int4 + int2 two-byte signed integer + int28 array of 8 int2 + int4 four-byte signed integer + float alias for float4 + float4 single-precision floating-point number + float8 double-precision floating-point number + lseg 2-dimensional line segment + name a multi-character type for storing system identifiers + oid object identifier type + oid8 array of 8 oid + oidchar16 oid and char16 composed + oidint2 oid and int2 composed + oidint4 oid and int4 composed + path variable-length array of lseg + point 2-dimensional geometric point + polygon 2-dimensional polygon + real alias for float4 + regproc registered procedure + reltime relative date and time + smgr storage manager + smallint alias for int2 + text variable length array of characters + tid tuple identifier type + time ANSI SQL time type + tinterval time interval + varchar variable-length characters + xid transaction identifier type + +.fi +.in +.PP +As a rule, the built-in types are all either (1) internal types, in +which case the user should not worry about their external format, or +(2) have obvious formats. The exceptions to this rule are the three +time types. +.SH "Syntax of date and time types" +.SH "ABSOLUTE TIME" +Absolute time is specified using the following syntax: +.nf +Month Day [ Hour : Minute : Second ] Year [ Timezone ] +.sp +where + Month is Jan, Feb, ..., Dec + Day is 1, 2, ..., 31 + Hour is 01, 02, ..., 24 + Minute is 00, 01, ..., 59 + Second is 00, 01, ..., 59 + Year is 1901, 1902, ..., 2038 +.fi +Valid dates are from Dec 13 20:45:53 1901 GMT to Jan 19 03:14:04 +2038 GMT. As of Version 3.0, times are no longer read and written +using Greenwich Mean Time; the input and output routines default to +the local time zone. +.PP +The special absolute time values \*(lqcurrent\*(rq, +\*(lqinfinity\*(rq and \*(lq-infinity\*(rq are also provided. +\*(lqinfinity\*(rq specifies a time later than any valid time, and +\*(lq-infinity\*(rq specifies a time earlier than any valid time. +\*(lqcurrent\*(rq indicates that the current time should be +substituted whenever this value appears in a computation. +.PP +The strings \*(lqnow\*(rq and \*(lqepoch\*(rq can be used to specify +time values. \*(lqnow\*(rq means the current time, and differs from +\*(lqcurrent\*(rq in that the current time is immediately substituted +for it. \*(lqepoch\*(rq means Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 GMT. +.SH "RELATIVE TIME" +Relative time is specified with the following syntax: +.nf +@ Quantity Unit [Direction] +.sp +where + Quantity is `1', `2', ... + Unit is ``second'', ``minute'', ``hour'', ``day'', ``week'', + ``month'' (30-days), or ``year'' (365-days), + or PLURAL of these units. + Direction is ``ago'' +.fi +.PP +.RB ( Note : +Valid relative times are less than or equal to 68 years.) +In addition, the special relative time \*(lqUndefined RelTime\*(rq is +provided. +.SH "TIME RANGES" +Time ranges are specified as: +.nf +[ 'abstime' 'abstime'] +.fi +where +.IR abstime +is a time in the absolute time format. Special abstime values such as +\*(lqcurrent\*(rq, \*(lqinfinity\*(rq and \*(lq-infinity\*(rq can be used. +.SH "Built-in operators and functions" +.SH OPERATORS +Postgres provides a large number of built-in operators on system types. +These operators are declared in the system catalog +\*(lqpg_operator\*(rq. Every entry in \*(lqpg_operator\*(rq includes +the object ID of the procedure that implements the operator. +.PP +Users may invoke operators using the operator name, as in +.nf +select * from emp where salary < 40000; +.fi +Alternatively, users may call the functions that implement the +operators directly. In this case, the query above would be expressed +as +.nf +select * from emp where int4lt(salary, 40000); +.fi +The rest of this section provides a list of the built-in operators and +the functions that implement them. Binary operators are listed first, +followed by unary operators. +.SH "BINARY OPERATORS" +This list was generated from the Postgres system catalogs with the +query: + +.nf +SELECT + t0.typname AS result, + t1.typname AS left_type, + t2.typname AS right_type, + o.oprname AS operatr, + p.proname AS func_name +FROM pg_proc p, pg_type t0, + pg_type t1, pg_type t2, + pg_operator o +WHERE p.prorettype = t0.oid AND + RegprocToOid(o.oprcode) = p.oid AND + p.pronargs = 2 AND + o.oprleft = t1.oid AND + o.oprright = t2.oid +ORDER BY result, left_type, right_type, operatr; +.fi + +These operations are cast in terms of SQL types and so are +.BR not +directly usable as C function prototypes. + +.nf +Operators: + +general + <\(eq less or equal + <> inequality + < less than + <\(eq greater or equal + >\(eq greater or equal + > greater than + \(eq equality + ~ A matches regular expression B, case-sensitive + !~ A does not match regular expression B, case-sensitive + ~* A matches regular expression B, case-insensitive. + !~* A does not match regular expression B, case-insensitive + ~~ A matches LIKE expression B, case-sensitive + !~~ A does not match LIKE expression B, case-sensitive + + + addition + \(mi subtraction + * multiplication + / division + % modulus + @ absolute value + +float8 + ^ exponentiation + % truncate to integer + |/ square root + ||/ cube root + : exponential function + ; natural logarithm + +point + !< A is left of B + !> A is right of B + !^ A is above B + !| A is below B + \(eq|\(eq equality + ===> point inside box + ===` point on path + <===> distance between points + +box + && boxes overlap + &< box A overlaps box B, but does not extend to right of box B + &> box A overlaps box B, but does not extend to left of box B + << A is left of B + \(eq area equal + < area less than + <\(eq area less or equal + >\(eq area greater or equal + > area greater than + >> A is right of B + @ A is contained in B + ~\(eq box equality + ~= A same as B + ~ A contains B + @@ center of box + +polygon + && polygons overlap + &< A overlaps B but does not extend to right of B + &> A overlaps B but does not extend to left of B + << A is left of B + >> A is right of B + @ A is contained by B + ~\(eq equality + ~= A same as B + ~ A contains B + +tinterval + #<\(eq interval length less or equal reltime + #<> interval length not equal to reltime. + #< interval length less than reltime + #\(eq interval length equal to reltime + #>\(eq interval length greater or equal reltime + #> interval length greater than reltime + && intervals overlap + << A contains B + \(eq equality + <> interval bounded by two abstimes + <?> abstime in tinterval + | start of interval + <#> convert to interval + +result |left_type |right_type|operatr|func_name +---------+----------+----------+-------+--------------- +_aclitem |_aclitem |aclitem |+ |aclinsert +_aclitem |_aclitem |aclitem |- |aclremove +abstime |abstime |reltime |+ |timepl +abstime |abstime |reltime |- |timemi +bool |_abstime |_abstime |= |array_eq +bool |_aclitem |_aclitem |= |array_eq +bool |_aclitem |aclitem |~ |aclcontains +bool |_bool |_bool |= |array_eq +bool |_box |_box |= |array_eq +bool |_bytea |_bytea |= |array_eq +bool |_char |_char |= |array_eq +bool |_char16 |_char16 |= |array_eq +bool |_cid |_cid |= |array_eq +bool |_filename |_filename |= |array_eq +bool |_float4 |_float4 |= |array_eq +bool |_float8 |_float8 |= |array_eq +bool |_int2 |_int2 |= |array_eq +bool |_int28 |_int28 |= |array_eq +bool |_int4 |_int4 |= |array_eq +bool |_lseg |_lseg |= |array_eq +bool |_name |_name |= |array_eq +bool |_oid |_oid |= |array_eq +bool |_oid8 |_oid8 |= |array_eq +bool |_path |_path |= |array_eq +bool |_point |_point |= |array_eq +bool |_polygon |_polygon |= |array_eq +bool |_ref |_ref |= |array_eq +bool |_regproc |_regproc |= |array_eq +bool |_reltime |_reltime |= |array_eq +bool |_stub |_stub |= |array_eq +bool |_text |_text |= |array_eq +bool |_tid |_tid |= |array_eq +bool |_tinterval|_tinterval|= |array_eq +bool |_xid |_xid |= |array_eq +bool |abstime |abstime |< |abstimelt +bool |abstime |abstime |<= |abstimele +bool |abstime |abstime |<> |abstimene +bool |abstime |abstime |= |abstimeeq +bool |abstime |abstime |> |abstimegt +bool |abstime |abstime |>= |abstimege +bool |abstime |tinterval |<?> |ininterval +bool |bool |bool |<> |boolne +bool |bool |bool |= |booleq +bool |box |box |&& |box_overlap +bool |box |box |&< |box_overleft +bool |box |box |&> |box_overright +bool |box |box |< |box_lt +bool |box |box |<< |box_left +bool |box |box |<= |box_le +bool |box |box |= |box_eq +bool |box |box |> |box_gt +bool |box |box |>= |box_ge +bool |box |box |>> |box_right +bool |box |box |@ |box_contained +bool |box |box |~ |box_contain +bool |box |box |~= |box_same +bool |bpchar |bpchar |< |bpcharlt +bool |bpchar |bpchar |<= |bpcharle +bool |bpchar |bpchar |<> |bpcharne +bool |bpchar |bpchar |= |bpchareq +bool |bpchar |bpchar |> |bpchargt +bool |bpchar |bpchar |>= |bpcharge +bool |bpchar |text |!~ |textregexne +bool |bpchar |text |!~* |texticregexne +bool |bpchar |text |!~~ |textnlike +bool |bpchar |text |~ |textregexeq +bool |bpchar |text |~* |texticregexeq +bool |bpchar |text |~~ |textlike +bool |char |char |< |charlt +bool |char |char |<= |charle +bool |char |char |<> |charne +bool |char |char |= |chareq +bool |char |char |> |chargt +bool |char |char |>= |charge +bool |char16 |char16 |< |char16lt +bool |char16 |char16 |<= |char16le +bool |char16 |char16 |<> |char16ne +bool |char16 |char16 |= |char16eq +bool |char16 |char16 |> |char16gt +bool |char16 |char16 |>= |char16ge +bool |char16 |text |!~ |char16regexne +bool |char16 |text |!~* |char16icregexne +bool |char16 |text |!~~ |char16nlike +bool |char16 |text |!~~ |char16nlike +bool |char16 |text |~ |char16regexeq +bool |char16 |text |~* |char16icregexeq +bool |char16 |text |~~ |char16like +bool |char16 |text |~~ |char16like +bool |char2 |char2 |< |char2lt +bool |char2 |char2 |<= |char2le +bool |char2 |char2 |<> |char2ne +bool |char2 |char2 |= |char2eq +bool |char2 |char2 |> |char2gt +bool |char2 |char2 |>= |char2ge +bool |char2 |text |!~ |char2regexne +bool |char2 |text |!~* |char2icregexne +bool |char2 |text |!~~ |char2nlike +bool |char2 |text |~ |char2regexeq +bool |char2 |text |~* |char2icregexeq +bool |char2 |text |~~ |char2like +bool |char4 |char4 |< |char4lt +bool |char4 |char4 |<= |char4le +bool |char4 |char4 |<> |char4ne +bool |char4 |char4 |= |char4eq +bool |char4 |char4 |> |char4gt +bool |char4 |char4 |>= |char4ge +bool |char4 |text |!~ |char4regexne +bool |char4 |text |!~* |char4icregexne +bool |char4 |text |!~~ |char4nlike +bool |char4 |text |~ |char4regexeq +bool |char4 |text |~* |char4icregexeq +bool |char4 |text |~~ |char4like +bool |char8 |char8 |< |char8lt +bool |char8 |char8 |<= |char8le +bool |char8 |char8 |<> |char8ne +bool |char8 |char8 |= |char8eq +bool |char8 |char8 |> |char8gt +bool |char8 |char8 |>= |char8ge +bool |char8 |text |!~ |char8regexne +bool |char8 |text |!~* |char8icregexne +bool |char8 |text |!~~ |char8nlike +bool |char8 |text |~ |char8regexeq +bool |char8 |text |~* |char8icregexeq +bool |char8 |text |~~ |char8like +bool |date |date |< |date_lt +bool |date |date |<= |date_le +bool |date |date |<> |date_ne +bool |date |date |= |date_eq +bool |date |date |> |date_gt +bool |date |date |>= |date_ge +bool |float4 |float4 |< |float4lt +bool |float4 |float4 |<= |float4le +bool |float4 |float4 |<> |float4ne +bool |float4 |float4 |= |float4eq +bool |float4 |float4 |> |float4gt +bool |float4 |float4 |>= |float4ge +bool |float4 |float8 |< |float48lt +bool |float4 |float8 |<= |float48le +bool |float4 |float8 |<> |float48ne +bool |float4 |float8 |= |float48eq +bool |float4 |float8 |> |float48gt +bool |float4 |float8 |>= |float48ge +bool |float8 |float4 |< |float84lt +bool |float8 |float4 |<= |float84le +bool |float8 |float4 |<> |float84ne +bool |float8 |float4 |= |float84eq +bool |float8 |float4 |> |float84gt +bool |float8 |float4 |>= |float84ge +bool |float8 |float8 |< |float8lt +bool |float8 |float8 |<= |float8le +bool |float8 |float8 |<> |float8ne +bool |float8 |float8 |= |float8eq +bool |float8 |float8 |> |float8gt +bool |float8 |float8 |>= |float8ge +bool |int2 |int2 |< |int2lt +bool |int2 |int2 |<= |int2le +bool |int2 |int2 |<> |int2ne +bool |int2 |int2 |= |int2eq +bool |int2 |int2 |> |int2gt +bool |int2 |int2 |>= |int2ge +bool |int4 |int4 |< |int4lt +bool |int4 |int4 |<= |int4le +bool |int4 |int4 |<> |int4ne +bool |int4 |int4 |= |int4eq +bool |int4 |int4 |> |int4gt +bool |int4 |int4 |>= |int4ge +bool |int4 |name |!!= |int4notin +bool |int4 |oid |= |int4eqoid +bool |name |name |< |namelt +bool |name |name |<= |namele +bool |name |name |<> |namene +bool |name |name |= |nameeq +bool |name |name |> |namegt +bool |name |name |>= |namege +bool |name |text |!~ |nameregexne +bool |name |text |!~* |nameicregexne +bool |name |text |!~~ |namenlike +bool |name |text |~ |nameregexeq +bool |name |text |~* |nameicregexeq +bool |name |text |~~ |namelike +bool |oid |int4 |= |oideqint4 +bool |oid |name |!!= |oidnotin +bool |oid |oid |< |int4lt +bool |oid |oid |<= |int4le +bool |oid |oid |<> |oidne +bool |oid |oid |= |oideq +bool |oid |oid |> |int4gt +bool |oid |oid |>= |int4ge +bool |oidint2 |oidint2 |< |oidint2lt +bool |oidint2 |oidint2 |<= |oidint2le +bool |oidint2 |oidint2 |<> |oidint2ne +bool |oidint2 |oidint2 |= |oidint2eq +bool |oidint2 |oidint2 |> |oidint2gt +bool |oidint2 |oidint2 |>= |oidint2ge +bool |oidint4 |oidint4 |< |oidint4lt +bool |oidint4 |oidint4 |<= |oidint4le +bool |oidint4 |oidint4 |<> |oidint4ne +bool |oidint4 |oidint4 |= |oidint4eq +bool |oidint4 |oidint4 |> |oidint4gt +bool |oidint4 |oidint4 |>= |oidint4ge +bool |oidname |oidname |< |oidnamelt +bool |oidname |oidname |<= |oidnamele +bool |oidname |oidname |<> |oidnamene +bool |oidname |oidname |= |oidnameeq +bool |oidname |oidname |> |oidnamegt +bool |oidname |oidname |>= |oidnamege +bool |point |box |===> |on_pb +bool |point |path |===` |on_ppath +bool |point |point |!< |point_left +bool |point |point |!> |point_right +bool |point |point |!^ |point_above +bool |point |point |!\| |point_below +bool |point |point |=\|= |point_eq +bool |polygon |polygon |&& |poly_overlap +bool |polygon |polygon |&< |poly_overleft +bool |polygon |polygon |&> |poly_overright +bool |polygon |polygon |<< |poly_left +bool |polygon |polygon |>> |poly_right +bool |polygon |polygon |@ |poly_contained +bool |polygon |polygon |~ |poly_contain +bool |polygon |polygon |~= |poly_same +bool |reltime |reltime |< |reltimelt +bool |reltime |reltime |<= |reltimele +bool |reltime |reltime |<> |reltimene +bool |reltime |reltime |= |reltimeeq +bool |reltime |reltime |> |reltimegt +bool |reltime |reltime |>= |reltimege +bool |text |text |!~ |textregexne +bool |text |text |!~* |texticregexne +bool |text |text |!~~ |textnlike +bool |text |text |< |text_lt +bool |text |text |<= |text_le +bool |text |text |<> |textne +bool |text |text |= |texteq +bool |text |text |> |text_gt +bool |text |text |>= |text_ge +bool |text |text |~ |textregexeq +bool |text |text |~* |texticregexeq +bool |text |text |~~ |textlike +bool |time |time |< |time_lt +bool |time |time |<= |time_le +bool |time |time |<> |time_ne +bool |time |time |= |time_eq +bool |time |time |> |time_gt +bool |time |time |>= |time_ge +bool |tinterval |reltime |#< |intervallenlt +bool |tinterval |reltime |#<= |intervallenle +bool |tinterval |reltime |#<> |intervallenne +bool |tinterval |reltime |#= |intervalleneq +bool |tinterval |reltime |#> |intervallengt +bool |tinterval |reltime |#>= |intervallenge +bool |tinterval |tinterval |&& |intervalov +bool |tinterval |tinterval |<< |intervalct +bool |tinterval |tinterval |= |intervaleq +bool |varchar |text |!~ |textregexne +bool |varchar |text |!~* |texticregexne +bool |varchar |text |!~~ |textnlike +bool |varchar |text |~ |textregexeq +bool |varchar |text |~* |texticregexeq +bool |varchar |text |~~ |textlike +bool |varchar |varchar |< |varcharlt +bool |varchar |varchar |<= |varcharle +bool |varchar |varchar |<> |varcharne +bool |varchar |varchar |= |varchareq +bool |varchar |varchar |> |varchargt +bool |varchar |varchar |>= |varcharge +char |char |char |* |charmul +char |char |char |+ |charpl +char |char |char |- |charmi +char |char |char |/ |chardiv +float4 |float4 |float4 |* |float4mul +float4 |float4 |float4 |+ |float4pl +float4 |float4 |float4 |- |float4mi +float4 |float4 |float4 |/ |float4div +float8 |float4 |float8 |* |float48mul +float8 |float4 |float8 |+ |float48pl +float8 |float4 |float8 |- |float48mi +float8 |float4 |float8 |/ |float48div +float8 |float8 |float4 |* |float84mul +float8 |float8 |float4 |+ |float84pl +float8 |float8 |float4 |- |float84mi +float8 |float8 |float4 |/ |float84div +float8 |float8 |float8 |* |float8mul +float8 |float8 |float8 |+ |float8pl +float8 |float8 |float8 |- |float8mi +float8 |float8 |float8 |/ |float8div +float8 |float8 |float8 |^ |dpow +int2 |int2 |int2 |% |int2mod +int2 |int2 |int2 |* |int2mul +int2 |int2 |int2 |+ |int2pl +int2 |int2 |int2 |- |int2mi +int2 |int2 |int2 |/ |int2div +int4 |int2 |int4 |% |int24mod +int4 |int2 |int4 |* |int24mul +int4 |int2 |int4 |+ |int24pl +int4 |int2 |int4 |- |int24mi +int4 |int2 |int4 |/ |int24div +int4 |int2 |int4 |< |int24lt +int4 |int2 |int4 |<= |int24le +int4 |int2 |int4 |<> |int24ne +int4 |int2 |int4 |= |int24eq +int4 |int2 |int4 |> |int24gt +int4 |int2 |int4 |>= |int24ge +int4 |int4 |int2 |% |int42mod +int4 |int4 |int2 |* |int42mul +int4 |int4 |int2 |+ |int42pl +int4 |int4 |int2 |- |int42mi +int4 |int4 |int2 |/ |int42div +int4 |int4 |int2 |< |int42lt +int4 |int4 |int2 |<= |int42le +int4 |int4 |int2 |<> |int42ne +int4 |int4 |int2 |= |int42eq +int4 |int4 |int2 |> |int42gt +int4 |int4 |int2 |>= |int42ge +int4 |int4 |int4 |% |int4mod +int4 |int4 |int4 |* |int4mul +int4 |int4 |int4 |+ |int4pl +int4 |int4 |int4 |- |int4mi +int4 |int4 |int4 |/ |int4div +int4 |point |point |<===> |pointdist +tinterval|abstime |abstime |<#> |mktinterval + + +.fi +.SH "LEFT UNARY OPERATORS" +The table below gives the left unary operators that are +registered in the system catalogs. + +This list was generated from the Postgres system catalogs with the query: + +.nf +SELECT o.oprname AS left_unary, + right.typname AS operand, + result.typname AS return_type +FROM pg_operator o, pg_type right, pg_type result +WHERE o.oprkind = 'l' AND -- left unary + o.oprright = right.oid AND + o.oprresult = result.oid +ORDER BY operand; + +left_unary|operand |return_type +----------+---------+----------- +@@ |box |point +@ |float4 |float4 +- |float4 |float4 +; |float8 |float8 +: |float8 |float8 +% |float8 |float8 +\|\|/ |float8 |float8 +\|/ |float8 |float8 +@ |float8 |float8 +- |float8 |float8 +- |int2 |int2 +- |int4 |int4 +!! |int4 |int4 +\| |tinterval|abstime + +.fi +.in +.SH "RIGHT UNARY OPERATORS" +The table below gives the right unary operators that are +registered in the system catalogs. + +This list was generated from the Postgres system catalogs with the query: + +.nf +SELECT o.oprname AS right_unary, + left.typname AS operand, + result.typname AS return_type +FROM pg_operator o, pg_type left, pg_type result +WHERE o.oprkind = 'r' AND -- right unary + o.oprleft = left.oid AND + o.oprresult = result.oid +ORDER BY operand; + +right_unary|operand|return_type +-----------+-------+----------- +% |float8 |float8 +! |int4 |int4 + +.fi +.in +.SH "AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS" +The table below gives the aggregate functions that are +registered in the system catalogs. + +This list was generated from the Postgres system catalogs with the query: + +.nf +SELECT a.aggname, t.typname +FROM pg_aggregate a, pg_type t +WHERE a.aggbasetype = t.oid +ORDER BY aggname, typname; + +aggname|typname +-------+------- +avg |float4 +avg |float8 +avg |int2 +avg |int4 +max |float4 +max |float8 +max |int2 +max |int4 +min |float4 +min |float8 +min |int2 +min |int4 +sum |float4 +sum |float8 +sum |int2 +sum |int4 + +\fBcount\fR is also available. + +.fi +.in +.SH "SEE ALSO" +For examples on specifying literals of built-in types, see +.IR SQL(l). +.SH BUGS +.PP +Although most of the input and output functions correponding to the +base types (e.g., integers and floating point numbers) do some +error-checking, none of them are particularly rigorous about it. More +importantly, almost none of the operators and functions (e.g., +addition and multiplication) perform any error-checking at all. +Consequently, many of the numeric operations will (for example) +silently underflow or overflow. +.PP +Some of the input and output functions are not invertible. That is, +the result of an output function may lose precision when compared to +the original input. diff --git a/doc/man/catalogs.3 b/doc/man/catalogs.3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b46a2cb8f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/catalogs.3 @@ -0,0 +1,446 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/catalogs.3,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "SYSTEM CATALOGS" INTRO 03/13/94 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH "Section 7 \(em System Catalogs" +.de LS +.PP +.if n .ta 5 +13 +13 +.if t .ta 0.5i +1.3i +1.3i +.in 0 +.nf +.. +.de LE +.fi +.in +.. +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +In this +section we list each of the attributes of the system catalogs and +define their meanings. +.SH "CLASS/TYPE SYSTEM CATALOGS" +These catalogs form the core of the extensibility system: +.LS + \fBname\fP \fBshared/local\fP \fBdescription\fP + pg_aggregate local aggregate functions + pg_am local access methods + pg_amop local operators usable with specific access methods + pg_amproc local procedures used with specific access methods + pg_attribute local class attributes + pg_class local classes + pg_index local secondary indices + pg_inherits local class inheritance hierarchy + pg_language local procedure implementation languages + pg_opclass local operator classes + pg_operator local query language operators + pg_proc local procedures (functions) + pg_type local data types +.LE +.SH "ENTITIES" +These catalogs deal with identification of entities known throughout +the site: +.LS + \fBname\fP \fBshared/local\fP \fBdescription\fP + pg_database shared current databases + pg_group shared user groups + pg_user shared valid users +.LE +.SH "RULE SYSTEM CATALOGS" +.LS + \fBname\fP \fBshared/local\fP \fBdescription\fP + pg_listener local processes waiting on alerters + pg_prs2plans local instance system procedures + pg_prs2rule local instance system rules + pg_prs2stub local instance system ``stubs'' + pg_rewrite local rewrite system information +.LE +.SH "LARGE OBJECT CATALOGS" +.PP +These catalogs are specific to the Inversion file system and large +objects in general: +.LS + \fBname\fP \fBshared/local\fP \fBdescription\fP + pg_lobj local description of a large object + pg_naming local Inversion name space mapping + pg_platter local jukebox platter inventory + pg_plmap local jukebox platter extent map +.LE +.SH "INTERNAL CATALOGS" +.PP +These catalogs are internal classes that are not stored as normal +heaps and cannot be accessed through normal means (attempting to do so +causes an error). +.LS + \fBname\fP \fBshared/local\fP \fBdescription\fP + pg_log shared transaction commit/abort log + pg_magic shared magic constant + pg_time shared commit/abort times + pg_variable shared special variable values +.LE +.PP +There are several other classes defined with \*(lqpg_\*(rq names. +Aside from those that end in \*(lqind\*(rq (secondary indices), these +are all obsolete or otherwise deprecated. +.SH "CLASS/TYPE SYSTEM CATALOGS" +.PP +The following catalogs relate to the class/type system. +.nf M +/* + * aggregates + * + * see DEFINE AGGREGATE for an explanation of transition functions + */ +pg_aggregate + NameData aggname /* aggregate name (e.g., "count") */ + oid aggowner /* usesysid of creator */ + regproc aggtransfn1 /* first transition function */ + regproc aggtransfn2 /* second transition function */ + regproc aggfinalfn /* final function */ + oid aggbasetype /* type of data on which aggregate + operates */ + oid aggtranstype1 /* type returned by aggtransfn1 */ + oid aggtranstype2 /* type returned by aggtransfn2 */ + oid aggfinaltype /* type returned by aggfinalfn */ + text agginitval1 /* external format of initial + (starting) value of aggtransfn1 */ + text agginitval2 /* external format of initial + (starting) value of aggtransfn2 */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_am + NameData amname /* access method name */ + oid amowner /* usesysid of creator */ + char amkind /* - deprecated */ + /* originally: + h=hashed + o=ordered + s=special */ + int2 amstrategies /* total NUMBER of strategies by which + we can traverse/search this AM */ + int2 amsupport /* total NUMBER of support functions + that this AM uses */ + regproc amgettuple /* "next valid tuple" function */ + regproc aminsert /* "insert this tuple" function */ + regproc amdelete /* "delete this tuple" function */ + regproc amgetattr /* - deprecated */ + regproc amsetlock /* - deprecated */ + regproc amsettid /* - deprecated */ + regproc amfreetuple /* - deprecated */ + regproc ambeginscan /* "start new scan" function */ + regproc amrescan /* "restart this scan" function */ + regproc amendscan /* "end this scan" function */ + regproc ammarkpos /* "mark current scan position" + function */ + regproc amrestrpos /* "restore marked scan position" + function */ + regproc amopen /* - deprecated */ + regproc amclose /* - deprecated */ + regproc ambuild /* "build new index" function */ + regproc amcreate /* - deprecated */ + regproc amdestroy /* - deprecated */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_amop + oid amopid /* access method with which this + operator be used */ + oid amopclaid /* operator class with which this + operator can be used */ + oid amopopr /* the operator */ + int2 amopstrategy /* traversal/search strategy number + to which this operator applies */ + regproc amopselect /* function to calculate the operator + selectivity */ + regproc amopnpages /* function to calculate the number of + pages that will be examined */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_amproc + oid amid /* access method with which this + procedure is associated */ + oid amopclaid /* operator class with which this + operator can be used */ + oid amproc /* the procedure */ + int2 amprocnum /* support function number to which + this operator applies */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_class + NameData relname /* class name */ + oid relowner /* usesysid of owner */ + oid relam /* access method */ + int4 relpages /* # of 8KB pages */ + int4 reltuples /* # of instances */ + abstime relexpires /* time after which instances are + deleted from non-archival storage */ + reltime relpreserved /* timespan after which instances are + deleted from non-archival storage */ + bool relhasindex /* does the class have a secondary + index? */ + bool relisshared /* is the class shared or local? */ + char relkind /* type of relation: + i=index + r=relation (heap) + s=special + u=uncatalogued (temporary) */ + char relarch /* archive mode: + h=heavy + l=light + n=none */ + int2 relnatts /* current # of non-system + attributes */ + int2 relsmgr /* storage manager: + 0=magnetic disk + 1=sony WORM jukebox + 2=main memory */ + int28 relkey /* - unused */ + oid8 relkeyop /* - unused */ + aclitem relacl[1] /* access control lists */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_attribute + oid attrelid /* class containing this attribute */ + NameData attname /* attribute name */ + oid atttypid /* attribute type */ + oid attdefrel /* - deprecated */ + int4 attnvals /* - deprecated */ + oid atttyparg /* - deprecated */ + int2 attlen /* attribute length, in bytes + -1=variable */ + int2 attnum /* attribute number + >0=user attribute + <0=system attribute */ + int2 attbound /* - deprecated */ + bool attbyval /* type passed by value? */ + bool attcanindex /* - deprecated */ + oid attproc /* - deprecated */ + int4 attnelems /* # of array dimensions */ + int4 attcacheoff /* cached offset into tuple */ + bool attisset /* is attribute set-valued? */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_inherits + oid inhrel /* child class */ + oid inhparent /* parent class */ + int4 inhseqno /* - deprecated */ +.fi +.nf M + oid indexrelid /* oid of secondary index class */ + oid indrelid /* oid of indexed heap class */ + oid indproc /* function to compute index key from + attribute(s) in heap + 0=not a functional index */ + int28 indkey /* attribute numbers of key + attribute(s) */ + oid8 indclass /* opclass of each key */ + bool indisclustered /* is the index clustered? + - unused */ + bool indisarchived /* is the index archival? + - unused */ + text indpred /* query plan for partial index + predicate */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_type + NameData typname /* type name */ + oid typowner /* usesysid of owner */ + int2 typlen /* length in internal form + -1=variable-length */ + int2 typprtlen /* length in external form */ + bool typbyval /* type passed by value? */ + char typtype /* kind of type: + c=catalog (composite) + b=base */ + bool typisdefined /* defined or still a shell? */ + char typdelim /* delimiter for array external form */ + oid typrelid /* class (if composite) */ + oid typelem /* type of each array element */ + regproc typinput /* external-internal conversion + function */ + regproc typoutput /* internal-external conversion + function */ + regproc typreceive /* client-server conversion function */ + regproc typsend /* server-client conversion function */ + text typdefault /* default value */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_operator + NameData oprname /* operator name */ + oid oprowner /* usesysid of owner */ + int2 oprprec /* - deprecated */ + char oprkind /* kind of operator: + b=binary + l=left unary + r=right unary */ + bool oprisleft /* is operator left/right associative? */ + bool oprcanhash /* is operator usable for hashjoin? */ + oid oprleft /* left operand type */ + oid oprright /* right operand type */ + oid oprresult /* result type */ + oid oprcom /* commutator operator */ + oid oprnegate /* negator operator */ + oid oprlsortop /* sort operator for left operand */ + oid oprrsortop /* sort operator for right operand */ + regproc oprcode /* function implementing this operator */ + regproc oprrest /* function to calculate operator + restriction selectivity */ + regproc oprjoin /* function to calculate operator + join selectivity */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_opclass + NameData opcname /* operator class name */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_proc + NameData proname /* function name */ + oid proowner /* usesysid of owner */ + oid prolang /* function implementation language */ + bool proisinh /* - deprecated */ + bool proistrusted /* run in server or untrusted function + process? */ + bool proiscachable /* can the function return values be + cached? */ + int2 pronargs /* # of arguments */ + bool proretset /* does the function return a set? + - unused */ + oid prorettype /* return type */ + oid8 proargtypes /* argument types */ + int4 probyte_pct /* % of argument size (in bytes) that + needs to be examined in order to + compute the function */ + int4 properbyte_cpu /* sensitivity of the function's + running time to the size of its + inputs */ + int4 propercall_cpu /* overhead of the function's + invocation (regardless of input + size) */ + int4 prooutin_ratio /* size of the function's output as a + percentage of the size of the input */ + text prosrc /* function definition (postquel only) */ + bytea probin /* path to object file (C only) */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_language + NameData lanname /* language name */ + text lancompiler /* - deprecated */ +.fi +.SH "ENTITIES" +.nf M +pg_database + NameData datname /* database name */ + oid datdba /* usesysid of database administrator */ + text datpath /* directory of database under + $PGDATA */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_group + NameData groname /* group name */ + int2 grosysid /* group's UNIX group id */ + int2 grolist[1] /* list of usesysids of group members */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_user + NameData usename /* user's name */ + int2 usesysid /* user's UNIX user id */ + bool usecreatedb /* can user create databases? */ + bool usetrace /* can user set trace flags? */ + bool usesuper /* can user be POSTGRES superuser? */ + bool usecatupd /* can user update catalogs? */ +.fi +.SH "RULE SYSTEM CATALOGS" +.nf M +pg_listener + NameData relname /* class for which asynchronous + notification is desired */ + int4 listenerpid /* process id of server corresponding + to a frontend program waiting for + asynchronous notification */ + int4 notification /* whether an event notification for + this process id still pending */ + +.fi +.nf M +pg_prs2rule + NameData prs2name /* rule name */ + char prs2eventtype /* rule event type: + R=retrieve + U=update (replace) + A=append + D=delete */ + oid prs2eventrel /* class to which event applies */ + int2 prs2eventattr /* attribute to which event applies */ + float8 necessary /* - deprecated */ + float8 sufficient /* - deprecated */ + text prs2text /* text of original rule definition */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_prs2plans + oid prs2ruleid /* prs2rule instance for which this + plan is used */ + int2 prs2planno /* plan number (one rule may invoke + multiple plans) */ + text prs2code /* external representation of the plan */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_prs2stub + oid prs2relid /* class to which this rule applies */ + bool prs2islast /* is this the last stub fragment? */ + int4 prs2no /* stub fragment number */ + stub prs2stub /* stub fragment */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_rewrite + NameData rulename /* rule name */ + char ev_type /* event type: + RETRIEVE, REPLACE, APPEND, DELETE + codes are parser-dependent (!?) */ + oid ev_class /* class to which this rule applies */ + int2 ev_attr /* attribute to which this rule applies */ + bool is_instead /* is this an "instead" rule? */ + text ev_qual /* qualification with which to modify + (rewrite) the plan that triggered this + rule */ + text action /* parse tree of action */ +.fi +.SH "LARGE OBJECT CATALOGS" +.nf M +pg_lobj + oid ourid /* 'ourid' from pg_naming that + identifies this object in the + Inversion file system namespace */ + int4 objtype /* storage type code: + 0=Inversion + 1=Unix + 2=External + 3=Jaquith */ + bytea object_descripto/* opaque object-handle structure */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_naming + NameData filename /* filename component */ + oid ourid /* random oid used to identify this + instance in other instances (can't + use the actual oid for obscure + reasons */ + oid parentid /* pg_naming instance of parent + Inversion file system directory */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_platter + NameData plname /* platter name */ + int4 plstart /* the highest OCCUPIED extent */ +.fi +.nf M +pg_plmap + oid plid /* platter (in pg_platter) on which + this extent (of blocks) resides */ + oid pldbid /* database of the class to which this + extent (of blocks) belongs */ + oid plrelid /* class to which this extend (of + blocks) belongs */ + int4 plblkno /* starting block number within the + class */ + int4 ploffset /* offset within the platter at which + this extent begins */ + int4 plextentsz /* length of this extent */ +.fi diff --git a/doc/man/cleardbdir.1 b/doc/man/cleardbdir.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..151434ce06b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/cleardbdir.1 @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/cleardbdir.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH CLEARDBDIR UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +cleardbdir \(em completely destroys all database files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR "cleardbdir" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR cleardbdir +destroys all the database files. It is used only by the +Postgres super-user +before re-initializing the entire installation for a particular site. Normal +database users should never use this command. +.PP +The +Postgres super-user +should ensure the +.IR postmaster +process is not running before running cleardbdir. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +initdb(1) + diff --git a/doc/man/close.l b/doc/man/close.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1638cc322d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/close.l @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/close.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH CLOSE SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +close \(em close a cursor +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBclose\fP [cursor_name] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Close +frees the resources associated with a cursor, +.IR cursor_name. +After this cursor is closed, no subsequent operations are allowed on +it. A cursor should be closed when it is no longer needed. If +.IR cursor_name. +is not specified, then the blank cursor is closed. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +/* + * close the cursor FOO + */ +close FOO +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +fetch(l), +select(l). diff --git a/doc/man/cluster.l b/doc/man/cluster.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a10e83bc2d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/cluster.l @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/cluster.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH CLUSTER SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +cluster \(em give storage clustering advice to Postgres +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcluster\fR indexname \fBon\fR attname +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command instructs Postgres to cluster the class specified by +.IR classname +approximately based on the index specified by +.IR indexname. +The index must already have been defined on +.IR classname. +.PP +When a class is clustered, it is physically reordered based on the index +information. The clustering is static. In other words, if the class is +updated, it may become unclustered. No attempt is made to keep new +instances or updated tuples clustered. If desired, the user can +recluster manually by issuing the command again. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +/* + * cluster employees in based on its salary attribute + */ +create index emp_ind on emp using btree (salary int4_ops); + +cluster emp_ind on emp +.fi + diff --git a/doc/man/commit.l b/doc/man/commit.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..461e981156c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/commit.l @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/commit.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:20 scrappy Exp $ +.TH COMMIT SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +commit \(em commit the current transaction +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcommit [transaction|work]\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This commands commits the current transaction. All changes made by +the transaction become visible to others and are guaranteed to be +durable if a crash occurs. +.IR "commit" +is functionally equivalent to the +.IR "end" +command +.SH "SEE ALSO" +abort(l), +begin(l), +end(l), +rollback(l). diff --git a/doc/man/copy.l b/doc/man/copy.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f2d00b64b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/copy.l @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/copy.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:21 scrappy Exp $ +.TH COPY SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +copy \(em copy data to or from a class from or to a Unix file. +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcopy\fP [\fBbinary\fP] [\fBnonulls\fP] classname + \fBto\fP|\fBfrom\fP "filename"|\fBstdin\fR|\fBstdout\fR + [\fBUSING DELIMITERS\fP delim] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Copy +moves data between Postgres classes and standard Unix files. The +keyword +.BR binary +changes the behavior of field formatting, as described below. +.IR Classname +is the name of an existing class. +.IR Filename +is the Unix pathname of the file. In place of a filename, the +keywords +.BR "stdin" " and " "stdout" +can be used so that input to +.BR copy +can be written by a Libpq application and output from the +.BR copy +command can be read by a Libpq application. The +.BR binary +keyword will force all data to be stored/read as binary objects rather +than as ASCII text. It is somewhat faster than the normal +.BR copy +command, but is not generally portable, and the files generated are +somewhat larger, although this factor is highly dependent on the data +itself. +.PP +By default, +.BR copy +uses a tab (\\t) character as a delimiter. The delimiter may also be changed +to any other single-character with the use of +.BR "USING DELIMITERS" . +Characters in data fields which happen to match the delimiter character +will be quoted. +.PP +You must have read access on any class whose values are read by the +.BR copy +command, and either write or append access to a class to which values +are being appended by the +.BR copy +command. +.SH FORMAT OF OUTPUT FILES +.SS "ASCII COPY FORMAT" +When +.BR copy +is used without the +.BR binary +keyword, the file generated will have each instance on a line, with +each attribute separated by the delimiter character. Embedded delimiter +characters will be preceeded by a backslash character (\\). The +attribute values themselves are strings generated by the output function +associated with each attribute type. The output function for a type +should not try to generate the backslash character; this will be handled +by +.BR copy +itself. +.PP +The actual format for each instance is +.nf +<attr1><tab><attr2><tab>...<tab><attrn><newline> +.fi +.PP +If +.BR copy +is sending its output to standard output instead of a file, it will +send a backslash(\\) and a period (.) followed immediately by a newline, +on a line by themselves, when it is done. Similarly, if +.BR copy +is reading from standard input, it will expect a backslash (\\) and +a period (.) followed +by a newline, as the first three characters on a line, to denote +end-of-file. However, +.BR copy +will terminate (followed by the backend itself) if a true EOF is +encountered. +.PP +The backslash character has special meaning. +.BR NULL +attributes are output as \\N. +A literal backslash character is output as two consecutive backslashes. +A literal tab character is represented as a backslash and a tab. +A literal newline character is represented as a backslash and a newline. +When loading ASCII data not generated by Postgres95, you will need to +convert backslash characters (\\) to double-backslashes (\\\\) so +they are loaded properly. +.SS "BINARY COPY FORMAT" +In the case of +.BR "copy binary" , +the first four bytes in the file will be the number of instances in +the file. If this number is +.IR zero, +the +.BR "copy binary" +command will read until end of file is encountered. Otherwise, it +will stop reading when this number of instances has been read. +Remaining data in the file will be ignored. +.PP +The format for each instance in the file is as follows. Note that +this format must be followed +.BR EXACTLY . +Unsigned four-byte integer quantities are called uint32 in the below +description. +.nf +uint32 totallength (not including itself), +uint32 number of null attributes +[uint32 attribute number of first null attribute + ... + uint32 attribute number of nth null attribute], +<data> +.fi +.bp +.SS "ALIGNMENT OF BINARY DATA" +On Sun-3s, 2-byte attributes are aligned on two-byte boundaries, and +all larger attributes are aligned on four-byte boundaries. Character +attributes are aligned on single-byte boundaries. On other machines, +all attributes larger than 1 byte are aligned on four-byte boundaries. +Note that variable length attributes are preceded by the attribute's +length; arrays are simply contiguous streams of the array element +type. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +insert(l), create table(l), vacuum(l), libpq. +.SH BUGS +Files used as arguments to the +.BR copy +command must reside on or be accessible to the the database server +machine by being either on local disks or a networked file system. +.PP +.BR Copy +stops operation at the first error. This should not lead to problems +in the event of a +.BR "copy from" , +but the target relation will, of course, be partially modified in a +.BR "copy to" . +The +.IR vacuum (l) +query should be used to clean up after a failed +.BR "copy" . +.PP +Because Postgres operates out of a different directory than the user's +working directory at the time Postgres is invoked, the result of copying +to a file \*(lqfoo\*(rq (without additional path information) may +yield unexpected results for the naive user. In this case, +\*(lqfoo\*(rq will wind up in +.SM $PGDATA\c +/foo. In general, the full pathname should be used when specifying +files to be copied. +.PP +.BR Copy +has virtually no error checking, and a malformed input file will +likely cause the backend to crash. You should avoid using +.BR copy +for input whenever possible. diff --git a/doc/man/create_aggregate.l b/doc/man/create_aggregate.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..645c54f8a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_aggregate.l @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_aggregate.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:21 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE AGGREGATE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create aggregate \(em define a new aggregate +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate aggregate\fR agg-name [\fBas\fR] + \fB(\fP[\fBsfunc1\fR \fB=\fR state-transition-function-1 + ,\fP \fBbasetype\fR \fB=\fR data-type + ,\fP \fBstype1\fR \fB=\fR sfunc1-return-type] + [\fB,\fP \fBsfunc2\fR \fB=\fR state-transition-function-2 + ,\fP \fBstype2\fR \fB=\fR sfunc2-return-type] + [\fB,\fP \fBfinalfunc\fR \fB=\fR final-function] + [\fB,\fP \fBinitcond1\fR \fB=\fR initial-condition-1] + [\fB,\fP \fBinitcond2\fR \fB=\fR initial-condition-2]\fB)\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +An aggregate function can use up to three functions, two +.IR "state transition" +functions, X1 and X2: +.nf +X1( internal-state1, next-data_item ) ---> next-internal-state1 +X2( internal-state2 ) ---> next-internal-state2 +.fi +and a +.BR "final calculation" +function, F: +.nf +F(internal-state1, internal-state2) ---> aggregate-value +.fi +These functions are required to have the following properties: +.IP +The arguments to state-transition-function-1 must be +.BR ( stype1 , basetype ) , +and its return value must be stype1. +.IP +The argument and return value of state-transition-function-2 must be +.BR stype2 . +.IP +The arguments to the final-calculation-function must be +.BR ( stype1 , stype2 ) , +and its return value must be a POSTGRES base type (not +necessarily the same as basetype. +.IP +The final-calculation-function should be specified if and only if both +state-transition functions are specified. +.PP +Note that it is possible to specify aggregate functions that have +varying combinations of state and final functions. For example, the +\*(lqcount\*(rq aggregate requires +.BR sfunc2 +(an incrementing function) but not +.BR sfunc1 " or " finalfunc , +whereas the \*(lqsum\*(rq aggregate requires +.BR sfunc1 +(an addition function) but not +.BR sfunc2 " or " finalfunc +and the \*(lqaverage\*(rq aggregate requires both of the above state +functions as well as a +.BR finalfunc +(a division function) to produce its answer. In any case, at least +one state function must be defined, and any +.BR sfunc2 +must have a corresponding +.BR initcond2 . +.PP +Aggregates also require two initial conditions, one for each +transition function. These are specified and stored in the database +as fields of type +.IR text . +.SH EXAMPLE +This +.IR avg +aggregate consists of two state transition functions, a addition +function and a incrementing function. These modify the internal state +of the aggregate through a running sum and and the number of values +seen so far. It accepts a new employee salary, increments the count, +and adds the new salary to produce the next state. The state +transition functions must be passed correct initialization values. +The final calculation then divides the sum by the count to produce the +final answer. +.nf +-- +--Create an aggregate for int4 average +-- +create aggregate avg (sfunc1 = int4add, basetype = int4, + stype1 = int4, sfunc2 = int4inc, stype2 = int4, + finalfunc = int4div, initcond1 = "0", initcond2 = "0") +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create function(l), +remove aggregate(l). diff --git a/doc/man/create_function.l b/doc/man/create_function.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2eaa148e119 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_function.l @@ -0,0 +1,417 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_function.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:21 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE FUNCTION" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH "NAME" +create function \(em define a new function +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.nf +\fBcreate function\fP function_name \fB(\fP + ([type1 {, type-n}]) + \fBreturns\fP type-r + \fBas\fP {'/full/path/to/objectfile' | 'sql-queries'} + \fBlanguage\fP {'c' \ 'sql' \ 'internal'} +.fi +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +With this command, a Postgres user can register a function with Postgres. +Subsequently, this user is treated as the owner of the function. +.PP +When defining a function with arguments, the input data types, +.IR type-1 , +.IR type-2 , +\&..., +.IR type-n , +and the return data type, +.IR type-r +must be specified, along with the language, which may be +.IR "\*(lqc\*(rq" +or +.IR "\*(lqsql\*(rq" . +or +.IR "\*(lqinternal\*(rq" . +(The +.IR "arg is" +clause may be left out if the function has no arguments, or +alternatively the argument list may be left empty.) +The input types may be base or complex types, or +.IR opaque . +.IR Opaque +indicates that the function accepts arguments of an +invalid type such as (char *). +The output type may be specified as a base type, complex type, +.IR "setof <type>", +or +.IR opaque . +The +.IR setof +modifier indicates that the function will return a set of items, +rather than a single item. +The +.IR as +clause of the command is treated differently for C and SQL +functions, as explained below. +.SH "C FUNCTIONS" +Functions written in C can be defined to Postgres, which will dynamically +load them into its address space. The loading happens either using +.IR load (l) +or automatically the first time the function is necessary for +execution. Repeated execution of a function will cause negligible +additional overhead, as the function will remain in a main memory +cache. +.PP +Internal functions are functions written in C which have been statically +linked into the postgres backend process. The +.BR as +clause must still be specified when defining an internal function but +the contents are ignored. +.SH "Writing C Functions" +The body of a C function following +.BR as +should be the +.BR "FULL PATH" +of the object code (.o file) for the function, bracketed by quotation +marks. (Postgres will not compile a function automatically \(em it must +be compiled before it is used in a +.BR "define function" +command.) +.PP +C functions with base type arguments can be written in a +straightforward fashion. The C equivalents of built-in Postgres types +are accessible in a C file if +.nf +\&.../src/backend/utils/builtins.h +.fi +is included as a header file. This can be achieved by having +.nf +\&#include <utils/builtins.h> +.fi +at the top of the C source file and by compiling all C files with the +following include options: +.nf +-I.../src/backend +-I.../src/backend/port/<portname> +-I.../src/backend/obj +.fi +before any \*(lq.c\*(rq programs in the +.IR cc +command line, e.g.: +.nf +cc -I.../src/backend \e + -I.../src/backend/port/<portname> \e + -I.../src/backend/obj \e + -c progname.c +.fi +where \*(lq...\*(rq is the path to the installed Postgres source tree and +\*(lq<portname>\*(rq is the name of the port for which the source tree +has been built. +.PP +The convention for passing arguments to and from the user's C +functions is to use pass-by-value for data types that are 32 bits (4 +bytes) or smaller, and pass-by-reference for data types that require +more than 32 bits. +.if t \{ +The following table gives the C type required for parameters in the C +functions that will be loaded into Postgres. The \*(lqDefined In\*(rq +column gives the actual header file (in the +.nf +\&.../src/backend +.fi +directory) that the equivalent C type is defined. However, if you +include \*(lqutils/builtins.h\*(rq, these files will automatically be +included. +.SH "Equivalent C Types for Built-In Postgres Types" +.PP +.TS +center; +l l l +l l l. +\fBBuilt-In Type\fP \fBC Type\fP \fBDefined In\fP +_ +abstime AbsoluteTime utils/nabstime.h +bool bool include/c.h +box (BOX *) utils/geo-decls.h +bytea (bytea *) include/postgres.h +char char N/A +char16 Char16 or (char16 *) include/postgres.h +cid CID include/postgres.h +int2 int2 include/postgres.h +int28 (int28 *) include/postgres.h +int4 int4 include/postgres.h +float4 float32 or (float4 *) include/c.h or include/postgres.h +float8 float64 or (float8 *) include/c.h or include/postgres.h +lseg (LSEG *) include/geo-decls.h +name (Name) include/postgres.h +oid oid include/postgres.h +oid8 (oid8 *) include/postgres.h +path (PATH *) utils/geo-decls.h +point (POINT *) utils/geo-decls.h +regproc regproc or REGPROC include/postgres.h +reltime RelativeTime utils/nabstime.h +text (text *) include/postgres.h +tid ItemPointer storage/itemptr.h +tinterval TimeInterval utils/nabstime.h +uint2 uint16 include/c.h +uint4 uint32 include/c.h +xid (XID *) include/postgres.h +.TE +\} +.PP +Complex arguments to C functions are passed into the C function as a +special C type, TUPLE, defined in +.nf +\&.../src/libpq/libpq-fe.h. +.fi +Given a variable +.IR t +of this type, the C function may extract attributes from the function +using the function call: +.nf +GetAttributeByName(t, "fieldname", &isnull) +.fi +where +.IR isnull +is a pointer to a +.IR bool , +which the function sets to +.IR true +if the field is null. The result of this function should be cast +appropriately as shown in the examples below. +.SH "Compiling Dynamically-Loaded C Functions" +.PP +Different operating systems require different procedures for compiling +C source files so that Postgres can load them dynamically. This section +discusses the required compiler and loader options on each system. +.PP +Under Linux ELF, object files can be generated by specifing the compiler +flag -fpic. +.PP +Under Ultrix, all object files that Postgres is expected to load +dynamically must be compiled using +.IR /bin/cc +with the \*(lq-G 0\*(rq option turned on. The object file name in the +.IR as +clause should end in \*(lq.o\*(rq. +.PP +Under HP-UX, DEC OSF/1, AIX and SunOS 4, all object files must be +turned into +.IR "shared libraries" +using the operating system's native object file loader, +.IR ld (1). +.PP +Under HP-UX, an object file must be compiled using the native HP-UX C +compiler, +.IR /bin/cc , +with both the \*(lq+z\*(rq and \*(lq+u\*(rq flags turned on. The +first flag turns the object file into \*(lqposition-independent +code\*(rq (PIC); the second flag removes some alignment restrictions +that the PA-RISC architecture normally enforces. The object file must +then be turned into a shared library using the HP-UX loader, +.IR /bin/ld . +The command lines to compile a C source file, \*(lqfoo.c\*(rq, look +like: +.nf +cc <other flags> +z +u -c foo.c +ld <other flags> -b -o foo.sl foo.o +.fi +The object file name in the +.BR as +clause should end in \*(lq.sl\*(rq. +.PP +An extra step is required under versions of HP-UX prior to 9.00. If +the Postgres header file +.nf +include/c.h +.fi +is not included in the source file, then the following line must also +be added at the top of every source file: +.nf +#pragma HP_ALIGN HPUX_NATURAL_S500 +.fi +However, this line must not appear in programs compiled under HP-UX +9.00 or later. +.PP +Under DEC OSF/1, an object file must be compiled and then turned +into a shared library using the OSF/1 loader, +.IR /bin/ld . +In this case, the command lines look like: +.nf +cc <other flags> -c foo.c +ld <other flags> -shared -expect_unresolved '*' -o foo.so foo.o +.fi +The object file name in the +.BR as +clause should end in \*(lq.so\*(rq. +.PP +Under SunOS 4, an object file must be compiled and then turned into a +shared library using the SunOS 4 loader, +.IR /bin/ld . +The command lines look like: +.nf +cc <other flags> -PIC -c foo.c +ld <other flags> -dc -dp -Bdynamic -o foo.so foo.o +.fi +The object file name in the +.BR as +clause should end in \*(lq.so\*(rq. +.PP +Under AIX, object files are compiled normally but building the shared +library requires a couple of steps. First, create the object file: +.nf +cc <other flags> -c foo.c +.fi +You must then create a symbol \*(lqexports\*(rq file for the object +file: +.nf +mkldexport foo.o `pwd` > foo.exp +.fi +Finally, you can create the shared library: +.nf +ld <other flags> -H512 -T512 -o foo.so -e _nostart \e + -bI:.../lib/postgres.exp -bE:foo.exp foo.o \e + -lm -lc 2>/dev/null +.fi +You should look at the Postgres User's Manual for an explanation of this +procedure. +.SH "SQL FUNCTIONS" +SQL functions execute an arbitrary list of SQL queries, returning +the results of the last query in the list. SQL functions in general +return sets. If their returntype is not specified as a +.IR setof , +then an arbitrary element of the last query's result will be returned. +.PP +The body of a SQL function following +.BR as +should be a list of queries separated by whitespace characters and +bracketed within quotation marks. Note that quotation marks used in +the queries must be escaped, by preceding them with two backslashes +(i.e. \e\e"). +.PP +Arguments to the SQL function may be referenced in the queries using +a $n syntax: $1 refers to the first argument, $2 to the second, and so +on. If an argument is complex, then a \*(lqdot\*(rq notation may be +used to access attributes of the argument (e.g. \*(lq$1.emp\*(rq), or +to invoke functions via a nested-dot syntax. +.SH "EXAMPLES: C Functions" +The following command defines a C function, overpaid, of two basetype +arguments. +.nf +create function overpaid (float8, int4) returns bool + as '/usr/postgres/src/adt/overpaid.o' + language 'c' +.fi +The C file "overpaid.c" might look something like: +.nf +#include <utils/builtins.h> + +bool overpaid(salary, age) + float8 *salary; + int4 age; +{ + if (*salary > 200000.00) + return(TRUE); + if ((age < 30) & (*salary > 100000.00)) + return(TRUE); + return(FALSE); +} +.fi +The overpaid function can be used in a query, e.g: +.nf +select name from EMP where overpaid(salary, age) +.fi +One can also write this as a function of a single argument of type +EMP: +.nf +create function overpaid_2 (EMP) + returns bool + as '/usr/postgres/src/adt/overpaid_2.o' + language 'c' +.fi +The following query is now accepted: +.nf +select name from EMP where overpaid_2(EMP) +.fi +In this case, in the body of the overpaid_2 function, the fields in the EMP +record must be extracted. The C file "overpaid_2.c" might look +something like: +.nf +#include <utils/builtins.h> +#include <libpq-fe.h> + +bool overpaid_2(t) +TUPLE t; +{ + float8 *salary; + int4 age; + bool salnull, agenull; + + salary = (float8 *)GetAttributeByName(t, "salary", + &salnull); + age = (int4)GetAttributeByName(t, "age", &agenull); + if (!salnull && *salary > 200000.00) + return(TRUE); + if (!agenull && (age<30) && (*salary > 100000.00)) + return(TRUE); + return(FALSE) +} +.fi +.SH "EXAMPLES: SQL Functions" +To illustrate a simple SQL function, consider the following, +which might be used to debit a bank account: +.nf +create function TP1 (int4, float8) returns int4 + as 'update BANK set balance = BANK.balance - $2 + where BANK.acctountno = $1 + select(x = 1)' + language 'sql' +.fi +A user could execute this function to debit account 17 by $100.00 as +follows: +.nf +select (x = TP1( 17,100.0)) +.fi +The following more interesting examples take a single argument of type +EMP, and retrieve multiple results: +.nf +select function hobbies (EMP) returns set of HOBBIES + as 'select (HOBBIES.all) from HOBBIES + where $1.name = HOBBIES.person' + language 'sql' +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.PP +information(1), load(l), drop function(l). +.SH "NOTES" +.SH "Name Space Conflicts" +More than one function may be defined with the same name, as long as +the arguments they take are different. In other words, function names +can be +.IR overloaded . +A function may also have the same name as an attribute. In the case +that there is an ambiguity between a function on a complex type and +an attribute of the complex type, the attribute will always be used. +.SH "RESTRICTIONS" +The name of the C function must be a legal C function name, and the +name of the function in C code must be exactly the same as the name +used in +.BR "create function" . +There is a subtle implication of this restriction: while the +dynamic loading routines in most operating systems are more than +happy to allow you to load any number of shared libraries that +contain conflicting (identically-named) function names, they may +in fact botch the load in interesting ways. For example, if you +define a dynamically-loaded function that happens to have the +same name as a function built into Postgres, the DEC OSF/1 dynamic +loader causes Postgres to call the function within itself rather than +allowing Postgres to call your function. Hence, if you want your +function to be used on different architectures, we recommend that +you do not overload C function names. +.PP +There is a clever trick to get around the problem just described. +Since there is no problem overloading SQL functions, you can +define a set of C functions with different names and then define +a set of identically-named SQL function wrappers that take the +appropriate argument types and call the matching C function. +.PP +.IR opaque +cannot be given as an argument to a SQL function. +.SH "BUGS" +C functions cannot return a set of values. diff --git a/doc/man/create_index.l b/doc/man/create_index.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3b3bd58e997 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_index.l @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_index.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:21 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE INDEX" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create index \(em construct a secondary index +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate\fR \fBindex\fR index-name + \fBon\fR classname \fBusing\fR am-name + \fB(\fR attname type_class \fB)\fR + +\fBcreate\fR \fBindex\fR index-name + \fBon\fR classname \fBusing\fR am-name + \fB(\fR funcname \fB(\fR attname\-1 { , attname\-i } \fB)\fR type_class \fB)\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command constructs an index called +.IR index-name. +.PP +.IR Am-name +is the name of the access method which is used for the index. +.PP +In the first syntax shown above, the key field for the index is +specified as an attribute name and an associated +.IR "operator class" . +An operator class is used to specify the operators to be used for a +particular index. For example, a btree index on four-byte integers +would use the +.IR int4_ops +class; this operator class includes comparison functions for four-byte +integers. +.PP +In the second syntax shown above, an index can be defined on the +result of a user-defined function +.IR funcname +applied to one or more attributes of a single class. These +.IR "functional indices" +are primarily useful in two situations. First, functional indices can +be used to simulate multikey indices. That is, the user can define a +new base type (a simple combination of, say, \*(lqoid\*(rq and +\*(lqint2\*(rq) and the associated functions and operators on this new +type such that the access method can use it. Once this has been done, +the standard techniques for interfacing new types to access methods +(described in the Postgres user manual) can be applied. Second, +functional indices can be used to obtain fast access to data based on +operators that would normally require some transformation to be +applied to the base data. For example, say you have an attribute in +class \*(lqmyclass\*(rq called \*(lqpt\*(rq that consists of a 2D +point type. Now, suppose that you would like to index this attribute +but you only have index operator classes for 2D polygon types. You +can define an index on the point attribute using a function that you +write (call it \*(lqpoint_to_polygon\*(rq) and your existing polygon +operator class; after that, queries using existing polygon operators +that reference \*(lqpoint_to_polygon(myclass.pt)\*(rq on one side will +use the precomputed polygons stored in the functional index instead of +computing a polygon for each and every instance in \*(lqmyclass\*(rq +and then comparing it to the value on the other side of the operator. +Obviously, the decision to build a functional index represents a +tradeoff between space (for the index) and execution time. +.PP +Postgres provides btree, rtree and hash access methods for +secondary indices. The btree access method is an implementation of +the Lehman-Yao high-concurrency btrees. The rtree access method +implements standard rtrees using Guttman's quadratic split algorithm. +The hash access method is an implementation of Litwin's linear +hashing. We mention the algorithms used solely to indicate that all +of these access methods are fully dynamic and do not have to be +optimized periodically (as is the case with, for example, static hash +access methods). +.PP +This list was generated from the Postgres system catalogs with the query: + +.nf +SELECT am.amname AS acc_name, + opc.opcname AS ops_name, + opr.oprname AS ops_comp +FROM pg_am am, pg_amop amop, pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr +WHERE amop.amopid = am.oid AND + amop.amopclaid = opc.oid AND + amop.amopopr = opr.oid +ORDER BY acc_name, ops_name, ops_comp; + +acc_name|ops_name |ops_comp +--------+-----------+-------- +btree |abstime_ops|< +btree |abstime_ops|<= +btree |abstime_ops|= +btree |abstime_ops|> +btree |abstime_ops|>= +btree |bpchar_ops |< +btree |bpchar_ops |<= +btree |bpchar_ops |= +btree |bpchar_ops |> +btree |bpchar_ops |>= +btree |char16_ops |< +btree |char16_ops |<= +btree |char16_ops |= +btree |char16_ops |> +btree |char16_ops |>= +btree |char2_ops |< +btree |char2_ops |<= +btree |char2_ops |= +btree |char2_ops |> +btree |char2_ops |>= +btree |char4_ops |< +btree |char4_ops |<= +btree |char4_ops |= +btree |char4_ops |> +btree |char4_ops |>= +btree |char8_ops |< +btree |char8_ops |<= +btree |char8_ops |= +btree |char8_ops |> +btree |char8_ops |>= +btree |char_ops |< +btree |char_ops |<= +btree |char_ops |= +btree |char_ops |> +btree |char_ops |>= +btree |date_ops |< +btree |date_ops |<= +btree |date_ops |= +btree |date_ops |> +btree |date_ops |>= +btree |float4_ops |< +btree |float4_ops |<= +btree |float4_ops |= +btree |float4_ops |> +btree |float4_ops |>= +btree |float8_ops |< +btree |float8_ops |<= +btree |float8_ops |= +btree |float8_ops |> +btree |float8_ops |>= +btree |int24_ops |< +btree |int24_ops |<= +btree |int24_ops |= +btree |int24_ops |> +btree |int24_ops |>= +btree |int2_ops |< +btree |int2_ops |<= +btree |int2_ops |= +btree |int2_ops |> +btree |int2_ops |>= +btree |int42_ops |< +btree |int42_ops |<= +btree |int42_ops |= +btree |int42_ops |> +btree |int42_ops |>= +btree |int4_ops |< +btree |int4_ops |<= +btree |int4_ops |= +btree |int4_ops |> +btree |int4_ops |>= +btree |name_ops |< +btree |name_ops |<= +btree |name_ops |= +btree |name_ops |> +btree |name_ops |>= +btree |oid_ops |< +btree |oid_ops |<= +btree |oid_ops |= +btree |oid_ops |> +btree |oid_ops |>= +btree |oidint2_ops|< +btree |oidint2_ops|<= +btree |oidint2_ops|= +btree |oidint2_ops|> +btree |oidint2_ops|>= +btree |oidint4_ops|< +btree |oidint4_ops|<= +btree |oidint4_ops|= +btree |oidint4_ops|> +btree |oidint4_ops|>= +btree |oidname_ops|< +btree |oidname_ops|<= +btree |oidname_ops|= +btree |oidname_ops|> +btree |oidname_ops|>= +btree |text_ops |< +btree |text_ops |<= +btree |text_ops |= +btree |text_ops |> +btree |text_ops |>= +btree |time_ops |< +btree |time_ops |<= +btree |time_ops |= +btree |time_ops |> +btree |time_ops |>= +btree |varchar_ops|< +btree |varchar_ops|<= +btree |varchar_ops|= +btree |varchar_ops|> +btree |varchar_ops|>= +hash |bpchar_ops |= +hash |char16_ops |= +hash |char2_ops |= +hash |char4_ops |= +hash |char8_ops |= +hash |char_ops |= +hash |date_ops |= +hash |float4_ops |= +hash |float8_ops |= +hash |int2_ops |= +hash |int4_ops |= +hash |name_ops |= +hash |oid_ops |= +hash |text_ops |= +hash |time_ops |= +hash |varchar_ops|= +rtree |bigbox_ops |&& +rtree |bigbox_ops |&< +rtree |bigbox_ops |&> +rtree |bigbox_ops |<< +rtree |bigbox_ops |>> +rtree |bigbox_ops |@ +rtree |bigbox_ops |~ +rtree |bigbox_ops |~= +rtree |box_ops |&& +rtree |box_ops |&< +rtree |box_ops |&> +rtree |box_ops |<< +rtree |box_ops |>> +rtree |box_ops |@ +rtree |box_ops |~ +rtree |box_ops |~= +rtree |poly_ops |&& +rtree |poly_ops |&< +rtree |poly_ops |&> +rtree |poly_ops |<< +rtree |poly_ops |>> +rtree |poly_ops |@ +rtree |poly_ops |~ +rtree |poly_ops |~= + +.fi +The +.IR int24_ops +operator class is useful for constructing indices on int2 data, and +doing comparisons against int4 data in query qualifications. +Similarly, +.IR int42_ops +support indices on int4 data that is to be compared against int2 data +in queries. +.PP +The operator classes +.IR oidint2_ops , +.IR oidint4_ops , +and +.IR oidchar16_ops +represent the use of +.IR "functional indices" +to simulate multi-key indices. +.PP +The Postgres query optimizer will consider using btree indices in a scan +whenever an indexed attribute is involved in a comparison using one of: + +.nf +< <= = >= > +.fi + +Both box classes support indices on the \*(lqbox\*(rq datatype in +Postgres. The difference between them is that +.IR bigbox_ops +scales box coordinates down, to avoid floating point exceptions from +doing multiplication, addition, and subtraction on very large +floating-point coordinates. If the field on which your rectangles lie +is about 20,000 units square or larger, you should use +.IR bigbox_ops . +The +.IR poly_ops +operator class supports rtree indices on \*(lqpolygon\*(rq data. +.PP +The Postgres query optimizer will consider using an rtree index whenever +an indexed attribute is involved in a comparison using one of: + +.nf +<< &< &> >> @ ~= && +.fi + +The Postgres query optimizer will consider using a hash index whenever +an indexed attribute is involved in a comparison using the \fB=\fR operator. +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Create a btree index on the emp class using the age attribute. +-- +create index empindex on emp using btree (age int4_ops) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create a btree index on employee name. +-- +create index empname + on emp using btree (name char16_ops) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create an rtree index on the bounding rectangle of cities. +-- +create index cityrect + on city using rtree (boundbox box_ops) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create a rtree index on a point attribute such that we +--can efficiently use box operators on the result of the +--conversion function. Such a qualification might look +--like "where point2box(points.pointloc) = boxes.box". +-- +create index pointloc + on points using rtree (point2box(location) box_ops) +.nf diff --git a/doc/man/create_operator.l b/doc/man/create_operator.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3c49dc004f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_operator.l @@ -0,0 +1,219 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_operator.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:21 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE OPERATOR" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create operator \(em define a new user operator +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate operator\fR operator_name + \fB(\fR[ \fBleftarg\fR \fB=\fR type-1 ] + [ \fB,\fR \fBrightarg\fR \fB=\fR type-2 ] + , \fBprocedure =\fR func_name + [\fB, commutator =\fR com_op ] + [\fB, negator =\fR neg_op ] + [\fB, restrict =\fR res_proc ] + [\fB, hashes\fR] + [\fB, join =\fR join_proc ] + [\fB, sort =\fR sor_op1 {\fB,\fR sor_op2 } ] + \fB)\fR +.\" \fB"arg is (" +.\" type [ +.\" \fB, +.\" type ] +.\" \fB) +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command defines a new user operator, +.IR "operator_name" . +The user who defines an operator becomes its owner. +.PP +The +.IR "operator_name" +is a sequence of up to sixteen punctuation characters. The following +characters are valid for single-character operator names: +.nf +~ ! @ # % ^ & ` ? +.fi +If the operator name is more than one character long, it may consist +of any combination of the above characters or the following additional +characters: +.nf +| $ : + - * / < > = +.fi +.PP +At least one of +.IR leftarg +and +.IR rightarg +must be defined. For binary operators, both should be defined. For +right unary operators, only +.IR arg1 +should be defined, while for left unary operators only +.IR arg2 +should be defined. +.PP +The name of the operator, +.IR operator_name , +can be composed of symbols only. Also, the +.IR func_name +procedure must have been previously defined using +.IR "create function" (l) +and must have one or two arguments. +.PP +.\" that multiple instances of the +.\" operator must be be evaluated +.\" For example, consider the area-intersection operator, +.\" .q A, +.\" and the following expression: +.\" .(l +.\" MYBOXES2.description A \*(lq0,0,1,1\*(rq A MYBOXES.description +.\" .)l +.\" .in .5i +.\" The associativity flag indicates that +.\" .(l +.\" (MYBOXES2.description A \*(lq0,0,1,1\*(rq) A MYBOXES.description +.\" .)l +.\" .in .5i +.\" is the same as +.\" .(l +.\" MYBOXES2.description A (\*(lq0,0,1,1\*(rq A MYBOXES.description). +.\" .)l +The commutator operator is present so that Postgres can reverse the order +of the operands if it wishes. For example, the operator +area-less-than, >>>, would have a commutator operator, +area-greater-than, <<<. Suppose that an operator, area-equal, ===, +exists, as well as an area not equal, !==. Hence, the query optimizer +could freely convert: +.nf +"0,0,1,1"::box >>> MYBOXES.description +.fi +to +.nf +MYBOXES.description <<< "0,0,1,1"::box +.fi +This allows the execution code to always use the latter representation +and simplifies the query optimizer somewhat. +.PP +The negator operator allows the query optimizer to convert +.nf +not MYBOXES.description === "0,0,1,1"::box +.fi +to +.nf +MYBOXES.description !== "0,0,1,1"::box +.fi +If a commutator operator name is supplied, Postgres searches for it in +the catalog. If it is found and it does not yet have a commutator +itself, then the commutator's entry is updated to have the current +(new) operator as its commutator. This applies to the negator, as +well. +.PP +This is to allow the definition of two operators that are the +commutators or the negators of each other. The first operator should +be defined without a commutator or negator (as appropriate). When the +second operator is defined, name the first as the commutator or +negator. The first will be updated as a side effect. +.PP +The next two specifications are present to support the query optimizer +in performing joins. Postgres can always evaluate a join (i.e., +processing a clause with two tuple variables separated by an operator +that returns a boolean) by iterative substitution [WONG76]. In +addition, Postgres is planning on implementing a hash-join algorithm +along the lines of [SHAP86]; however, it must know whether this +strategy is applicable. For example, a hash-join algorithm is usable +for a clause of the form: +.nf +MYBOXES.description === MYBOXES2.description +.fi +but not for a clause of the form: +.nf +MYBOXES.description <<< MYBOXES2.description. +.fi +The +.BR hashes +flag gives the needed information to the query optimizer concerning +whether a hash join strategy is usable for the operator in question. +.PP +Similarly, the two sort operators indicate to the query optimizer +whether merge-sort is a usable join strategy and what operators should +be used to sort the two operand classes. For the === clause above, +the optimizer must sort both relations using the operator, <<<. On +the other hand, merge-sort is not usable with the clause: +.nf +MYBOXES.description <<< MYBOXES2.description +.fi +If other join strategies are found to be practical, Postgres will change +the optimizer and run-time system to use them and will require +additional specification when an operator is defined. Fortunately, +the research community invents new join strategies infrequently, and +the added generality of user-defined join strategies was not felt to +be worth the complexity involved. +.PP +The last two pieces of the specification are present so the query +optimizer can estimate result sizes. If a clause of the form: +.nf +MYBOXES.description <<< "0,0,1,1"::box +.fi +is present in the qualification, then Postgres may have to estimate the +fraction of the instances in MYBOXES that satisfy the clause. The +function res_proc must be a registered function (meaning it is already +defined using +.IR "define function" (l)) +which accepts one argument of the correct data type and returns a +floating point number. The query optimizer simply calls this +function, passing the parameter +.nf +"0,0,1,1" +.fi +and multiplies the result by the relation size to get the desired +expected number of instances. +.PP +Similarly, when the operands of the operator both contain instance +variables, the query optimizer must estimate the size of the resulting +join. The function join_proc will return another floating point +number which will be multiplied by the cardinalities of the two +classes involved to compute the desired expected result size. +.PP +The difference between the function +.nf +my_procedure_1 (MYBOXES.description, "0,0,1,1"::box) +.fi +and the operator +.nf +MYBOXES.description === "0,0,1,1"::box +.fi +is that Postgres attempts to optimize operators and can decide to use an +index to restrict the search space when operators are involved. +However, there is no attempt to optimize functions, and they are +performed by brute force. Moreover, functions can have any number of +arguments while operators are restricted to one or two. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--The following command defines a new operator, +--area-equality, for the BOX data type. +-- +create operator === ( + leftarg = box, + rightarg = box, + procedure = area_equal_procedure, + commutator = ===, + negator = !==, + restrict = area_restriction_procedure, + hashes, + join = area-join-procedure, + sort = <<<, <<<) +.\" arg is (box, box) +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create function(l), +drop operator(l). +.SH BUGS +Operator names cannot be composed of alphabetic characters in +Postgres. +.PP +If an operator is defined before its commuting operator has been defined +(a case specifically warned against above), a dummy operator with invalid +fields will be placed in the system catalogs. This may interfere with +the definition of later operators. diff --git a/doc/man/create_rule.l b/doc/man/create_rule.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..86bc53e8221 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_rule.l @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_rule.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:21 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE RULE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create rule \(em define a new rule +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate\fR \fBrule\fR rule_name + \fBas\fR \fBon\fR event + \fBto\fR object [\fBwhere\fR clause] + \fBdo\fR [\fBinstead\fR] + [action | nothing | \fB[\fPactions...\fB]\fP] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR "The current rule system implementation is very brittle and is unstable. Users are discouraged from using rules at this time." +.PP +.BR "Create rule" +is used to define a new rule. +.PP +Here, +.IR event +is one of +.IR select , +.IR update , +.IR delete +or +.IR insert . +.IR Object +is either: +.nf +a class name + \fIor\fR +class.column +.fi +The +.BR "from" +clause, the +.BR "where" +clause, and the +.IR action +are respectively normal SQL +.BR "from" +clauses, +.BR "where" +clauses and collections of SQL commands with the following change: +.IP +.BR new +or +.BR current +can appear instead of +an instance variable whenever an instance +variable is permissible in SQL. +.PP +The semantics of a rule is that at the time an individual instance is +accessed, updated, inserted or deleted, there is a +.BR current +instance +(for retrieves, updates and deletes) and a +.BR new +instance (for updates and appends). If the event specified in the +.BR "on" +clause and the condition specified in the +.BR "where" +clause are true for the current instance, then the +.IR action +part of the rule is executed. First, however, values from fields in +the current instance and/or the new instance are substituted for: +.nf +current.attribute-name +new.attribute-name +.fi +The +.IR action +part of the rule executes with same command and transaction identifier +as the user command that caused activation. +.PP +A note of caution about SQL rules is in order. If the same class +name or instance variable appears in the event, +.BR where +clause and the +.IR action +parts of a rule, they are all considered different tuple variables. +More accurately, +.BR new +and +.BR current +are the only tuple variables that are shared between these clauses. +For example, the following two rules have the same semantics: +.nf +on update to EMP.salary where EMP.name = "Joe" + do update EMP ( ... ) where ... + +on update to EMP-1.salary where EMP-2.name = "Joe" + do update EMP-3 ( ... ) where ... +.fi +Each rule can have the optional tag +.BR "instead" . +Without this tag +.IR action +will be performed in addition to the user command when the event in +the condition part of the rule occurs. Alternately, the +.IR action +part will be done instead of the user command. +In this later case, the action can be the keyword +.BR nothing . +.PP +When choosing between the rewrite and instance rule systems for a +particular rule application, remember that in the rewrite system +.BR current +refers to a relation and some qualifiers whereas in the instance +system it refers to an instance (tuple). +.PP +It is very important to note that the +.BR rewrite +rule system will +neither detect nor process circular +rules. For example, though each of the following two rule +definitions are accepted by Postgres, the +.IR retrieve +command will cause +Postgres to +.IR crash : +.nf +-- +--Example of a circular rewrite rule combination. +-- +create rule bad_rule_combination_1 is + on select to EMP + do instead select to TOYEMP + +create rule bad_rule_combination_2 is + on select to TOYEMP + do instead select to EMP + +-- +--This attempt to retrieve from EMP will cause Postgres to crash. +-- +select * from EMP +.fi +.PP +You must have +.IR "rule definition" +access to a class in order to define a rule on it (see +.IR "change acl" (l). +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Make Sam get the same salary adjustment as Joe +-- +create rule example_1 is + on update EMP.salary where current.name = "Joe" + do update EMP (salary = new.salary) + where EMP.name = "Sam" +.fi +At the time Joe receives a salary adjustment, the event will become +true and Joe's current instance and proposed new instance are available +to the execution routines. Hence, his new salary is substituted into the +.IR action +part of the rule which is subsequently executed. This propagates +Joe's salary on to Sam. +.nf +-- +--Make Bill get Joe's salary when it is accessed +-- +create rule example_2 is + on select to EMP.salary + where current.name = "Bill" + do instead + select (EMP.salary) from EMP where EMP.name = "Joe" +.fi +.nf +-- +--Deny Joe access to the salary of employees in the shoe +--department. (pg_username() returns the name of the current user) +-- +create rule example_3 is + on select to EMP.salary + where current.dept = "shoe" + and pg_username() = "Joe" + do instead nothing +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create a view of the employees working in the toy department. +-- +create TOYEMP(name = char16, salary = int4) + +create rule example_4 is + on select to TOYEMP + do instead select (EMP.name, EMP.salary) from EMP + where EMP.dept = "toy" +.fi +.nf +-- +--All new employees must make 5,000 or less +-- +create rule example_5 is + on insert to EMP where new.salary > 5000 + do update newset salary = 5000 +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +drop rule(l), +create view(l). +.SH BUGS +.PP +.BR "instead" +rules do not work properly. +.PP +The object in a SQL rule cannot be an array reference and cannot +have parameters. +.PP +Aside from the \*(lqoid\*(rq field, system attributes cannot be +referenced anywhere in a rule. Among other things, this means that +functions of instances (e.g., \*(lqfoo(emp)\*(rq where \*(lqemp\*(rq +is a class) cannot be called anywhere in a rule. +.PP +The rule system store the rule text and query plans as text +attributes. This implies that creation of rules may fail if the +rule plus its various internal representations exceed some value +that is on the order of one page (8KB). diff --git a/doc/man/create_table.l b/doc/man/create_table.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ecb03a2de6c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_table.l @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_table.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE TABLE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create table \(em create a new class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate table \fR classname \fB(\fPattname-1 type-1 {\fB,\fP attname-i type-i}\fB)\fP + [\fBinherits\fR \fB(\fR classname-1 {\fB,\fR classname-i} \fB)\fR] + [\fBarchive\fR \fB=\fR archive_mode] + [\fBstore\fR \fB=\fR \*(lqsmgr_name\*(rq] + [\fBarch_store\fR \fB=\fR \*(lqsmgr_name\*(rq] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "Create table" +will enter a new class into the current data base. The class will be +\*(lqowned\*(rq by the user issuing the command. The name of the +class is +.IR classname +and the attributes are as specified in the list of +.IR attname s. +The +.IR i th +attribute is created with the type specified by +.IR type "-i." +Each type may be a simple type, a complex type (set) or an array type. +.PP +Each array attribute stores arrays that must have the same number of +dimensions but may have different sizes and array index bounds. An +array of dimension +.IR n +is specified by appending +.IR n +pairs of square brackets: +.nf +att_name = type[][]..[] +.fi +.PP +The optional +.BR inherits +clause specifies a collection of class names from which this class +automatically inherits all fields. If any inherited field name +appears more than once, Postgres reports an error. Postgres automatically +allows the created class to inherit functions on classes above it in +the inheritance hierarchy. Inheritance of functions is done according +to the conventions of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). +.PP +Each new class +.IR classname +is automatically created as a type. Therefore, one or more instances +from the class are automatically a type and can be used in +.IR alter table(l) +or other +.BR "create table" +statements. See +.IR introduction (l) +for a further discussion of this point. +.PP +The optional +.BR store +and +.BR arch_store +keywords may be used to specify a storage manager to use for the new +class. The released version of Postgres supports only \*(lqmagnetic +disk\*(rq as a storage manager name; the research system at UC Berkeley +provides additional storage managers. +.BR Store +controls the location of current data, +and +.BR arch_store +controls the location of historical data. +.BR Arch_store +may only be specified if +.BR archive +is also specified. If either +.BR store +or +.BR arch_store +is not declared, it defaults to \*(lqmagnetic disk\*(rq. +.PP +The new class is created as a heap with no initial data. A class can +have no more than 1600 attributes (realistically, this is limited by the +fact that tuple sizes must be less than 8192 bytes), but this limit +may be configured lower at some sites. A class cannot have the same +name as a system catalog class. +.PP +The +.BR archive +keyword specifies whether historical data is to be saved or discarded. +.IR Arch_mode +may be one of: +.TP 10n +.IR none +No historical access is supported. +.TP 10n +.IR light +Historical access is allowed and optimized for light update activity. +.TP 10n +.IR heavy +Historical access is allowed and optimized for heavy update activity. +.PP +.IR Arch_mode +defaults to \*(lqnone\*(rq. Once the archive status is set, there is +no way to change it. For details of the optimization, see [STON87]. +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +-- Create class emp with attributes name, sal and bdate +-- +create table emp (name char16, salary float4, bdate abstime) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create class permemp with pension information that +--inherits all fields of emp +-- +create table permemp (plan char16) inherits (emp) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create class foo on magnetic disk and archive historical data +-- +create table foo (bar int4) archive = heavy + store = "magnetic disk" +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create class tictactoe to store noughts-and-crosses +--boards as a 2-dimensional array +-- +create table tictactoe (game int4, board = char[][]) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create a class newemp with a set attribute "manager". A +--set (complex) attribute may be of the same type as the +--relation being defined (as here) or of a different complex +--type. The type must exist in the "pg_type" catalog or be +--the one currently being defined. +-- +create table newemp (name text, manager = newemp) +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +drop table(l). diff --git a/doc/man/create_type.l b/doc/man/create_type.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..42f1e677654 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_type.l @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_type.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE TYPE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create type \(em define a new base data type +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate type\fP typename \fB(\fR\fBinternallength\fR = (number | \fBvariable\fR), + [ \fBexternallength\fR = (number | \fBvariable\fR)\fB,\fR ] + \fBinput\fR = input_function, + \fBoutput\fR = output_function + [\fB,\fR \fBelement\fR = typename] + [\fB,\fR \fBdelimiter\fR = <character>] + [\fB,\fR \fBdefault\fR = "string" ] + [\fB,\fR \fBsend\fR = send_function ] + [\fB,\fR \fBreceive\fR = receive_function ] + [\fB,\fR \fBpassedbyvalue\fR]\fB)\fR +.fi +.\" \fBcreate type\fP typename as sql_commands +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "Create type" +allows the user to register a new user data type with Postgres for use in +the current data base. The user who defines a type becomes its owner. +.IR Typename +is the name of the new type and must be unique within the types +defined for this database. +.PP +.BR "Create type" +requires the registration of two functions (using +.IR "create function" (l)) +before defining the type. The representation of a new base type is +determined by +.IR input_function , +which converts the type's external representation to an internal +representation usable by the operators and functions defined for the +type. Naturally, +.IR "output_function" +performs the reverse transformation. Both the input and output +functions must be declared to take one or two arguments of type +\*(lqopaque\*(rq. +.PP +New base data types can be fixed length, in which case +.BR "internallength" +is a positive integer, or variable length, in which case Postgres assumes +that the new type has the same format as the Postgres-supplied data type, +\*(lqtext\*(rq. To indicate that a type is variable-length, set +.BR "internallength" +to +.IR "variable" . +The external representation is similarly specified using the +.IR "externallength" +keyword. +.PP +To indicate that a type is an array and to indicate that a type has +array elements, indicate the type of the array element using the +.BR "element" +keyword. For example, to define an array of 4 byte integers +(\*(lqint4\*(rq), specify +.nf +element = int4 +.fi +.PP +To indicate the delimiter to be used on arrays of this type, +.BR "delimiter" +can be set to a specific character. The default delimiter is the +comma (\*(lq,\*(rq) character. +.PP +A +.BR "default" +value is optionally available in case a user wants some specific bit +pattern to mean \*(lqdata not present.\*(rq +.PP +The optional functions +.IR "send_function" +and +.IR "receive_function" +are used when the application program requesting Postgres services +resides on a different machine. In this case, the machine on which +Postgres runs may use a different format for the data type than used on +the remote machine. In this case it is appropriate to convert data +items to a standard form when +.BR send ing +from the server to the client and converting from the standard format +to the machine specific format when the server +.BR receive s +the data from the client. If these functions are not specified, then +it is assumed that the internal format of the type is acceptable on +all relevant machine architectures. For example, single characters do +not have to be converted if passed from a Sun-4 to a DECstation, but +many other types do. +.PP +The optional +.BR "passedbyvalue" +flag indicates that operators and functions which use this data type +should be passed an argument by value rather than by reference. Note +that only types whose internal representation is at most four bytes +may be passed by value. +.PP +For new base types, a user can define operators, functions and +aggregates using the appropriate facilities described in this section. +.SH "ARRAY TYPES" +Two generalized built-in functions, +.BR array_in +and +.BR array_out, +exist for quick creation of variable-length array types. These +functions operate on arrays of any existing Postgres type. +.SH "LARGE OBJECT TYPES" +A \*(lqregular\*(rq Postgres type can only be 8192 bytes in length. If +you need a larger type you must create a Large Object type. The +interface for these types is discussed at length in Section 7, the +large object interface. The length of all large object types +is always +.IR variable, +meaning the +.BR internallength +for large objects is always -1. +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--This command creates the box data type and then uses the +--type in a class definition +-- +create type box (internallength = 8, + input = my_procedure_1, output = my_procedure_2) + +create table MYBOXES (id = int4, description = box) +.fi +.nf +-- +--This command creates a variable length array type with +--integer elements. +-- +create type int4array + (input = array_in, output = array_out, + internallength = variable, element = int4) + +create table MYARRAYS (id = int4, numbers = int4array) +.fi +.nf +-- +--This command creates a large object type and uses it in +--a class definition. +-- +create type bigobj + (input = lo_filein, output = lo_fileout, + internallength = variable) + +create table BIG_OBJS (id = int4, obj = bigobj) +.fi +.SH "RESTRICTIONS" +Type names cannot begin with the underscore character (\*(lq_\*(rq) +and can only be 15 characters long. This is because Postgres silently +creates an array type for each base type with a name consisting of the +base type's name prepended with an underscore. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create function(l), +create operator(l), +drop type(l), +introduction(large objects). diff --git a/doc/man/create_version.l b/doc/man/create_version.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ca8bd4fac25 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_version.l @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_version.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE VERSION" SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create version \(em construct a version class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate version\fP classname1 \fBfrom\fP classname2 [\fB[\fPabstime\fB]\fP] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR "Currently, the versioning facility is not working." +.PP +This command creates a version class +.IR classname1 +which is related +to its parent class, +.IR classname2 . +Initially, +.IR classname1 +has the same contents as +.IR classname2. +As updates to +.IR classname1 +occur, however, +the content of +.IR classname1 +diverges from +.IR classname2. +On the other hand, any updates to +.IR classname2 +show transparently through to +.IR classname1 , +unless the instance in question has already been updated in +.IR classname1 . +.PP +If the optional +.IR abstime +clause is specified, then the version is constructed relative to a +.BR snapshot +of +.IR classname2 +as of the time specified. +.PP +Postgres uses the query rewrite rule system to ensure that +.IR classname1 +is differentially encoded relative to +.IR classname2. +Moreover, +.IR classname1 +is automatically constructed to have the same indexes as +.IR classname2 . +It is legal to cascade versions arbitrarily, so a tree of versions can +ultimately result. The algorithms that control versions are explained +in [ONG90]. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--create a version foobar from a snapshot of +--barfoo as of January 17, 1990 +-- +create version foobar from barfoo [ "Jan 17 1990" ] +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create view(l), merge(l). +.SH "BUGS" +Snapshots (i.e., the optional +.IR abstime +clause) are not implemented in Postgres. diff --git a/doc/man/create_view.l b/doc/man/create_view.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..24e31066d3f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/create_view.l @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/create_view.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE VIEW" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create view \(em construct a virtual class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate view\fR view_name \fBas\fR + \fBselect\fR expression1 [\fBas\fR attr_name1] + {, expression_i [\fBas\fR attr_namei]} + [\fBfrom\fR from.last] + [\fBwhere\fR qual] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "create view" +will define a view of a class. This view is not physically +materialized; instead the rule system is used to support view +processing as in [STON90]. Specifically, a query rewrite retrieve +rule is automatically generated to support retrieve operations on +views. Then, the user can add as many update rules as desired to +specify the processing of update operations to views. See [STON90] +for a detailed discussion of this point. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--create a view consisting of toy department employees +-- +create view toyemp as + select e.name + from emp e + where e.dept = 'toy' +.fi +.nf +-- +--Specify deletion semantics for toyemp +-- +create rule example1 as + on delete to toyemp + do instead delete emp + where emp.oid = current.oid +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create table(l), +create rule(l), diff --git a/doc/man/createdb.1 b/doc/man/createdb.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..832cc39dff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/createdb.1 @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/createdb.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH CREATEDB UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +createdb \(em create a database +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR createdb +[\c +.BR -a +system] +[\c +.BR -h +host] +[\c +.BR -p +port] +[dbname] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR Createdb +creates a new database. The person who executes this command becomes +the database administrator, or DBA, for this database and is the only +person, other than the Postgres super-user, who can destroy it. +.PP +.IR Createdb +is a shell script that invokes +.IR psql . +Hence, a +.IR postmaster +process must be running on the database server host before +.IR createdb +is executed. In addition, the +.SM PGOPTION +and +.SM PGREALM +environment variables will be passed on to +.IR psql +and processed as described in +.IR psql (1). +.PP +The optional argument +.IR dbname +specifies the name of the database to be created. The name must be +unique among all Postgres databases. +.IR Dbname +defaults to the value of the +.SM USER +environment variable. +.PP +.IR Createdb +understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies an authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-h" " host" +Specifies the hostname of the machine on which the +.IR postmaster +is running. Defaults to the name of the local host, or the value of +the +.SM PGHOST +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is listening for connections. Defaults to 5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +# create 5432 demo database +createdb demo +.fi +.nf +# create the demo database using the postmaster on host eden, +# port using the Kerberos authentication system. +createdb -a kerberos -p 5432 -h eden demo +.fi +.SH FILES +.TP 5n +\&$PGDATA/base/\fIdbname\fP +The location of the files corresponding to the database +.IR dbname . +.SH "SEE ALSO" +createdb(l), +destroydb(1), +initdb(1), +psql(1), +postmaster(1). +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +.TP 5n +.BI "Error: Failed to connect to backend (host=" "xxx" ", port=" "xxx" ")" +.IR Createdb +could not attach to the +.IR postmaster +process on the specified host and port. If you see this message, +ensure that the +.IR postmaster +is running on the proper host and that you have specified the proper +port. If your site uses an authentication system, ensure that you +have obtained the required authentication credentials. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq is not in \*(lqpg_user\*(rq" +You do not have a valid entry in the relation \*(lqpg_user\*(rq and +cannot do anything with Postgres at all; contact your Postgres site +administrator. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq is not allowed to create/destroy databases" +You do not have permission to create new databases; contact your Postgres +site administrator. +.TP +.IB "dbname" " already exists" +The database already exists. +.TP +.BI "database creation failed on" " dbname" +An internal error occurred in +.IR psql +or the backend server. Ensure that your Postgres site administrator has +properly installed Postgres and initialized the site with +.IR initdb . diff --git a/doc/man/createdb.l b/doc/man/createdb.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6de86972d51 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/createdb.l @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/createdb.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "CREATE DATABASE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +create database \(em create a new database +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBcreate database\fP dbname +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "Create database" +creates a new Postgres database. The creator becomes the administrator +of the new database. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +createdb(1), +drop database(l), +destroydb(1), +initdb(1). +.SH BUGS +This command should +.BR NOT +be executed interactively. The +.IR createdb (1) +script should be used instead. diff --git a/doc/man/createuser.1 b/doc/man/createuser.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..275e77db54d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/createuser.1 @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/createuser.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:22 scrappy Exp $ +.TH CREATEUSER UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +createuser \(em create a Postgres user +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR createuser +[\c +.BR -a +system] +[\c +.BR -h +host] +[\c +.BR -p +port] +[username] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR Createuser +creates a new Postgres user. Only users with \*(lqusesuper\*(rq set in +the \*(lqpg_user\*(rq class can create new Postgres users. As shipped, +the user \*(lqpostgres\*(rq can create users. +.PP +.IR Createuser +is a shell script that invokes +.IR psql . +Hence, a +.IR postmaster +process must be running on the database server host before +.IR createuser +is executed. In addition, the +.SM PGOPTION +and +.SM PGREALM +environment +variables will be passed on to +.IR psql +and processed as described in +.IR psql (1). +.PP +The optional argument +.IR username +specifies the name of the Postgres user to be created. (The invoker will +be prompted for a name if none is specified on the command line.) +This name must be unique among all Postgres users. +.PP +.IR Createuser +understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies an authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-h" " host" +Specifies the hostname of the machine on which the +.IR postmaster +is running. Defaults to the name of the local host, or the value of +the +.SM PGHOST +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is listening for connections. Defaults to 5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). +.SH "INTERACTIVE QUESTIONS" +Once invoked with the above options, +.IR createuser +will ask a series of questions. The new users's login name (if not +given on the command line) and user-id must be specified. (Note that +the Postgres user-id must be the same as the user's Unix user-id.) In +addition, you must describe the security capabilities of the new user. +Specifically, you will be asked whether the new user should be able to +act as Postgres super-user, create new databases and update the system +catalogs manually. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +destroyuser(1), +psql(1), +postmaster(1). +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +.TP 5n +.BI "Error: Failed to connect to backend (host=" "xxx" ", port=" "xxx" ")" +.IR Createuser +could not attach to the +.IR postmaster +process on the specified host and port. If you see this message, +ensure that the +.IR postmaster +is running on the proper host and that you have specified the proper +port. If your site uses an authentication system, ensure that you +have obtained the required authentication credentials. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq is not in \*(lqpg_user\*(rq" +You do not have a valid entry in the relation \*(lqpg_user\*(rq and +cannot do anything with Postgres at all; contact your Postgres site +administrator. +.TP +.IB "username" " cannot create users." +You do not have permission to create new users; contact your Postgres +site administrator. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq already exists" +The user to be added already has an entry in the \*(lqpg_user\*(rq +class. +.TP +.BR "database access failed" +An internal error occurred in +.IR psql +or the backend server. Ensure that your Postgres site administrator has +properly installed Postgres and initialized the site with +.IR initdb . +.SH BUGS +Postgres user-ids and user names should not have anything to do with the +constraints of Unix. diff --git a/doc/man/delete.l b/doc/man/delete.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5836a4756e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/delete.l @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/delete.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH DELETE SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +delete \(em delete instances from a class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdelete\fR instance_variable [ \fBfrom\fR from_list ] [ \fBwhere\fR qual ] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Delete +removes instances which satisfy the qualification, +.IR qual , +from the class specified by +.IR instance_variable . +.IR Instance_variable +is either a class name or a variable assigned by +.IR from_list . +If the qualification is absent, the effect is to delete all instances +in the class. The result is a valid, but empty class. +.PP +You must have write access to the class in order to modify it, as well +as read access to any class whose values are read in the qualification +(see +.IR "change acl" (l). +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--Remove all employees who make over $30,000 +-- +delete from emp where emp.sal > 30000 +.fi +.nf +-- +--Clear the hobbies class +-- +delete from hobbies +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +drop(l). diff --git a/doc/man/destroydb.1 b/doc/man/destroydb.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4fdcab80308 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/destroydb.1 @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/destroydb.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH DESTROYDB UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +destroydb \(em destroy an existing database +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR destroydb +[\c +.BR -a +system] +[\c +.BR -h +host] +[\c +.BR -p +port] +[dbname] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR Destroydb +destroys an existing database. To execute this command, the user must +be the database administrator, or DBA, for this database. +The program runs silently; no confirmation message will be displayed. +After the database is destroyed, a Unix shell prompt will reappear. +.PP +.IR Destroydb +is a shell script that invokes +.IR psql . +Hence, a +.IR postmaster +process must be running on the database server host before +.IR destroydb +is executed. In addition, the +.SM PGOPTION +and +.SM PGREALM +environment +variables will be passed on to +.IR psql +and processed as described in +.IR psql (1). +.PP +The optional argument +.IR dbname +specifies the name of the database to be destroyed. All references to +the database are removed, including the directory containing this +database and its associated files. +.IR Dbname +defaults to the value of the +.SM USER +environment variable. +.PP +.IR Destroydb +understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies an authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-h" " host" +Specifies the hostname of the machine on which the +.IR postmaster +is running. Defaults to the name of the local host, or the value of +the +.SM PGHOST +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is listening for connections. Defaults to 5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +# destroy the demo database +destroydb demo +.fi +.nf +# destroy 5432 demo database using the postmaster on host eden, +# port using the Kerberos authentication system. +destroydb -a kerberos -p 5432 -h eden demo +.fi +.SH FILES +.TP 5n +\&$PGDATA/base/\fIdbname\fP +The location of the files corresponding to the database +.IR dbname . +.SH "SEE ALSO" +destroydb(l), +createdb(1), +initdb(1), +psql(1). +postmaster(1). +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +.TP 5n +.BI "Error: Failed to connect to backend (host=" "xxx" ", port=" "xxx" ")" +.IR Destroydb +could not attach to the +.IR postmaster +process on the specified host and port. If you see this message, +ensure that the +.IR postmaster +is running on the proper host and that you have specified the proper +port. If your site uses an authentication system, ensure that you +have obtained the required authentication credentials. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq is not in \*(lqpg_user\*(rq" +You do not have a valid entry in the relation \*(lqpg_user\*(rq and +cannot do anything with Postgres at all; contact your Postgres site +administrator. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq is not allowed to create/destroy databases" +You do not have permission to destroy databases; contact your Postgres +site administrator. +.TP +.BR "database \*(lqdbname\*(rq does not exist" +The database to be removed does not have an entry in the +\*(lqpg_database\*(rq class. +.TP +.BI "database \*(lq" "dbname" "\*(rq is not owned by you" +You are not DBA for the specified database. +.TP +.BI "database destroy failed on" " dbname" +An internal error occurred in +.IR psql +or the backend server. Contact your Postgres site administrator to +ensure that ensure that the files and database entries associated with +the database are completely removed. diff --git a/doc/man/destroydb.l b/doc/man/destroydb.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..01b96de8fc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/destroydb.l @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/destroydb.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH DESTROYDB SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop database \(em destroy an existing database +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop database\fR dbname +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "Drop database" +removes the catalog entries for an existing database and deletes the +directory containing the data. It can only be executed by the +database administrator (see +.IR createdb (l) +for details). +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create database(l), +destroydb(1). +.SH BUGS +This query should +.BR NOT +be executed interactively. The +.IR destroydb (1) +script should be used instead. diff --git a/doc/man/destroyuser.1 b/doc/man/destroyuser.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..483fe7623f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/destroyuser.1 @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/destroyuser.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH DESTROYUSER UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +destroyuser \(em destroy a Postgres user and associated databases +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR destroyuser +[\c +.BR -a +system] +[\c +.BR -h +host] +[\c +.BR -p +port] +[username] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.PP +.IR Destroyuser +destroys an existing Postgres user and the databases for which that user +is database administrator. Only users with \*(lqusesuper\*(rq set in +the \*(lqpg_user\*(rq class can destroy new Postgres users. As shipped, +the user \*(lqpostgres\*(rq can destroy users. +.PP +.IR Destroyuser +is a shell script that invokes +.IR psql . +Hence, a +.IR postmaster +process must be running on the database server host before +.IR destroyuser +is executed. In addition, the +.SM PGOPTION +and +.SM PGREALM +environment variables will be passed on to +.IR psql +and processed as described in +.IR psql (1). +.PP +The optional argument +.IR username +specifies the name of the Postgres user to be destroyed. (The invoker will +be prompted for a name if none is specified on the command line.) +.PP +.IR Destroyuser +understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies an authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-h" " host" +Specifies the hostname of the machine on which the +.IR postmaster +is running. Defaults to the name of the local host, or the value of +the +.SM PGHOST +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is listening for connections. Defaults to 5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). +.SH "INTERACTIVE QUESTIONS" +.PP +Once invoked with the above options, +.IR destroyuser +will warn you about the databases that will be destroyed in the +process and permit you to abort the removal of the user if desired. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +createuser(1), +psql(1), +postmaster(1). +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +.TP 5n +.BI "Error: Failed to connect to backend (host=" "xxx" ", port=" "xxx" ")" +.IR Destroyuser +could not attach to the +.IR postmaster +process on the specified host and port. If you see this message, +ensure that the +.IR postmaster +is running on the proper host and that you have specified the proper +port. If your site uses an authentication system, ensure that you +have obtained the required authentication credentials. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq is not in \*(lqpg_user\*(rq" +You do not have a valid entry in the relation \*(lqpg_user\*(rq and +cannot do anything with Postgres at all; contact your Postgres site +administrator. +.TP +.IB "username" " cannot delete users." +You do not have permission to delete users; contact your Postgres site +administrator. +.TP +.BI "user \*(lq" "username" "\*(rq does not exist" +The user to be removed does not have an entry in the \*(lqpg_user\*(rq +class. +.TP +.BR "database access failed" +.TP +.BI "destroydb on" " dbname" " failed - exiting" +.TP +.BI "delete of user" " username" " was UNSUCCESSFUL" +An internal error occurred in +.IR psql +or the backend server. Contact your Postgres site administrator to +ensure that the files and database entries associated with the user +and his/her associated databases are completely removed. diff --git a/doc/man/drop.l b/doc/man/drop.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d57bca0d3b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop.l @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP TABLE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop table \(em destroy existing classes +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop table\fR classname-1 { \fB,\fR classname-i } +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "Drop Table" +removes classes from the data base. Only its owner may destroy a +class. A class may be emptied of instances, but not destroyed, by +using +.IR delete (l). +.PP +If a class being destroyed has secondary indices on it, then they will +be removed first. The removal of just a secondary index will not +affect the indexed class. +.PP +The destruction of classes is not reversable. Thus, a destroyed class +will not be recovered if a transaction which destroys this class fails +to commit. In addition, historical access to instances in a destroyed +class is not possible. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--Destroy the emp class +-- +drop table emp +.fi +.nf +-- +--Destroy the emp and parts classes +-- +drop table emp, parts +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +delete(l), +drop index(l). diff --git a/doc/man/drop_aggregate.l b/doc/man/drop_aggregate.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e315fc2439b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop_aggregate.l @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop_aggregate.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP AGGREGATE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop aggregate \(em remove the definition of an aggregate +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop aggregate\fR aggname +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "drop aggregate" +will remove all reference to an existing aggregate definition. To +execute this command the current user must be the the owner of the +aggregate. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--Remove the average aggregate +-- +drop aggregate avg +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create aggregate(l). diff --git a/doc/man/drop_function.l b/doc/man/drop_function.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6a8c33de85f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop_function.l @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop_function.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP FUNCTION" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop function \(em remove a user-defined C function +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop function \fRfunction_name ( \fP[ type-1 { \fB,\fP type-n } ] \fB) +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR "drop function" +will remove references to an existing C function. To execute this +command the user must be the owner of the function. The input +argument types to the function must be specified, as only the +function with the given name and argument types will be removed. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--this command removes the square root function +-- +drop function sqrt(int4) +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create function(l). +.SH BUGS +No checks are made to ensure that types, operators or access methods +that rely on the function have been removed first. diff --git a/doc/man/drop_index.l b/doc/man/drop_index.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7423556c2a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop_index.l @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop_index.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP INDEX" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop index \(em removes an index from Postgres +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop index\fR index_name +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command drops an existing index from the Postgres system. To +execute this command you must be the owner of the index. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--this command will remove the "emp_index" index +-- +drop index emp_index +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create index(l). diff --git a/doc/man/drop_operator.l b/doc/man/drop_operator.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a5e0bd3b175 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop_operator.l @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop_operator.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:23 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP OPERATOR" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop operator \(em remove an operator from the system +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop operator\fR opr_desc +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command drops an existing operator from the database. To execute +this command you must be the owner of the operator. +.PP +.IR Opr_desc +is the name of the operator to be removed followed by a parenthesized +list of the operand types for the operator. The left or right type +of a left or right unary operator, respectively, may be specified +as +.IR none . +.PP +It is the user's responsibility to remove any access methods, operator +classes, etc. that rely on the deleted operator. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--Remove power operator a^n for int4 +-- +drop operator ^ (int4, int4) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Remove left unary operator !a for booleans +-- +drop operator ! (none, bool) +.fi +.nf +-- +--Remove right unary factorial operator a! for int4 +-- +drop operator ! (int4, none) +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create operator(l). diff --git a/doc/man/drop_rule.l b/doc/man/drop_rule.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1af37de11e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop_rule.l @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop_rule.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP RULE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop rule \- removes a current rule from Postgres +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop rule\fR rule_name +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command drops the rule named rule_name from the specified Postgres +rule system. Postgres will immediately cease enforcing it and will purge +its definition from the system catalogs. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--This example drops the rewrite rule example_1 +-- +drop rule example_1 +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create rule(l), +drop view(l). +.SH BUGS +Once a rule is dropped, access to historical information the rule has +written may disappear. diff --git a/doc/man/drop_type.l b/doc/man/drop_type.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e2ab3d70c67 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/drop_type.l @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/drop_type.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP TYPE" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop type \(em remove a user-defined type from the system catalogs +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop type\fR typename +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command removes a user type from the system catalogs. Only the +owner of a type can remove it. +.PP +It is the user's responsibility to remove any operators, functions, +aggregates, access methods, subtypes, classes, etc. that use a +deleted type. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--remove the box type +-- +drop type box +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +introduction(l), +create type(l), +drop operator(l). +.SH "BUGS" +If a built-in type is removed, the behavior of the backend is unpredictable. diff --git a/doc/man/end.l b/doc/man/end.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e1ea684721b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/end.l @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/end.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH END SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +end \(em commit the current transaction +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBend [transaction]\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This commands commits the current transaction. All changes made by +the transaction become visible to others and are guaranteed to be +durable if a crash occurs. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +abort(l), +begin(l). diff --git a/doc/man/fetch.l b/doc/man/fetch.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c5a867ac45e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/fetch.l @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/fetch.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH FETCH SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +fetch \(em fetch instance(s) from a cursor +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBfetch\fR [ (\fBforward\fR | \fBbackward\fR) ] [ ( number | \fBall\fR) ] [\fBin\fR cursor_name] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Fetch +allows a user to retrieve instances from a cursor named +.IR cursor_name. +The number of instances retrieved is specified by +.IR number . +If the number of instances remaining in the cursor is less than +.IR number , +then only those available are fetched. Substituting the keyword +.IR all +in place of a number will cause all remaining instances in the cursor +to be retrieved. Instances may be fetched in both +.IR forward +and +.IR backward +directions. The default direction is +.IR forward . +.PP +Updating data in a cursor is not supported by Postgres, because mapping +cursor updates back to base classes is impossible in general as with +view updates. Consequently, users must issue explicit replace +commands to update data. +.PP +Portals may only be used inside of transaction blocks marked by +.IR begin (l) +and +.IR end (l) +because the data that they store spans multiple user queries. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--set up and use a cursor +-- +begin + declare myportal cursor for + select * from pg-user +end +.fi +.nf +-- +--Fetch all the instances available in the portal FOO +-- +fetch all in FOO +.fi +.nf +-- +--Fetch 5 instances backward in the portal FOO +-- +fetch backward 5 in FOO +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +begin(l), +end(l), +close(l), +move(l), +select(l). +.SH BUGS +Currently, the smallest transaction in Postgres is a single SQL +command. It should be possible for a single fetch to be a +transaction. diff --git a/doc/man/files.5 b/doc/man/files.5 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..52a17108f1c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/files.5 @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/files.5,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH INFORMATION FILES 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH "Section 8 \(em Files" +.SH "General Information" +.SH OVERVIEW +This section describes +some of the important files used by Postgres. +.SH NOTATION +\*(lq.../\*(rq at the front of file names represents the path to the +postgres user's home directory. Anything in square brackets +.RB (\*(lq "[" \*(rq +and +.RB \*(lq "]" \*(rq) +is optional. +Anything in braces +.RB (\*(lq "{" \*(rq +and +.RB \*(lq "}" \*(rq) +can be repeated 0 or more times. Parentheses +.BR (\*(lq "(" \*(rq +and +.BR \*(lq ")" \*(rq) +are used to group boolean expressions. +.BR | +is the boolean operator +.SM OR\c +\&. +.SH BUGS +The descriptions of +.nf + .../data/PG_VERSION, + .../data/base/*/PG_VERSION, +.fi +the temporary sort files, and the database debugging trace files are +absent. diff --git a/doc/man/grant.l b/doc/man/grant.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cebac49f031 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/grant.l @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/grant.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH GRANT SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +grant \(em grant access control to a user or group +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBgrant\fR <privilege[,privilege,...]> + \fBon\fR <rel1>[,...<reln>] + \fBto\fR [\fBpublic\fR | group <group> | <username>] + + \fBprivilege\fR is {\fBALL\fR | \fBSELECT\fR | \fBINSERT\fR | \fBUPDATE\fR | \fBDELETE\fR | \fBRULE\fR} +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.PP +.B Grant +allows you to give specified permissions to all users or +a certain user or group. +By default, a table grants read-only (\fBSELECT\fR) to all Postgres users. +You must specifically revoke this privilege if this is not desired. +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Example of a grant +-- +grant insert + on mytab + to public +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +revoke(l) + diff --git a/doc/man/initdb.1 b/doc/man/initdb.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6e286d9feac --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/initdb.1 @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/initdb.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH INITDB UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +initdb \(em initalize the database templates and primary directories +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR "initdb" +[\c +.BR "-v" +] +[\c +.BR "-d" +] +[\c +.BR "-n" +] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR Initdb +sets up the initial template databases and is normally executed as +part of the installation process. The template database is created +under the directory specified by the the environment variable +.SM PGDATA, +or to a default specified at compile-time. The template database +is then +.BR vacuum ed. +.PP +.IR Initdb +is a shell script that invokes the backend server directly. Hence, it +must be executed by the Postgres super-user. +.PP +.IR Initdb +understands the following command-line options: +.TP +.BR "-v" +Produce verbose output, printing messages stating where the +directories are being created, etc. +.TP +.BR "-d" +Print debugging output from the backend server. This option generates +a tremendous amount of information. This option also turns off the +final vacuuming step. +.TP +.BR "-n" +Run in \*(lqnoclean\*(rq mode. By default, +.IR initdb +cleans up (recursively unlinks) the data directory if any error +occurs, which also removes any core files left by the backend server. +This option inhibits any tidying-up. +.SH FILES +.TP +\&$PGDATA/base +The location of global (shared) classes. +.TP +\&$PGDATA/base/template1 +The location of the template database. +.TP +\&$PGDATA/files/{global1,local1_template1}.bki +Command files used to generate the global and template databases, +generated and installed by the initial compilation process. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +createdb(1), +vacuum(l), +bki(files), +template(files). diff --git a/doc/man/insert.l b/doc/man/insert.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4db474dd673 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/insert.l @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/insert.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH INSERT SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +insert \(em insert tuples to a relation +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBinsert\fR into classname + [(att.expr-1,{att_expr.i})] + {\fBvalues\fR (expression1 {,expression-i}) | + \fBselect\fR expression1,{expression-i} + [\fBfrom\fR from-list] [\fBwhere\fR qual] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Insert +adds instances that satisfy the qualification, +.IR qual , +to +.IR classname . +.IR Classname +must be the name of an existing class. The target list specifies the +values of the fields to be appended to +.IR classname . +That is, each +.IR att_expr +specifies a field (either an attribute name or an attribute name plus +an array specification) to which the corresponding +.IR expression +should be assigned. The fields in the target list may be listed in +any order. Fields of the result class which do not appear in the +target list default to NULL. If the expression for each field is not +of the correct data type, automatic type coercion will be attempted. +.PP +An array initialization may take exactly one of the following forms: +.nf +-- +-- Specify a lower and upper index for each dimension +-- +att_name[lIndex-1:uIndex-1]..[lIndex-i:uIndex-i] = array_str + +-- +--Specify only the upper index for each dimension +--(each lower index defaults to 1) +-- +att_name[uIndex-1]..[uIndex-i] = array_str + +-- +--Use the upper index bounds as specified within array_str +--(each lower index defaults to 1) +-- +att_name = array_str +.fi +where each +.IR lIndex +or +.IR uIndex +is an integer constant and +.IR array_str +is an array constant (see +.IR introduction (l)). +.PP + +If the user does not specify any array bounds (as in the third form) +then Postgres will attempt to deduce the actual array bounds from the +contents of +.IR array_str . + +If the user does specify explicit array bounds (as in the first and +second forms) then the array may be initialized partly or fully +using a C-like syntax for array initialization. +However, the uninitialized array elements will +contain garbage. +.PP +You must have write or append access to a class in order to append to +it, as well as read access on any class whose values are read in the +target list or qualification (see +.IR "change acl" (l)). +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Make a new employee Jones work for Smith +-- +insert into emp + select newemp.name, newemp.salary, + "Smith", 1990-newemp.age + from newemp + where name = "Jones" +.fi +.nf +-- +--Insert into newemp class to newemp +-- +insert into newemp + select * from newemp1 +.fi +.nf +-- +--Create an empty 3x3 gameboard for noughts-and-crosses +--(all of these queries create the same board attribute) +-- +insert into tictactoe (game, board[1:3][1:3]) + values(1,'{{"","",""},{},{"",""}}') +insert into tictactoe (game, board[3][3]) + values (2,'{}') +insert into tictactoe (game, board) + values (3,'{{,,},{,,},{,,}}') +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create table(l), +create type(l), +update(l), +select(l) diff --git a/doc/man/ipcclean.1 b/doc/man/ipcclean.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5fe533cc891 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/ipcclean.1 @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/ipcclean.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:24 scrappy Exp $ +.TH IPCCLEAN UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +ipcclean \(em clean up shared memory and semaphores from aborted backends +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR "ipcclean" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR Ipcclean +cleans up shared memory and semaphore space from aborted backends by +deleting all instances owned by user \*(lqpostgres\*(rq. Only the DBA +should execute this program as it can cause bizarre behavior (i.e., +crashes) if run during multi-user execution. This program should be +executed if messages such as +.BR "semget: No space left on device" +are encountered when starting up the +.IR postmaster +or the backend server. +.SH BUGS +If this command is executed while a +.IR postmaster +is running, the shared memory and semaphores allocated by the +.IR postmaster +will be deleted. This will result in a general failure of the +backends servers started by that +.IR postmaster . +.PP +This script is a hack, but in the many years since it was written, no +one has come up with an equally effective and portable solution. +Suggestions are welcome. +.PP +The script makes assumption about the format of output of the +.BR ipcs +utility which may not be true across different operating systems. +Therefore, it may not work on your particular OS. diff --git a/doc/man/large_objects.3 b/doc/man/large_objects.3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c253a90d093 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/large_objects.3 @@ -0,0 +1,499 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /usr/local/devel/postgres/src/ref/RCS/large_objects.3pqsrc,v 1.12 1 +993/08/23 09:03:16 aoki Exp $ +.TH "LARGE OBJECTS" INTRO 03/18/94 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH DESCRIPTION +.PP +In Postgres, data values are stored in tuples and individual tuples +cannot span data pages. Since the size of a data page is 8192 bytes, +the upper limit on the size of a data value is relatively low. To +support the storage of larger atomic values, Postgres provides a large +object interface. This interface provides file-oriented access to +user data that has been declared to be a large type. +.PP +This section describes the implementation and the +programmatic and query language interfaces to Postgres large object data. +.PP +.SH "Historical Note" +.SH "Historical Note" +.PP +Originally, postgres 4.2 supports three standard implementations of large +objects: as files external to Postgres, as Unix files managed by Postgres, and as +data stored within the Postgres database. It causes considerable confusion +among users. As a result, we only support large objects as data stored +within the Postgres database in Postgres. Even though is is slower to access, +it provides stricter data integrity and time travel. For historical reasons, +they are called Inversion large objects. (We will use Inversion and large +objects interchangeably to mean the same thing in this section.) +.SH "Inversion Large Objects" +.SH "Inversion Large Objects" +.PP +The Inversion large +object implementation breaks large objects up into \*(lqchunks\*(rq and +stores the chunks in tuples in the database. A B-tree index +guarantees fast searches for the correct chunk number when doing +random access reads and writes. +.SH "Large Object Interfaces" +.SH "Large Object Interfaces" +.PP +The facilities Postgres provides to access large objects, both in +the backend as part of user-defined functions or the front end +as part of an application using the \*(LQ interface, are described +below. (For users familiar with postgres 4.2, Postgres has a new set of +functions providing a more coherent interface. The interface is the same +for dynamically-loaded C functions as well as for \*(LQ. +.PP +The Postgres large object interface is modeled after the Unix file +system interface, with analogues of +.I open (2), +.I read (2), +.I write (2), +.I lseek (2), +etc. User functions call these routines to retrieve only the data of +interest from a large object. For example, if a large object type +called +.I mugshot +existed that stored photographs of faces, then a function called +.I beard +could be declared on +.I mugshot +data. +.I Beard +could look at the lower third of a photograph, and determine the color +of the beard that appeared there, if any. The entire large object +value need not be buffered, or even examined, by the +.I beard +function. +.\"As mentioned above, Postgres supports functional indices on +.\"large object data. In this example, the results of the +.\".I beard +.\"function could be stored in a B-tree index to provide fast searches +.\"for people with red beards. +.PP +Large objects may be accessed from dynamically-loaded C functions +or database client programs that link the Libpq library. +Postgres provides a set of routines that +support opening, reading, writing, closing, and seeking on large +objects. +.SH "Creating a Large Object" +.SH "Creating a Large Object" +.PP +The routine +.nf +Oid lo_creat(PGconn *conn, int mode) +.fi +creates a new large object. The +.I mode +is a bitmask describing several different attributes of the new +object. The symbolic constants listed here are defined in +.nf +/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/libpq/libpq-fs.h +.fi +The access type (read, write, or both) is controlled by +.SM OR +ing together the bits +.SM INV_READ +and +.SM INV_WRITE . +If the large object should be archived \(em that is, if +historical versions of it should be moved periodically to a special +archive relation \(em then the +.SM INV_ARCHIVE +bit should be set. The low-order sixteen bits of +.I mask +are the storage manager number on which the large object should +reside. For sites other than Berkeley, these bits should always be +zero. +.\"At Berkeley, storage manager zero is magnetic disk, storage +.\"manager one is a Sony optical disk jukebox, and storage manager two is +.\"main memory. +.PP +The commands below create an (Inversion) large object: +.nf +inv_oid = lo_creat(INV_READ|INV_WRITE|INV_ARCHIVE); +.fi +.SH "Importing a Large Object" +.SH "Importing a Large Object" +To import a UNIX file as a large object, call +.nf +Oid +lo_import(PGconn *conn, text *filename) +.fi +The +.I filename +argument specifies the UNIX pathname of the file to be imported as +a large object. +.SH "Exporting a Large Object" +.SH "Exporting a Large Object" +To export a large object into UNIX file, call +.nf +int +lo_export(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, text *filename) +.fi +The +.I lobjId +argument specifies the Oid of the large object to export and +the +.I filename +argument specifies the UNIX pathname of the file. +.SH "Opening an Existing Large Object" +.SH "Opening an Existing Large Object" +.PP +To open an existing large object, call +.nf +int +lo_open(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode, ...) +.fi +The +.I lobjId +argument specifies the Oid of the large object to open. +The mode bits control whether the object is opened for reading +.SM INV_READ ), ( +writing +.SM INV_WRITE ), ( +or both. +.PP +A large object cannot be opened before it is created. +.B lo_open +returns a large object descriptor for later use in +.B lo_read , +.B lo_write , +.B lo_lseek , +.B lo_tell , +and +.B lo_close . +.\"----------- +.SH "Writing Data to a Large Object" +.SH "Writing Data to a Large Object" +.PP +The routine +.nf +int +lo_write(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, int len) +.fi +writes +.I len +bytes from +.I buf +to large object +.I fd . +The +.I fd +argument must have been returned by a previous +.I lo_open . +.PP +The number of bytes actually written is returned. +In the event of an error, +the return value is negative. +.SH "Seeking on a Large Object" +.SH "Seeking on a Large Object" +.PP +To change the current read or write location on a large object, +call +.nf +int +lo_lseek(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence) +.fi +This routine moves the current location pointer for the large object +described by +.I fd +to the new location specified by +.I offset . +The valid values for .I whence are +.SM SEEK_SET +.SM SEEK_CUR +and +.SM SEEK_END. +.\"----------- +.SH "Closing a Large Object Descriptor" +.SH "Closing a Large Object Descriptor" +.PP +A large object may be closed by calling +.nf +int +lo_close(PGconn *conn, int fd) +.fi +where +.I fd +is a large object descriptor returned by +.I lo_open . +On success, +.I lo_close +returns zero. On error, the return value is negative. +.PP +.SH "Built in registered functions" +.SH "Built in registered functions" +.PP +There are two built-in registered functions, +.I lo_import +and +.I lo_export +which are convenient for use in SQL queries. +.PP +Here is an example of there use +.nf +CREATE TABLE image ( + name text, + raster oid +); + +INSERT INTO image (name, raster) + VALUES ('beautiful image', lo_import('/etc/motd')); + +SELECT lo_export(image.raster, "/tmp/motd") from image + WHERE name = 'beautiful image'; +.fi +.PP +.SH "Accessing Large Objects from LIBPQ" +.SH "Accessing Large Objects from LIBPQ" +Below is a sample program which shows how the large object interface in +\*(LP can be used. Parts of the program are commented out but are left +in the source for the readers benefit. This program can be found in +.nf +\&../src/test/examples +.fi +.PP +Frontend applications which use the large object interface in \*(LP +should include the header file +.B "libpq/libpq-fs.h" +and link with the +.B libpq +library. +.bp +.SH "Sample Program" +.SH "Sample Program" +.nf +/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- + * + * testlo.c-- + * test using large objects with libpq + * + * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California + * + * + * IDENTIFICATION + * $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/large_objects.3,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:25 scrappy Exp $ + * + *------------------------------------------------------------------------- + */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include "libpq-fe.h" +#include "libpq/libpq-fs.h" + +#define BUFSIZE 1024 + +/* + * importFile - + * import file "in_filename" into database as large object "lobjOid" + * + */ +Oid importFile(PGconn *conn, char *filename) +{ + Oid lobjId; + int lobj_fd; + char buf[BUFSIZE]; + int nbytes, tmp; + int fd; + + /* + * open the file to be read in + */ + fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY, 0666); + if (fd < 0) { /* error */ + fprintf(stderr, "can't open unix file\"%s\"\n", filename); + } + + /* + * create the large object + */ + lobjId = lo_creat(conn, INV_READ|INV_WRITE); + if (lobjId == 0) { + fprintf(stderr, "can't create large object"); + } + + lobj_fd = lo_open(conn, lobjId, INV_WRITE); + /* + * read in from the Unix file and write to the inversion file + */ + while ((nbytes = read(fd, buf, BUFSIZE)) > 0) { + tmp = lo_write(conn, lobj_fd, buf, nbytes); + if (tmp < nbytes) { + fprintf(stderr, "error while reading \"%s\"", filename); + } + } + + (void) close(fd); + (void) lo_close(conn, lobj_fd); + + return lobjId; +} + +void pickout(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len) +{ + int lobj_fd; + char* buf; + int nbytes; + int nread; + + lobj_fd = lo_open(conn, lobjId, INV_READ); + if (lobj_fd < 0) { + fprintf(stderr,"can't open large object %d", + lobjId); + } + + lo_lseek(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET); + buf = malloc(len+1); + + nread = 0; + while (len - nread > 0) { + nbytes = lo_read(conn, lobj_fd, buf, len - nread); + buf[nbytes] = '\0'; + fprintf(stderr,">>> %s", buf); + nread += nbytes; + } + fprintf(stderr,"\n"); + lo_close(conn, lobj_fd); +} + +void overwrite(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len) +{ + int lobj_fd; + char* buf; + int nbytes; + int nwritten; + int i; + + lobj_fd = lo_open(conn, lobjId, INV_READ); + if (lobj_fd < 0) { + fprintf(stderr,"can't open large object %d", + lobjId); + } + + lo_lseek(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET); + buf = malloc(len+1); + + for (i=0;i<len;i++) + buf[i] = 'X'; + buf[i] = '\0'; + + nwritten = 0; + while (len - nwritten > 0) { + nbytes = lo_write(conn, lobj_fd, buf + nwritten, len - nwritten); + nwritten += nbytes; + } + fprintf(stderr,"\n"); + lo_close(conn, lobj_fd); +} + + +/* + * exportFile - + * export large object "lobjOid" to file "out_filename" + * + */ +void exportFile(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, char *filename) +{ + int lobj_fd; + char buf[BUFSIZE]; + int nbytes, tmp; + int fd; + + /* + * create an inversion "object" + */ + lobj_fd = lo_open(conn, lobjId, INV_READ); + if (lobj_fd < 0) { + fprintf(stderr,"can't open large object %d", + lobjId); + } + + /* + * open the file to be written to + */ + fd = open(filename, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY, 0666); + if (fd < 0) { /* error */ + fprintf(stderr, "can't open unix file\"%s\"", + filename); + } + + /* + * read in from the Unix file and write to the inversion file + */ + while ((nbytes = lo_read(conn, lobj_fd, buf, BUFSIZE)) > 0) { + tmp = write(fd, buf, nbytes); + if (tmp < nbytes) { + fprintf(stderr,"error while writing \"%s\"", + filename); + } + } + + (void) lo_close(conn, lobj_fd); + (void) close(fd); + + return; +} + +void +exit_nicely(PGconn* conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + char *in_filename, *out_filename; + char *database; + Oid lobjOid; + PGconn *conn; + PGresult *res; + + if (argc != 4) { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s database_name in_filename out_filename\n", + argv[0]); + exit(1); + } + + database = argv[1]; + in_filename = argv[2]; + out_filename = argv[3]; + + /* + * set up the connection + */ + conn = PQsetdb(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, database); + + /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) { + fprintf(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", database); + fprintf(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + res = PQexec(conn, "begin"); + PQclear(res); + printf("importing file \"%s\" ...\n", in_filename); +/* lobjOid = importFile(conn, in_filename); */ + lobjOid = lo_import(conn, in_filename); +/* + printf("\tas large object %d.\n", lobjOid); + + printf("picking out bytes 1000-2000 of the large object\n"); + pickout(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000); + + printf("overwriting bytes 1000-2000 of the large object with X's\n"); + overwrite(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000); +*/ + + printf("exporting large object to file \"%s\" ...\n", out_filename); +/* exportFile(conn, lobjOid, out_filename); */ + lo_export(conn, lobjOid,out_filename); + + res = PQexec(conn, "end"); + PQclear(res); + PQfinish(conn); + exit(0); +} +.fi diff --git a/doc/man/libpq.3 b/doc/man/libpq.3 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..01d731a1541 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/libpq.3 @@ -0,0 +1,962 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/libpq.3,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:25 scrappy Exp $ +.TH LIBPQ INTRO 03/12/94 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH DESCRIPTION +Libpq is the programmer's interface to Postgres. Libpq is a set of +library routines that allows queries to pass to the Postgres backend and +instances to return through an IPC channel. +.PP +This version of the documentation describes the C interface library. +Three short programs are included at the end of this section to show how +to write programs that use Libpq. +.PP +There are several examples of Libpq applications in the following +directories: +.nf +\&../src/test/regress +\&../src/test/examples +\&../src/bin/psql +.fi +.PP +Frontend programs which use Libpq must include the header file +.B "libpq-fe.h" +and must link with the +.B libpq +library. +.SH "Control and Initialization" +.PP +The following environment variables can be used to set up default +environment values to avoid hard-coding database names into +an application program: +.sp +\(bu +.B PGHOST +sets the default server name. +.sp +\(bu +.B PGOPTIONS +sets additional runtime options for the Postgres backend. +.sp +\(bu +.B PGPORT +sets the default port for communicating with the Postgres backend. +.sp +\(bu +.B PGTTY +sets the file or tty on which debugging messages from the backend server +are displayed. +.sp +\(bu +.B PGDATABASE +sets the default Postgres database name. +.sp +\(bu +.B PGREALM +sets the +.I Kerberos +realm to use with Postgres, if it is different from the local realm. If +.B PGREALM +is set, Postgres applications will attempt authentication with servers +for this realm and use separate ticket files to avoid conflicts with +local ticket files. This environment variable is only used if +.I Kerberos +authentication is enabled. +.SH "Database Connection Functions" +.PP +The following routines deal with making a connection to a backend +from a C program. +.PP +.B PQsetdb +.IP +Makes a new connection to a backend. +.nf +PGconn *PQsetdb(char *pghost, + char *pgport, + char *pgoptions, + char *pgtty, + char *dbName); +.fi +If any argument is NULL, then the corresponding environment variable +is checked. If the environment variable is also not set, then hardwired +defaults are used. +.IP +.I PQsetdb +always returns a valid PGconn pointer. The +.I PQstatus +(see below) command should be called to ensure that a connection was +properly made before queries are sent via the connection. Libpq +programmers should be careful to maintain the PGconn abstraction. Use +the accessor functions below to get at the contents of PGconn. Avoid +directly referencing the fields of the PGconn structure as they are +subject to change in the future. +.IP +.B PQdb +returns the database name of the connection. +.nf +char *PQdb(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.B PQhost +returns the host name of the connection. +.nf +char *PQhost(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.B PQoptions +returns the pgoptions used in the connection. +.nf +char *PQoptions(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.B PQport +returns the pgport of the connection. +.nf +char *PQport(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.B PQtty +returns the pgtty of the connection. +.nf +char *PQtty(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.B PQstatus +Returns the status of the connection. The status can be CONNECTION_OK or +CONNECTION_BAD. +.nf +ConnStatusType *PQstatus(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.B PQerrorMessage +returns the error message associated with the connection +.nf +char *PQerrorMessage(PGconn* conn); +.fi +.PP +.B PQfinish +.IP +Close the connection to the backend. Also frees memory used by the +PGconn structure. The PGconn pointer should not be used after PQfinish +has been called. +.nf +void PQfinish(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.PP +.B PQreset +.IP +Reset the communication port with the backend. This function will close +the IPC socket connection to the backend and attempt to reestablish a +new connection to the same backend. +.nf +void PQreset(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.PP +.B PQtrace +.IP +Enables tracing of messages passed between the frontend and the backend. +The messages are echoed to the debug_port file stream. +.nf +void PQtrace(PGconn *conn, + FILE* debug_port); +.fi +.PP +.B PQuntrace +.IP +Disables tracing of messages passed between the frontend and the backend. +.nf +void PQuntrace(PGconn *conn); +.fi +.PP +.SH "Query Execution Functions" +.PP +.B PQexec +.IP +Submit a query to Postgres. Returns a PGresult pointer if the query was +successful or a NULL otherwise. If a NULL is returned, +.I PQerrorMessage +can be used to get more information about the error. +.nf +PGresult *PQexec(PGconn *conn, + char *query); +.fi +The PGresult structure encapsulates the query result returned by the +backend. Libpq programmers should be careful to maintain the PGresult +abstraction. Use the accessor functions described below to retrieve the +results of the query. Avoid directly referencing the fields of the PGresult +structure as they are subject to change in the future. +.PP +.B PQresultStatus +.IP +Returns the result status of the query. +.I PQresultStatus +can return one of the following values: +.nf +PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY, +PGRES_COMMAND_OK, /* the query was a command */ +PGRES_TUPLES_OK, /* the query successfully returned tuples */ +PGRES_COPY_OUT, +PGRES_COPY_IN, +PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE, /* an unexpected response was received */ +PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR, +PGRES_FATAL_ERROR +.fi +.IP +If the result status is PGRES_TUPLES_OK, then the following routines can +be used to retrieve the tuples returned by the query. +.IP + +.B PQntuples +returns the number of tuples (instances) in the query result. +.nf +int PQntuples(PGresult *res); +.fi + +.B PQnfields +returns the number of fields (attributes) in the query result. +.nf +int PQnfields(PGresult *res); +.fi + +.B PQfname +returns the field (attribute) name associated with the given field index. +Field indices start at 0. +.nf +char *PQfname(PGresult *res, + int field_index); +.fi + +.B PQfnumber +returns the field (attribute) index associated with the given field name. +.nf +int PQfnumber(PGresult *res, + char* field_name); +.fi + +.B PQftype +returns the field type associated with the given field index. The +integer returned is an internal coding of the type. Field indices start +at 0. +.nf +Oid PQftype(PGresult *res, + int field_num); +.fi + +.B PQfsize +returns the size in bytes of the field associated with the given field +index. If the size returned is -1, the field is a variable length field. +Field indices start at 0. +.nf +int2 PQfsize(PGresult *res, + int field_index); +.fi + +.B PQgetvalue +returns the field (attribute) value. For most queries, the value +returned by +.I PQgetvalue +is a null-terminated ASCII string representation +of the attribute value. If the query was a result of a +.B BINARY +cursor, then the value returned by +.I PQgetvalue +is the binary representation of the type in the internal format of the +backend server. It is the programmer's responsibility to cast and +convert the data to the correct C type. The value returned by +.I PQgetvalue +points to storage that is part of the PGresult structure. One must +explicitly copy the value into other storage if it is to be used past +the lifetime of the PGresult structure itself. +.nf +char* PQgetvalue(PGresult *res, + int tup_num, + int field_num); +.fi + +.B PQgetlength +returns the length of a field (attribute) in bytes. If the field +is a +.I "struct varlena" , +the length returned here does +.B not +include the size field of the varlena, i.e., it is 4 bytes less. +.nf +int PQgetlength(PGresult *res, + int tup_num, + int field_num); +.fi + +.B PQgetisnull +returns the NULL status of a field. +.nf +int PQgetisnull(PGresult *res, + int tup_num, + int field_num); +.fi + +.PP +.B PQcmdStatus +.IP +Returns the command status associated with the last query command. +.nf +char *PQcmdStatus(PGresult *res); +.fi +.PP +.B PQoidStatus +.IP +Returns a string with the object id of the tuple inserted if the last +query is an INSERT command. Otherwise, returns an empty string. +.nf +char* PQoidStatus(PGresult *res); +.fi +.PP +.B PQprint +.IP ++ Prints out all the tuples in an intelligent manner. The +.B psql ++ program uses this function for its output. +.nf +void PQprint( + FILE* fout, /* output stream */ + PGresult* res, /* query results */ + PQprintOpt *ps /* option structure */ + ); + +.fi +.I PQprintOpt +is a typedef'ed structure as defined below. +.(C +typedef struct _PQprintOpt { + bool header; /* print table headings and row count */ + bool align; /* fill align the fields */ + bool standard; /* old brain dead format (needs align) */ + bool html3; /* output html3+ tables */ + bool expanded; /* expand tables */ + bool pager; /* use pager if needed */ + char *fieldSep; /* field separator */ + char *caption; /* html table caption (or NULL) */ + char **fieldName; /* null terminated array of field names (or NULL) */ +} PQprintOpt; +.fi +.LP +.B PQclear +.IP +Frees the storage associated with the PGresult. Every query result +should be properly freed when it is no longer used. Failure to do this +will result in memory leaks in the frontend application. The PQresult* +passed in should be a value which is returned from PQexec(). Calling +PQclear() on an uninitialized PQresult pointer will very likely result +in a core dump. +.nf +void PQclear(PQresult *res); +.fi +.PP +.SH "Fast Path" +.PP +Postgres provides a +.B "fast path" +interface to send function calls to the backend. This is a trapdoor +into system internals and can be a potential security hole. Most users +will not need this feature. +.nf +PGresult* PQfn(PGconn* conn, + int fnid, + int *result_buf, + int *result_len, + int result_is_int, + PQArgBlock *args, + int nargs); +.fi +.PP +The +.I fnid +argument is the object identifier of the function to be executed. +.I result_buf +is the buffer in which to load the return value. The caller must have +allocated sufficient space to store the return value. +The result length will be returned in the storage pointed to by +.I result_len. +If the result is to be an integer value, than +.I result_is_int +should be set to 1; otherwise it should be set to 0. +.I args +and +.I nargs +specify the arguments to the function. +.nf +typedef struct { + int len; + int isint; + union { + int *ptr; + int integer; + } u; +} PQArgBlock; +.fi +.PP +.I PQfn +always returns a valid PGresult*. The resultStatus should be checked +before the result is used. The caller is responsible for freeing the +PGresult with +.I PQclear +when it is not longer needed. +.PP +.SH "Asynchronous Notification" +.PP +Postgres supports asynchronous notification via the +.I LISTEN +and +.I NOTIFY +commands. A backend registers its interest in a particular relation +with the LISTEN command. All backends listening on a particular +relation will be notified asynchronously when a NOTIFY of that relation +name is executed by another backend. No additional information is +passed from the notifier to the listener. Thus, typically, any actual +data that needs to be communicated is transferred through the relation. +.PP +Libpq applications are notified whenever a connected backend has +received an asynchronous notification. However, the communication from +the backend to the frontend is not asynchronous. Notification comes +piggy-backed on other query results. Thus, an application must submit +queries, even empty ones, in order to receive notice of backend +notification. In effect, the Libpq application must poll the backend to +see if there is any pending notification information. After the +execution of a query, a frontend may call +.I PQNotifies +to see if any notification data is available from the backend. +.PP +.B PQNotifies +.IP +returns the notification from a list of unhandled notifications from the +backend. Returns NULL if there are no pending notifications from the +backend. +.I PQNotifies +behaves like the popping of a stack. Once a notification is returned +from +.I PQnotifies, +it is considered handled and will be removed from the list of +notifications. +.nf +PGnotify* PQNotifies(PGconn *conn); +.fi +.PP +The second sample program gives an example of the use of asynchronous +notification. +.PP +.SH "Functions Associated with the COPY Command" +.PP +The +.I copy +command in Postgres has options to read from or write to the network +connection used by Libpq. Therefore, functions are necessary to +access this network connection directly so applications may take full +advantage of this capability. +.PP +.B PQgetline +.IP +Reads a newline-terminated line of characters (transmitted by the +backend server) into a buffer +.I string +of size +.I length . +Like +.I fgets (3), +this routine copies up to +.I length "-1" +characters into +.I string . +It is like +.I gets (3), +however, in that it converts the terminating newline into a null +character. +.IP +.I PQgetline +returns EOF at EOF, 0 if the entire line has been read, and 1 if the +buffer is full but the terminating newline has not yet been read. +.IP +Notice that the application must check to see if a new line consists +of the single character \*(lq.\*(rq, which indicates that the backend +server has finished sending the results of the +.I copy +command. Therefore, if the application ever expects to receive lines +that are more than +.I length "-1" +characters long, the application must be sure to check the return +value of +.I PQgetline +very carefully. +.IP +The code in +.nf +\&../src/bin/psql/psql.c +.fi +contains routines that correctly handle the copy protocol. +.nf +int PQgetline(PGconn *conn, + char *string, + int length) +.fi +.PP +.B PQputline +.IP +Sends a null-terminated +.I string +to the backend server. +.IP +The application must explicitly send the single character \*(lq.\*(rq +to indicate to the backend that it has finished sending its data. +.nf +void PQputline(PGconn *conn, + char *string); +.fi +.PP +.B PQendcopy +.IP +Syncs with the backend. This function waits until the backend has +finished the copy. It should either be issued when the +last string has been sent to the backend using +.I PQputline +or when the last string has been received from the backend using +.I PGgetline . +It must be issued or the backend may get \*(lqout of sync\*(rq with +the frontend. Upon return from this function, the backend is ready to +receive the next query. +.IP +The return value is 0 on successful completion, nonzero otherwise. +.nf +int PQendcopy(PGconn *conn); +.fi +As an example: +.nf +PQexec(conn, "create table foo (a int4, b char16, d float8)"); +PQexec(conn, "copy foo from stdin"); +PQputline(conn, "3<TAB>hello world<TAB>4.5\en"); +PQputline(conn,"4<TAB>goodbye world<TAB>7.11\en"); +\&... +PQputline(conn,".\en"); +PQendcopy(conn); +.fi +.PP +.SH "LIBPQ Tracing Functions" +.PP +.B PQtrace +.IP +Enable tracing of the frontend/backend communication to a debugging file +stream. +.nf +void PQtrace(PGconn *conn + FILE *debug_port) +.fi +.PP +.B PQuntrace +.IP +Disable tracing started by +.I PQtrace +.nf +void PQuntrace(PGconn *conn) +.fi +.PP +.SH "User Authentication Functions" +.PP +If the user has generated the appropriate authentication credentials +(e.g., obtaining +.I Kerberos +tickets), the frontend/backend authentication process is handled by +.I PQexec +without any further intervention. The following routines may be +called by Libpq programs to tailor the behavior of the authentication +process. +.PP +.B fe_getauthname +.IP +Returns a pointer to static space containing whatever name the user +has authenticated. Use of this routine in place of calls to +.I getenv (3) +or +.I getpwuid (3) +by applications is highly recommended, as it is entirely possible that +the authenticated user name is +.B not +the same as value of the +.B USER +environment variable or the user's entry in +.I /etc/passwd . +.nf +char *fe_getauthname(char* errorMessage) +.fi +.PP +.B fe_setauthsvc +.IP +Specifies that Libpq should use authentication service +.I name +rather than its compiled-in default. This value is typically taken +from a command-line switch. +.nf +void fe_setauthsvc(char *name, + char* errorMessage) +.fi +Any error messages from the authentication attempts are returned in the +errorMessage argument. +.PP +.SH "BUGS" +.PP +The query buffer is 8192 bytes long, and queries over that length will +be silently truncated. +.PP +.SH "Sample Programs" +.bp +.SH "Sample Program 1" +.PP +.nf M +/* + * testlibpq.c + * Test the C version of Libpq, the Postgres frontend library. + * + * + */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include "libpq-fe.h" + +void +exit_nicely(PGconn* conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +main() +{ + char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty; + char* dbName; + int nFields; + int i,j; + +/* FILE *debug; */ + + PGconn* conn; + PGresult* res; + + /* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection + if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use + reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables + or, failing that, using hardwired constants */ + pghost = NULL; /* host name of the backend server */ + pgport = NULL; /* port of the backend server */ + pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */ + pgtty = NULL; /* debugging tty for the backend server */ + dbName = "template1"; + + /* make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName); + + /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) { + fprintf(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName); + fprintf(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + +/* debug = fopen("/tmp/trace.out","w"); */ +/* PQtrace(conn, debug); */ + + /* start a transaction block */ + res = PQexec(conn,"BEGIN"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"BEGIN command failed\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + /* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid + memory leaks */ + PQclear(res); + + /* fetch instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of databases*/ + res = PQexec(conn,"DECLARE myportal CURSOR FOR select * from pg_database"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"DECLARE CURSOR command failed\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + PQclear(res); + + res = PQexec(conn,"FETCH ALL in myportal"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"FETCH ALL command didn't return tuples properly\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* first, print out the attribute names */ + nFields = PQnfields(res); + for (i=0; i < nFields; i++) { + printf("%-15s",PQfname(res,i)); + } + printf("\n\n"); + + /* next, print out the instances */ + for (i=0; i < PQntuples(res); i++) { + for (j=0 ; j < nFields; j++) { + printf("%-15s", PQgetvalue(res,i,j)); + } + printf("\n"); + } + + PQclear(res); + + /* close the portal */ + res = PQexec(conn, "CLOSE myportal"); + PQclear(res); + + /* end the transaction */ + res = PQexec(conn, "END"); + PQclear(res); + + /* close the connection to the database and cleanup */ + PQfinish(conn); + +/* fclose(debug); */ +} +.fi +.bp +.SH "Sample Program 2" +.PP +.nf M +/* + * testlibpq2.c + * Test of the asynchronous notification interface + * + populate a database with the following: + +CREATE TABLE TBL1 (i int4); + +CREATE TABLE TBL2 (i int4); + +CREATE RULE r1 AS ON INSERT TO TBL1 DO [INSERT INTO TBL2 values (new.i); NOTIFY TBL2]; + + * Then start up this program + * After the program has begun, do + +INSERT INTO TBL1 values (10); + + * + * + */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include "libpq-fe.h" + +void exit_nicely(PGconn* conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +main() +{ + char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty; + char* dbName; + int nFields; + int i,j; + + PGconn* conn; + PGresult* res; + PGnotify* notify; + + /* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection + if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use + reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables + or, failing that, using hardwired constants */ + pghost = NULL; /* host name of the backend server */ + pgport = NULL; /* port of the backend server */ + pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */ + pgtty = NULL; /* debugging tty for the backend server */ + dbName = getenv("USER"); /* change this to the name of your test database*/ + + /* make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName); + + /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) { + fprintf(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName); + fprintf(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + res = PQexec(conn, "LISTEN TBL2"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"LISTEN command failed\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + /* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid + memory leaks */ + PQclear(res); + + while (1) { + /* async notification only come back as a result of a query*/ + /* we can send empty queries */ + res = PQexec(conn, " "); +/* printf("res->status = %s\n", pgresStatus[PQresultStatus(res)]); */ + /* check for asynchronous returns */ + notify = PQnotifies(conn); + if (notify) { + fprintf(stderr, + "ASYNC NOTIFY of '%s' from backend pid '%d' received\n", + notify->relname, notify->be_pid); + free(notify); + break; + } + PQclear(res); + } + + /* close the connection to the database and cleanup */ + PQfinish(conn); + +} +.fi +.bp +.SH "Sample Program 3" +.PP +.nf M +/* + * testlibpq3.c + * Test the C version of Libpq, the Postgres frontend library. + * tests the binary cursor interface + * + * + * + populate a database by doing the following: + +CREATE TABLE test1 (i int4, d float4, p polygon); + +INSERT INTO test1 values (1, 3.567, '(3.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0)'::polygon); + +INSERT INTO test1 values (2, 89.05, '(4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0)'::polygon); + + the expected output is: + +tuple 0: got + i = (4 bytes) 1, + d = (4 bytes) 3.567000, + p = (4 bytes) 2 points boundbox = (hi=3.000000/4.000000, lo = 1.000000,2.000000) +tuple 1: got + i = (4 bytes) 2, + d = (4 bytes) 89.050003, + p = (4 bytes) 2 points boundbox = (hi=4.000000/3.000000, lo = 2.000000,1.000000) + + * + */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include "libpq-fe.h" +#include "utils/geo-decls.h" /* for the POLYGON type */ + +void exit_nicely(PGconn* conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +main() +{ + char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty; + char* dbName; + int nFields; + int i,j; + int i_fnum, d_fnum, p_fnum; + + PGconn* conn; + PGresult* res; + + /* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection + if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use + reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables + or, failing that, using hardwired constants */ + pghost = NULL; /* host name of the backend server */ + pgport = NULL; /* port of the backend server */ + pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */ + pgtty = NULL; /* debugging tty for the backend server */ + + dbName = getenv("USER"); /* change this to the name of your test database*/ + + /* make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName); + + /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) { + fprintf(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName); + fprintf(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* start a transaction block */ + res = PQexec(conn,"BEGIN"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"BEGIN command failed\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + /* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid + memory leaks */ + PQclear(res); + + /* fetch instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of databases*/ + res = PQexec(conn,"DECLARE mycursor BINARY CURSOR FOR select * from test1"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"DECLARE CURSOR command failed\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + PQclear(res); + + res = PQexec(conn,"FETCH ALL in mycursor"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) { + fprintf(stderr,"FETCH ALL command didn't return tuples properly\n"); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + i_fnum = PQfnumber(res,"i"); + d_fnum = PQfnumber(res,"d"); + p_fnum = PQfnumber(res,"p"); + + for (i=0;i<3;i++) { + printf("type[%d] = %d, size[%d] = %d\n", + i, PQftype(res,i), + i, PQfsize(res,i)); + } + for (i=0; i < PQntuples(res); i++) { + int *ival; + float *dval; + int plen; + POLYGON* pval; + /* we hard-wire this to the 3 fields we know about */ + ival = (int*)PQgetvalue(res,i,i_fnum); + dval = (float*)PQgetvalue(res,i,d_fnum); + plen = PQgetlength(res,i,p_fnum); + + /* plen doesn't include the length field so need to increment by VARHDSZ*/ + pval = (POLYGON*) malloc(plen + VARHDRSZ); + pval->size = plen; + memmove((char*)&pval->npts, PQgetvalue(res,i,p_fnum), plen); + printf("tuple %d: got\n", i); + printf(" i = (%d bytes) %d,\n", + PQgetlength(res,i,i_fnum), *ival); + printf(" d = (%d bytes) %f,\n", + PQgetlength(res,i,d_fnum), *dval); + printf(" p = (%d bytes) %d points \tboundbox = (hi=%f/%f, lo = %f,%f)\n", + PQgetlength(res,i,d_fnum), + pval->npts, + pval->boundbox.xh, + pval->boundbox.yh, + pval->boundbox.xl, + pval->boundbox.yl); + } + + PQclear(res); + + /* close the portal */ + res = PQexec(conn, "CLOSE mycursor"); + PQclear(res); + + /* end the transaction */ + res = PQexec(conn, "END"); + PQclear(res); + + /* close the connection to the database and cleanup */ + PQfinish(conn); + +} +.fi diff --git a/doc/man/listen.l b/doc/man/listen.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..853dfdea202 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/listen.l @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/listen.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:25 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "LISTEN" SQL 03/12/94 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +listen \(em listen for notification on a relation +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBlisten\fR class_name +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR listen +is used to register the current backend as a listener on the relation +.IR class_name . +When the command +.BI notify " class_name" +is called either from within a rule or at the query level, the +frontend applications corresponding to the listening backends +are notified. When the backend process exits, this registration +is cleared. +.PP +This event notification is performed through the Libpq protocol +and frontend application interface. The application program +must explicitly poll a Libpq global variable, +.IR PQAsyncNotifyWaiting , +and call the routine +.IR PQnotifies +in order to find out the name of the class to which a given +notification corresponds. If this code is not included in +the application, the event notification will be queued and +never be processed. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create rule(l), +notify(l), +select(l), +libpq. +.SH BUGS +There is no way to un-\c +.BR listen +except to drop the connection (i.e., restart the backend server). +.PP +The +.IR monitor (1) +command does not poll for asynchronous events. diff --git a/doc/man/load.l b/doc/man/load.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..67600f26640 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/load.l @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/load.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:25 scrappy Exp $ +.TH LOAD SQL 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +load \(em dynamically load an object file +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBload\fR "filename" +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Load +loads an object (or ".o") file into Postgres's address space. Once a +file is loaded, all functions in that file can be accessed. This +function is used in support of ADT's. +.PP +If a file is not loaded using the +.BR load +command, the file will be loaded automatically the first time the +function is called by Postgres. +.BR Load +can also be used to reload an object file if it has been edited and +recompiled. Only objects created from C language files are supported +at this time. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--Load the file /usr/postgres/demo/circle.o +-- +load "/usr/postgres/demo/circle.o" +.fi +.SH CAVEATS +Functions in loaded object files should not call functions in other +object files loaded through the +.BR load +command, meaning, for example, that all functions in file A should +call each other, functions in the standard or math libraries, or in +Postgres itself. They should not call functions defined in a different +loaded file B. This is because if B is reloaded, the Postgres loader is +not \*(lqsmart\*(rq enough to relocate the calls from the functions in A into +the new address space of B. If B is not reloaded, however, there will +not be a problem. +.PP +On DECstations, you must use +.IR /bin/cc +with the \*(lq-G 0\*(rq option when compiling object files to be +loaded. +.PP +Note that if you are porting Postgres to a new platform, the +.BR load +command will have to work in order to support ADTs. diff --git a/doc/man/monitor.1 b/doc/man/monitor.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8b3cc1edc9c --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/monitor.1 @@ -0,0 +1,269 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/monitor.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:25 scrappy Exp $ +.TH MONITOR UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +monitor \(em run the interactive terminal monitor +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR monitor +[\c +.BR "-N" +] +[\c +.BR "-Q" +] +[\c +.BR "-T" +] +[\c +.BR "-a" +system] +[\c +.BR "-c" +query] +[\c +.BR "-d" +path] +.br +.in +5n +[\c +.BR "-h" +hostname] +[\c +.BR "-p" +port] +[\c +.BR "-q" +] +[\c +.BR "-t" +tty_device] +[dbname] +.in -5n +.SH DESCRIPTION +The interactive terminal monitor is a simple frontend to Postgres retained +for backwards compatiblity. Users are encouraged to the use the +.IR "psql" +interface instead. +.PP +.IR "monitor" +enables you to formulate, edit and review queries before issuing them +to Postgres. If changes must be made, a Unix editor may be called +to edit the +.BR "query buffer" +managed by the terminal monitor. The editor used is determined by the +value of the +.SM EDITOR +environment variable. If +.SM EDITOR +is not set, then +.BR "vi" +is used by default. +.PP +.IR "Monitor" +is a frontend application, like any other. Hence, a +.IR "postmaster" +process must be running on the database server host before +.IR "monitor" +is executed. In addition, the correct +.IR "postmaster" +port number must be specified +as described below. +.PP +The optional argument +.IR dbname +specifies the name of the database to be accessed. This database must +already have been created using +.IR createdb . +.IR Dbname +defaults to the value of the +.SM USER +environment variable. +.PP +.IR "Monitor" +understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-N" +Specifies that query results will be dumped to the screen without any +attempt at formatting. This is useful in with the +.BR -c +option in shell scripts. +.TP +.BR "-Q" +Produces extremely unverbose output. +This is useful +with the +.BR -c +option in shell scripts. +.TP +.BR "-T" +Specifies that attribute names will not be printed. +This is useful +with the +.BR -c +option in shell scripts. +.TP +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies an authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-c" " query" +Specifies that +.IR "monitor" +is to execute one query string, +.IR "query" , +and then exit. This is useful for shell scripts, typically in +conjunction with the +.BR -N +and +.BR -T +options. Examples of shell scripts in the Postgres distribution using +.IB "monitor" " -c" +include +.IR createdb , +.IR destroydb , +.IR createuser , +and +.IR destroyuser , +.TP +.BR "-d" " path" +.IR path +specifies the path name of the file or tty to which frontend (i.e., +.IR monitor ) +debugging messages are to be written; the default is not to generate +any debugging messages. +.TP +.BR "-h" " hostname" +Specifies the hostname of the machine on which the +.IR postmaster +is running. Defaults to the name of the local host, or the value of +the +.SM PGHOST +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is listening for connections. Defaults to 5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-q" +Specifies that the monitor should do its work quietly. By default, it +prints welcome and exit messages and the queries it sends to the +backend. If this option is used, none of this happens. +.TP +.BR "-t" " tty_device" +.IR "tty_device" +specifies the path name to the file or tty +to which backend (i.e., +.IR postgres ) +debugging messages are to be written; the default is +.IR "/dev/null" . +.TP +.BR "-s" +parses after each query (enables "single step" mode). +.TP +.BR "-S" +Turns off sending query when ";" is encountered. +.PP +You may set environment variables to avoid typing some of the above +options. See the +.SM "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +section below. +.SH "MESSAGES AND PROMPTS" +The terminal monitor gives a variety of messages to keep the user +informed of the status of the monitor and the query buffer. +.PP +The terminal monitor displays two kinds of messages: +.IP go +The query buffer is empty and the terminal monitor is ready for input. +Anything typed will be added to the buffer. +.IP * +This prompt is typed at the beginning of each line when the terminal +monitor is waiting for input. +.SH "TERMINAL MONITOR COMMANDS" +.IP \ee +Enter the editor to edit the query buffer. +.IP \eg +Submit query buffer to Postgres for execution. +.IP \eh +Get on-line help. +.IP "\ei \fIfilename\fR" +Include the file +.IR filename +into the query buffer. +.IP \ep +Print the current contents of the query buffer. +.IP \eq +Exit from the terminal monitor. +.IP \er +Reset (clear) the query buffer. +.IP \es +Escape to a Unix subshell. To return to the terminal monitor, type +\*(lqexit\*(rq at the shell prompt. +.IP \et +Print the current time. +.IP "\ew \fIfilename\fR" +Store (write) the query buffer to an external file +.IR filename . +.IP \e\e +Produce a single backslash at the current location in query buffer. +.IP \e; +Produce a single semi-colon at the current location in query buffer. +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +You may set any of the following environment variables to avoid +specifying command-line options: +.nf +hostname: PGHOST +port: PGPORT +tty: PGTTY +options: PGOPTION +realm: PGREALM +.fi +.PP +If +.SM PGOPTION +is specified, then the options it contains are parsed +.BR before +any command-line options. +.PP +.SM PGREALM +only applies if +.IR Kerberos +authentication is in use. If this environment variable is set, Postgres +will attempt authentication with servers for this realm and use +separate ticket files to avoid conflicts with local ticket files. See +.IR introduction (1) +for additional information on +.IR Kerberos . +.PP +See +.IR introduction (libpq) +for additional details. +.SH "RETURN VALUE" +When executed with the +.BR "-c" +option, +.IR monitor +returns 0 to the shell on successful query completion, 1 otherwise. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +introduction(libpq), +createdb(1), +createuser(1), +postgres(1), +postmaster(1). +.SH BUGS +Does not poll for asynchronous notification events generated by +.IR listen (l) +and +.IR notify (l). +.PP +Escapes (backslash characters) cannot be commented out. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +psql(1) diff --git a/doc/man/notify.l b/doc/man/notify.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9566336bb01 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/notify.l @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/notify.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "NOTIFY" SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +notify \(em signal all frontends and backends listening on a class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBnotify\fR class_name +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR notify +is used to awaken all backends and consequently all frontends +that have executed +.IR listen (l) +on +.IR class_name . +This can be used either within an instance-level rule as part of the +action body or from a normal query. When used from within a normal +query, this can be thought of as interprocess communication (IPC). +When used from within a rule, this can be thought of as an alerter +mechanism. +.PP +Notice that the mere fact that a +.BR notify +has been executed does not imply anything in particular about +the state of the class (e.g., that it has been updated), nor +does the notification protocol transmit any useful information +other than the class name. Therefore, all +.BR notify +does is indicate that some backend wishes its peers to examine +.IR class_name +in some application-specific way. +.PP +This event notification is performed through the Libpq protocol +and frontend application interface. The application program +must explicitly poll a Libpq global variable, +.IR PQAsyncNotifyWaiting , +and call the routine +.IR PQnotifies +in order to find out the name of the class to which a given +notification corresponds. If this code is not included in +the application, the event notification will be queued and +never be processed. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +define rule(l), +listen(l), +libpq. diff --git a/doc/man/page.5 b/doc/man/page.5 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..09b154bfc89 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/page.5 @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/page.5,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH PAGE FILES 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +page structure \(em Postgres database file default page format +.SH DESCRIPTION +This section provides an overview of the page format used by Postgres +classes. User-defined access methods need not use this page format. +.PP +In the following explanation, a +.BR byte +is assumed to contain 8 bits. In addition, the term +.BR item +refers to data which is stored in Postgres classes. +.if t \{ +Diagram 1 shows how pages in both normal Postgres classes and Postgres index +classes (e.g., a B-tree index) are structured. +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/page.5,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.in +0.5i +.(b M +.PS +.ps 11 +box with .sw at (0.99,6.01) width 5.50 height 3.50 +line from 0.988,9.012 to 6.487,9.012 +line from 3.737,9.512 to 3.737,9.012 +line from 5.112,9.512 to 5.112,9.012 +dashwid = 0.050i +line dashed from 2.362,9.512 to 2.362,9.012 +line dashed from 3.050,9.512 to 3.050,9.012 +line dashed from 1.675,9.512 to 1.675,9.012 +line from 3.737,6.013 to 3.737,6.513 to 6.487,6.513 +line from 0.988,7.763 to 2.362,7.763 to 2.362,8.262 to 6.487,8.262 +line from 0.988,7.263 to 5.112,7.263 to 5.112,7.763 to 6.487,7.763 +line dashed from 2.362,7.763 to 5.112,7.763 +line dashed from 5.112,8.262 to 5.112,7.763 +line dashed from 4.300,8.262 to 4.300,7.763 +dashwid = 0.037i +line dotted <-> from 2.425,8.325 to 6.425,8.325 +line dotted <-> from 1.050,9.575 to 3.675,9.575 +line dotted <-> from 3.800,9.575 to 5.050,9.575 +line dotted <-> from 5.175,9.575 to 6.425,9.575 +"\s10\fRitemPointerData\fP" at 2.925,7.978 ljust +"\s10\fRfiller\fP" at 4.562,7.978 ljust +"\s10\fRitemData...\fP" at 5.513,7.978 ljust +"\s10\fIUnallocated Space\fP" at 3.237,8.753 ljust +"\s10\fBItemContinuationData\fP" at 3.663,8.415 ljust +"\s10\fISpecial Space\fP" at 4.688,6.240 ljust +"\s10\fI``ItemData 2''\fP" at 2.587,7.478 ljust +"\s10\fI``ItemData 1''\fP" at 3.413,6.865 ljust +"\s10\fBItemIdData\fP" at 4.775,9.715 ljust +"\s10\fBPageHeaderData\fP" at 1.875,9.715 ljust +.PE +.ce +.BR "Diagram 1: Sample Page Layout" +.)b +.in -0.5i +\} +.\" Running +.\" .q .../bin/dumpbpages +.\" or +.\" .q .../src/support/dumpbpages +.\" as the postgres superuser +.\" with the file paths associated with +.\" (heap or B-tree index) classes, +.\" .q .../data/base/<database-name>/<class-name>, +.\" will display the page structure used by the classes. +.\" Specifying the +.\" .q -r +.\" flag will cause the classes to be +.\" treated as heap classes and for more information to be displayed. +.PP +The first 8 bytes of each page consists of a page header +.RB ( PageHeaderData ). +Within the header, the first three 2-byte integer fields, +.IR lower , +.IR upper , +and +.IR special , +represent byte offsets to the start of unallocated space, to the end +of unallocated space, and to the start of \*(lqspecial space.\*(rq +Special space is a region at the end of the page which is allocated at +page initialization time and which contains information specific to an +access method. The last 2 bytes of the page header, +.IR opaque , +encode the page size and information on the internal fragmentation of +the page. Page size is stored in each page because frames in the +buffer pool may be subdivided into equal sized pages on a frame by +frame basis within a class. The internal fragmentation information is +used to aid in determining when page reorganization should occur. +.PP +Following the page header are item identifiers +.RB ( ItemIdData ). +New item identifiers are allocated from the first four bytes of +unallocated space. Because an item identifier is never moved until it +is freed, its index may be used to indicate the location of an item on +a page. In fact, every pointer to an item +.RB ( ItemPointer ) +created by Postgres consists of a frame number and an index of an item +identifier. An item identifier contains a byte-offset to the start of +an item, its length in bytes, and a set of attribute bits which affect +its interpretation. +.PP +The items, themselves, are stored in space allocated backwards from +the end of unallocated space. Usually, the items are not interpreted. +However when the item is too long to be placed on a single page or +when fragmentation of the item is desired, the item is divided and +each piece is handled as distinct items in the following manner. The +first through the next to last piece are placed in an item +continuation structure +.BR ( ItemContinuationData ). +This structure contains +.IR itemPointerData +which points to the next piece and the piece itself. The last piece +is handled normally. +.SH FILES +.TP 5n +\&.../data/... +Location of shared (global) database files. +.TP 5n +\&.../data/base/... +Location of local database files. +.SH BUGS +The page format may change in the future to provide more efficient +access to large objects. +.PP +This section contains insufficient detail to be of any assistance in +writing a new access method. diff --git a/doc/man/pg_dump.1 b/doc/man/pg_dump.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e05c24180bf --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/pg_dump.1 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/pg_dump.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH PG_DUMP UNIX 1/20/96 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +pg_dump \(em dumps out a Postgres database into a script file +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR pg_dump +[\c +.BR "-f" +filename +] +[\c +.BR "-H" +hostname +] +[\c +.BR "-p" +port] +[\c +.BR "-v" +] +[\c +.BR "-S" +help] +dbname +.in -5n +.SH DESCRIPTION +.IR "pg_dump" +is a utility for dumping out a +Postgres database into a script file containing query commands. The script +files are in a ASCII format and can be used to reconstruct the database, +even on other machines and other architectures. +.IR "pg_dump" +will produce the queries necessary to re-generate all +user-defined types, functions, tables, indices, aggregates, and +operators. In addition, all the data is copied out in ASCII format so +that it can be readily copied in again, as well, as imported into tools +for textual editing. +.PP +.IR "pg_dump" +is useful for dumping out the contents of a database to move from one +postgres95 installation to another. After running +.IR "pg_dump" +, one should examine the output script file for any warnings, especially +in light of the limitations listed below. +.SH "CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS" +.IR pg_dump +has a few limitations. +The limitations mostly stem from +difficulty in extracting certain meta-information from the system +catalogs. +.TP +.BR "rules and views" +pg_dump does not understand user-defined rules and views and +will fail to dump them properly. (This is due to the fact that +rules are stored as plans in the catalogs and not textually) +.TP +.BR "partial indices" +pg_dump does not understand partial indices. (The reason is +the same as above. Partial index predicates are stored as plans) +.TP +.BR "large objects" +pg_dump does not handle large objects. Large objects are ignored and +must be dealt with manually. +.TP +.BR "oid preservation" +pg_dump does not preserve oid's while dumping. If you have +stored oid's explicitly in tables in user-defined attributes, +and are using them as keys, then the output scripts will not +regenerate your database correctly. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +copy(l) diff --git a/doc/man/pg_hba.5 b/doc/man/pg_hba.5 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1e08ba8ca6d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/pg_hba.5 @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/pg_hba.5,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH PG_HBA FILES 01/20/96 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +$PGDATA/pg_hba \(em host-based access control +.SH DESCRIPTION +Postgres provides host-based access control through the file +.BR "pg_hba". +This file is stored in $PGDATA and should have proper file permissions +so that casual users cannot modify it. The file stores permissions +information about which hosts are authorized to access databases. +.PP +The file consists of lines of three columns. The first column lists the +name of the database. The second column lists the IP address of clients +machines that are authorized to connect, and the third column provides a +bit mask for the IP address. Lines which begin with '#' are considered +comments. +.PP +The keyword "all" can be used to apply to all database names. Each +column can contain strings of at most 80 characters, and each database +may have up to 255 configuration lines that apply. (80 and 255 are +constants that can be changed at Postgres compile time by altering the +#defines MAX_TOKEN and MAX_LINES in src/backend/libpq/auth.c) +.PP +Below is the default pg_hba file that is installed. +.nf +# +# Example config file for Postgres95 host based access +# +# Lines starting with "all" apply to all databases. Otherwise the first +# column has to match the name of the database being connected to. Up to +# ten config lines can apply to each database. Mask specifies bits that +# aren't counted. After those bits are taken out, the connection address +# must match the address in the middle column. +# +# <name> <address> <mask> +# +all 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +introduction(1). + diff --git a/doc/man/postgres.1 b/doc/man/postgres.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e4931149c28 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/postgres.1 @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/postgres.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH POSTGRES95 UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +postgres \(em the Postgres backend server +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR "postgres" +[\c +.BR "-B" +n_buffers] +[\c +.BR "-E" +] +[\c +.BR "-P" +filedes] +[\c +.BR "-Q" +] +.br +.in +5n +[\c +.BR "-d" +debug_level] +[\c +.BR "-o" +output_file] +[\c +.BR "-s" +] +[dbname] +.in -5n +.SH DESCRIPTION +The Postgres backend server can be executed directly from the user shell. +This should be done only while debugging by the DBA, and should not be +done while other Postgres backends are being managed by a +.IR postmaster +on this set of databases. +.PP +The optional argument +.IR dbname +specifies the name of the database to be accessed. +.IR Dbname +defaults to the value of the +.SM USER +environment variable. +.PP +The +.IR postgres +server understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-B" " n_buffers" +If the backend is running under the +.IR postmaster , +.IR "n_buffers" +is the number of shared-memory buffers that the +.IR "postmaster" +has allocated for the backend server processes that it starts. If the +backend is running standalone, this specifies the number of buffers to +allocate. This value defaults to 64. +.TP +.BR "-E" +Echo all queries. +.TP +.BR "-P" " filedes" +.IR "filedes" +specifies the file descriptor that corresponds to the socket (port) on +which to communicate to the frontend process. This option is +.BR not +useful for interactive use. +.TP +.BR "-Q" +Specifies \*(lqquiet\*(rq mode. +.TP +.BR "-d" " debug_level" +Turns on debugging at the numeric level +.IR "debug_level" . +Turning on debugging will cause query parse trees and query plans to +be displayed. +.TP +.BR "-o" " output_file" +Sends all debugging and error output to +.IR output_file . +If the backend is running under the +.IR postmaster , +error messages are still sent to the frontend process as well as to +.IR output_file , +but debugging output is sent to the controlling tty of the +.IR postmaster +(since only one file descriptor can be sent to an actual file). +.TP +.BR "-s" +Print time information and other statistics at the end of each query. +This is useful for benchmarking or for use in tuning the number of +buffers. +.SH "DEPRECATED COMMAND OPTIONS" +There are several other options that may be specified, used mainly +for debugging purposes. These are listed here only for the use by +Postgres system developers. +.BR "Use of any of these options is highly discouraged" . +Furthermore, any of these options may disappear or change at any time. +.TP +.BR "-A" "n|r|b|Q\fIn\fP|X\fIn\fP" +.IP +This option generates a tremendous amount of output. +.TP +.BR "-L" +Turns off the locking system. +.TP +.BR "-N" +Disables use of newline as a query delimiter. +.TP +.BR "-S" +Indicates that the transaction system can run with the assumption of +stable main memory, thereby avoiding the necessary flushing of data +and log pages to disk at the end of each transaction system. This is +only used for performance comparisons for stable vs. non-stable +storage. Do not use this in other cases, as recovery after a system +crash may be impossible when this option is specified in the absence +of stable main memory. +.TP +.BR "-b" +Enables generation of bushy query plan trees (as opposed to left-deep +query plans trees). These query plans are not intended for actual +execution; in addition, this flag often causes Postgres to run out of +memory. +.TP +.BR "-f" +Forbids the use of particular scan and join methods: +.IR s " and " i +disable sequential and index scans respectively, while +.IR n ", " m " and " h +disable nested-loop, merge and hash joins respectively. +This is another feature that may not necessarily produce executable +plans. +.TP +.BR "-p" +Indicates to the backend server that it has been started by a +.IR postmaster +and make different assumptions about buffer pool management, file +descriptors, etc. +.TP +.BR "-t" "pa[rser]|pl[anner]|e[xecutor]" +Print timing statistics for each query relating to each of the major +system modules. This option cannot be used with +.BR "-s" . +.SH "SEE ALSO" +ipcclean(1), +psql(1), +postmaster(1). +.SH "DIAGNOSTICS" +Of the nigh-infinite number of error messages you may see when you +execute the backend server directly, the most common will probably be: +.TP +.BR "semget: No space left on device" +If you see this message, you should run the +.IR ipcclean +command. After doing this, try starting +.IR postgres +again. If this still doesn't work, you probably need to configure +your kernel for shared memory and semaphores as described in the +installation notes. diff --git a/doc/man/postmaster.1 b/doc/man/postmaster.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3baf9c15b2f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/postmaster.1 @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/postmaster.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH POSTMASTER UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH "NAME" +postmaster \(em run the Postgres postmaster +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.BR "postmaster" +[\c +.BR "-B" +n_buffers] +[\c +.BR "-D" +data_dir] +[\c +.BR "-S" \c +] +[\c +.BR "-a" +system] +.br +.in +5n +[\c +.BR "-b" +backend_pathname] +[\c +.BR "-d" +[debug_level]] +[\c +.BR "-n" \c +] +.br +[\c +.BR "-o" +backend_options] +[\c +.BR "-p" +port] +[\c +.BR "-s" \c +] +.in -5n +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +The +.IR "postmaster" +manages the communication between frontend and backend processes, as +well as allocating the shared buffer pool and semaphores (on machines +without a test-and-set instruction). The +.IR postmaster +does not itself interact with the user and should be started as a +background process. +.BR "Only one postmaster should be run on a machine." +.PP +The +.IR "postmaster" +understands the following command-line options: +.TP 5n +.BR "-B" " n_buffers" +.IR "n_buffers" +is the number of shared-memory buffers for the +.IR "postmaster" +to allocate and manage for the backend server processes that it +starts. This value defaults to 64. +.TP +.BR "-D" " data_dir" +Specifies the directory to use as the root of the tree of database +directories. This directory uses the value of the environment +variable +.SM PGDATA. +If +.SM PGDATA +is not set, then the directory used is +.SM $POSTGRESHOME\c +/data. If neither environment variable is set and this command-line +option is not specified, the default directory that was +set at compile-time is used. +.TP +.BR "-S" +Specifies that the +.IR "postmaster" +process should start up in silent mode. That is, it will disassociate +from the user's (controlling) tty and start its own process group. +This should not be used in combination with debugging options because +any messages printed to standard output and standard error are +discarded. +.TP +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies whether or not to use the authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +for frontend applications to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. Specify +.IR "system" +to enable a system, or +.BI "no" "system" +to disable a system. For example, to permit users to use +.IR Kerberos +authentication, use +.BR "-a kerberos" ; +to deny any unauthenticated +connections, use +.BR "-a nounauth . +The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-b" " backend_pathname" +.IR "backend_pathname" +is the full pathname of the Postgres backend server executable file that +the +.IR "postmaster" +will invoke when it receives a connection from a frontend application. +If this option is not used, then the +.IR postmaster +tries to find this executable file in the directory in which its own +executable is located (this is done by looking at the pathname under +which the +.IR "postmaster" +was invoked. If no pathname was specified, then the +.SM PATH +environment variable is searched for an executable named +\*(lqpostgres\*(rq). +.TP +.BR "-d" " [debug_level]" +The optional argument +.IR debug_level +determines the amount of debugging output the backend servers will +produce. +If +.I debug_level +is one, the postmaster will trace all connection traffic, +and nothing else. +For levels two and higher, +debugging is turned on in the backend process and the postmaster +displays more information, +including the backend environment and process traffic. +Note that if no file is specified for backend servers to +send their debugging output then this output will appear on the +controlling tty of their parent +.IR postmaster . +.TP +.BR "-n" ", " "-s" +The +.IR "-s" " and " "-n" +options control the behavior of the +.IR "postmaster" +when a backend dies abnormally. \fBNeither option is intended for use in +ordinary operation\fP. +.IP +The ordinary strategy for this situation is to notify all other +backends that they must terminate and then reinitialize the shared +memory and semaphores. This is because an errant backend could have +corrupted some shared state before terminating. +.IP +If the +.IR "-s" +option is supplied, then the +.IR "postmaster" +will stop all other backend processes by sending the signal +.SM SIGSTOP, +but will not cause them to terminate. This permits system programmers +to collect core dumps from all backend processes by hand. +.IP +If the +.IR "-n" +option is supplied, then the +.IR "postmaster" +does not reinitialize shared data structures. A knowledgable system +programmer can then use the +.IR shmemdoc +program to examine shared memory and semaphore state. +.TP +.BR "-o" " backend_options" +The +.IR postgres (1) +options specified in +.IR "backend_options" +are passed to all backend server processes started by this +.IR postmaster . +If the option string contains any spaces, the entire string must be +quoted. +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is to listen for connections from frontend applications. Defaults to +5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). If you specify a port other than the +default port then all frontend application users must specify the same +port (using command-line options or +.SM PGPORT\c +) when starting any libpq application, including psql. +.SH "WARNINGS" +If at all possible, +.BR "do not" +use +.SM SIGKILL +when killing the +.IR "postmaster" "." +.SM SIGHUP, +.SM SIGINT, +or +.SM SIGTERM +(the default signal for +.IR "kill" "(1))" +should be used instead. Hence, avoid +.nf +kill -KILL +.fi +or its alternative form +.nf +kill -9 +.fi +as this will prevent the +.IR postmaster +from freeing the system resources (e.g., shared memory and semaphores) +that it holds before dying. This prevents you from having to deal with +the problem with +.IR shmat (2) +described below. +.SH "EXAMPLES" +.nf +# start postmaster using default values +postmaster -S +.fi +This command will start up +.IR "postmaster" +on the default port (5432) and will search +.SM $PATH +to find an executable file called \*(lqpostgres\*(rq. This is the +simplest and most common way to start the +.IR "postmaster" . +.nf +# start with specific port and executable name +postmaster -p -b /usr/postgres/bin/postgres & +.fi +This command will start up a +.IR "postmaster" +communicating through the port 1234, and will attempt to use the +backend located at \*(lq/usr/postgres/bin/postgres\*(rq. In order to +connect to this +.IR "postmaster" +using psql, you would need to either +specify +.BR "-p 1234" +on the +.IR "psql" +command-line or set the environment variable +.SM PGPORT +to 1234. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +ipcs(1), +ipcrm(1), +ipcclean(1), +psql(1), +postgres(1), +.SH "DIAGNOSTICS" +.TP +.BR "FindBackend: could not find a backend to execute..." +If you see this message, you do not have the +.IR "postgres" +executable in your path. Add the directoy in which postgres resides to +your path. +.TP +.BR "semget: No space left on device" +If you see this message, you should run the +.IR "ipcclean" +command. After doing this, try starting the +.IR "postmaster" +again. If this still doesn't work, you probably need to configure +your kernel for shared memory and semaphores as described in the +installation notes. If you run multiple +.IR postmaster s +on a single host, or have reduced the shared memory and semaphore +parameters from the defaults in the generic kernel, you may have to +go back and increase the shared memory and semaphores configured +into your kernel. +.TP +.BR "StreamServerPort: cannot bind to port" +If you see this message, you should be certain that there is no other +.IR "postmaster" +process already running. The easiest way to determine this is by +using the command +.nf +ps -ax | grep postmaster +.fi +on BSD-based systems +.nf +ps -e | grep postmast +.fi +(the equivalent syntax is on System V-like or POSIX-compliant systems such as HP-UX). If you +are sure that no other +.IR "postmaster" +processes are running and you still get this error, try specifying a +different port using the +.BR "-p" +option. You may also get this error if you terminate the +.IR "postmaster" +and immediately restart it using the same port; in this case, you must +simply wait a few seconds until the operating system closes the port +before trying again. Finally, you may get this error if you specify +a port number that your operating system considers to be reserved. +For example, many versions of Unix consider port numbers under 1024 to +be \*(lqtrusted\*(rq and only permit the Unix superuser to access them. +.TP +.BR "IpcMemoryAttach: shmat() failed: Permission denied" +A likely explanation is that another user attempted to start a +.IR "postmaster" +process on the same port which acquired shared resources and then +died. Since Postgres shared memory keys are based on the port number +assigned to the +.IR "postmaster" , +such conflicts are likely if there is more than one installation on +a single host. If there are no other +.IR "postmaster" +processes currently running (see above), run +.IR "ipcclean" +and try again. If other +.IR "postmaster" s +are running, you will have to find the owners of those processes to +coordinate the assignment of port numbers and/or removal of unused +shared memory segments. diff --git a/doc/man/psql.1 b/doc/man/psql.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6e3c72e0846 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/psql.1 @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/psql.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:26 scrappy Exp $ +.TH PSQL UNIX 1/20/96 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +psql \(em run the interactive query front-end +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BR psql +[\c +.BR "-a" +authsvc +] +[\c +.BR "-A" +] +[\c +.BR "-c" +query +] +[\c +.BR "-d" +dbName] +[\c +.BR "-e" +] +[\c +.BR "-f" +filename] +[\c +.BR "-h" +hostname] +[\c +.BR "-H" +] +[\c +.BR "-l" +port] +[\c +.BR "-n" +] +[\c +.BR "-o" +filename +] +[\c +.BR "-p" +port] +[\c +.BR "-q" +] +[\c +.BR "-s" +] +[\c +.BR "-S" +] +[\c +.BR "-t" +] +[\c +.BR "-x" +] +[dbname] +.in -5n +.SH DESCRIPTION +psql is a interactive query front-end to Postgres. It enables you to +type in queries interactively, issue them to Postgres, and see the query +results. +.IR psql +can be used in a pipe sequence, and automatically detects when it +is not listening or talking to a real tty. +.IR psql +is designed to be an enhanced version of the older +.IR "monitor" +program. +.PP +.IR "psql" +is a frontend application, like any other. Hence, a +.IR "postmaster" +process must be running on the database server host before +.IR "psql" +is executed. In addition, the correct +.IR "postmaster" +port number must be specified +as described below. +.PP +The optional argument +.IR dbname +specifies the name of the database to be accessed. This database must +already have been created. +.IR dbname +defaults to the value of the +.SM USER +environment variable or, if that's not set, to the Unix account name of the +current user. +.PP +.IR "psql" +understands the following command-line options: +.TP +.BR "-a" " system" +Specifies an authentication system +.IR "system" +(see +.IR introduction (1)) +to use in connecting to the +.IR postmaster +process. The default is site-specific. +.TP +.BR "-A" +Turn off fill justification when printing out attributes. +.TP +.BR "-c" " query" +Specifies that +.IR "psql" +is to execute one query string, +.IR "query" , +and then exit. This is useful for shell scripts, typically in +conjunction with the +.BR -q "" +options. +.BR -c +option in shell scripts. +.TP +.BR "-d" " dbName" +Specifies the name of the database to connect to. +.TP +.BR "-e" " " +Echo the query sent to the backend +.TP +.BR "-f" " filename" +Use the file +.IR "filename" +as the source of queries instead of reading queries interactively. +.TP +.BR "-h" " hostname" +Specifies the hostname of the machine on which the +.IR postmaster +is running. Defaults to the name of the local host, or the value of +the +.SM PGHOST +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-H" +Turns on +.SM HTML3.0 +tabular output. +.TP +.BR "-l" +Lists all available databases +.TP +.BR "-n" +Do not use the readline library for input line editing and command history. +.TP +.BR "-p" " port" +Specifies the Internet TCP port on which the +.IR postmaster +is listening for connections. Defaults to 5432, or the value of the +.SM PGPORT +environment variable (if set). +.TP +.BR "-q" +Specifies that +.IR psql +should do its work quietly. By default, it +prints welcome and exit messages and prompts for each query, and prints +out the number of rows returned from a query. +If this option is used, none of this happens. This is useful with the +.BR -c +option in shell scripts. +.TP +.BR "-s" +Run in single-step mode where the user at prompted for each query before +it is sent to the backend. +.TP +.BR "-S" +Run ins single-line mode where each query is terminated by a newline, +instead of a semicolon. +.TP +.BR "-t" +Turn off printing of attributes names. +This is useful with the +.BR -c +option in shell scripts. +.TP +.BR "-x" +Turns on extended field mode. When enabled each tuple will have its field +names printed on the left with the field values printed on the right. +This is useful for tuples which are otherwise too long to fit into +one screen line. HTML tuple output supports this mode also. +.PP +You may set environment variables to avoid typing some of the above +options. See the +.SM "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +section below. +.SH "CONNECTING TO A DATABASE" +.IR psql +attempts to make a connection to the database at the hostname and +port number specified on the command line. If the connection could not +be made for any reason (e.g. insufficient privileges, postmaster is not +running on the server, etc) +.IR psql +will return an error that says +.nf +Connection to database failed. +.fi +The reason for the connection failure is not provided. +.SH "ENTERING QUERIES" +In normal operation, psql provides a prompt with the name of the +database that psql is current connected to followed by the string "=>". +For example, +.nf +Welcome to the POSTGRES95 interactive sql monitor: + Please read the file COPYRIGHT for copyright terms of POSTGRES95 + + type \e? for help on slash commands + type \eq to quit + type \eg or terminate with semicolon to execute query + You are currently connected to the database: testdb + +testdb=> +.fi +.PP +At the prompt, the user may type in SQL queries. Unless the -S option +is set, input lines are sent to the backend when a query-terminating +semicolon is reached. +.PP +Whenever a query is executed, psql also polls for asynchronous notification +events generated by +.IR listen (l) +and +.IR notify (l). +.PP +.SH "PSQL COMMANDS" +.IP "\ea" +Toggle field alignment when printing out attributes. +.IP "\eC \fIcaption\fR" +Set the HTML3.0 table caption. +.IP "\ec \fIdbname\fR" +Establish a connection to a new database. The previous connection is closed. +.IP "\ed [\fItable\fR]" +List tables in the database, or if +.IR table +is specified, list the columns in +.IR table. +If table name is +.IR *, +list all tables and column information for each tables. +.IP "\ee [\fIfilename\fR]" +Edit the current query buffer or \fIfile\fR. +.IP "\eE [\fIfilename\fR]" +Edit the current query buffer or \fIfile\fR and execute it +upon editor exit. +.IP "\ef [\fIseparator\fR]" +Set the field separator. Default is a single blank space. +.IP "\eg [\fI|command\fR] | [\fIfilename\fR]" +Send the current query input buffer to the backend and optionally +save the output in +.IR filename +or pipe the output into +.IR "|command". +.IP "\eh [\fIcommand\fR]" +Give syntax help on the specified SQL command. If the +.IR command +is not specified, list all the commands for which syntax help is +available. If the +.IR command +is +.IR *, +give syntax help on all SQL commands. +.IP "\eH" +Toggle html3 output. +.IP "\ei \fIfilename\fR" +Read queries from +.IR filename +into the query input buffer. +.IP "\el" +List all the databases in the server. +.IP "\em" +Toggle monitor-like table display. +This is standard SQL output (i.e extra border characters). +.IP "\eo [\fI|command\fR] | [\fIfilename\fR]" +Send query results to +.IR filename . +Or pipe into +.IR command . +If no arguments are specified, send query results to +.IR stdout . +.IP "\ep" +Print the current query buffer. +.IP \eq +Quit the psql program. +.IP "\er" +Reset(clear) the query buffer. +.IP "\es [\fIfilename\fR]" +Print or save the command line history to \fIfilename\fR. (Only available if psql is +configured to use readline) +.IP "\et" +Toggle display of output attribute name headings and row count (defaults to on). +.IP "\eT" +Set html3.0 <table ...> options. +.IP "\ex" +Toggles extended field mode. When enabled each tuple will have its field +names printed on the left with the field values printed on the right. +This is useful for tuples which are otherwise too long to fit into +one screen line. HTML tuple output mode supports this flag too. +.IP "\e! [\fIcommand\fR]" +Escape to shell or execute +.IR command. +.IP \e? +Get help information about the \e commands. +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +You may set any of the following environment variables to avoid +specifying command-line options: +.nf +hostname: PGHOST +port: PGPORT +tty: PGTTY +options: PGOPTION +realm: PGREALM +.fi +.PP +If +.SM PGOPTION +is specified, then the options it contains are parsed +.BR before +any command-line options. +.PP +.SM PGREALM +only applies if +.IR Kerberos +authentication is in use. If this environment variable is set, Postgres +will attempt authentication with servers for this realm and use +separate ticket files to avoid conflicts with local ticket files. See +.IR introduction (1) +for additional information on +.IR Kerberos . +.PP +See +.IR introduction (libpq) +for additional details. +.SH "RETURN VALUE" +When executed with the +.BR "-c" +option, +.IR psql +returns 0 to the shell on successful query completion, 1 otherwise. +.IR psql +will also return 1 if the connection to a database could not be made for +any reason. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +introduction(libpq), +monitor(1) +postgres(1), +postmaster(1). +.SH BUGS +If multiple queries are sent to the backend at once without semicolon +termination after each query, psql gets confused about the query +results. The queries will still be processed correctly by the backend. + diff --git a/doc/man/purge.l b/doc/man/purge.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9e1f68a99f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/purge.l @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.TH PURGE SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +purge \(em discard historical data +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBpurge\fR classname [ \fBbefore\fR abstime ] [ \fBafter\fR reltime ] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Purge +allows a user to specify the historical retention properties of a +class. If the date specified is an absolute time such as \*(lqJan 1 +1987\*(rq, Postgres will discard tuples whose validity expired before +the indicated time. +.BR Purge +with no +.IR before +clause is equivalent to \*(lqpurge before now\*(rq. Until specified +with a purge command, instance preservation defaults to +\*(lqforever\*(rq. +.PP +The user may purge a class at any time as long as the purge date never +decreases. Postgres will enforce this restriction, silently. +.PP +Note that the +.BR purge +command does not do anything except set a parameter for system +operation. Use +.IR vacuum (l) +to enforce this parameter. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +--Always discard data in the EMP class +--prior to January 1, 1989 +-- +purge EMP before "Jan 1 1989" +.fi +.nf +-- +--Retain only the current data in EMP +-- +purge EMP +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +vacuum(l). +.SH "BUGS AND CAVEATS" +Error messages are quite unhelpful. A complaint about +\*(lqinconsistent times\*(rq followed by several nine-digit numbers +indicates an attempt to \*(lqback up\*(rq a purge date on a relation. +.PP +You cannot purge certain system catalogs (namely, \*(lqpg_class\*(rq, +\*(lqpg_attribute\*(rq, \*(lqpg_am\*(rq, and \*(lqpg_amop\*(rq) due +to circularities in the system catalog code. +.PP +This definition of the +.BR purge +command is really only useful for non-archived relations, since +tuples will not be discarded from archive relations (they are +never vacuumed). diff --git a/doc/man/remove_view.l b/doc/man/remove_view.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9f1d1013a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/remove_view.l @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/remove_view.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:27 scrappy Exp $ +.TH "DROP VIEW" SQL 04/25/94 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +drop view \(em removes a view from Postgres +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBdrop view\fR view_name +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command drops an existing view from the Postgres system. To +execute this command you must be the owner of the view. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +/* + * this command will remove the "myview" view + */ +drop view myview +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create view(l), +drop rule(l), diff --git a/doc/man/rename.l b/doc/man/rename.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0c1258d4723 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/rename.l @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/rename.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:27 scrappy Exp $ +.TH RENAME SQL 02/08/94 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +rename \(em rename a class or an attribute in a class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBalter table\fR classname1 + \fBrename to\fR classname2 +\fBalter table\fR classname1 [\fB*\fR] + \fBrename [column]\fR attname1 \fBto\fR attname2 +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.BR rename +command +causes the name of a class or attribute to change without changing any +of the data contained in the affected class. Thus, the class or +attribute will remain of the same type and size after this command is +executed. +.PP +In order to rename an attribute in each class in an entire inheritance +hierarchy, use the +.IR classname +of the superclass and append a \*(lq*\*(rq. (By default, the attribute +will not be renamed in any of the subclasses.) This should +.BR always +be done when changing an attribute name in a superclass. If it is +not, queries on the inheritance hierarchy such as +.nf +select * from super* s +.fi +will not work because the subclasses will be (in effect) missing an +attribute found in the superclass. +.PP +You must own the class being modified in order to rename it or part of +its schema. Renaming any part of the schema of a system catalog is +not permitted. +.SH EXAMPLE +.nf +-- +-- change the emp class to personnel +-- +alter table emp rename to personnel +.fi +.nf +-- +-- change the sports attribute to hobbies +-- +alter table emp rename column sports to hobbies +.fi +.nf +-- +-- make a change to an inherited attribute +-- +alter table person * rename column last_name to family_name +.fi +.SH BUGS +Execution of historical queries using classes and attributes whose +names have changed will produce incorrect results in many situations. +.PP +Renaming of types, operators, rules, etc., should also be supported. diff --git a/doc/man/revoke.l b/doc/man/revoke.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e0450756df5 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/revoke.l @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/revoke.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:27 scrappy Exp $ +.TH REVOKE SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +revoke \(em revoke access privileges +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBrevoke\fR <privilege[,privilege,...]> + \fBon\fR <rel1>[,...<reln>] + \fBfrom\fR [\fBpublic\fR | group <group> | <username>] + + \fBprivilege\fR is {\fBALL\fR | \fBSELECT\fR | \fBINSERT\fR | \fBUPDATE\fR | \fBDELETE\fR | \fBRULE\fR} +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.PP +.B revoke +allows you to revoke privileges given to all users or certain users or groups. +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Example of a revoke +-- +revoke insert + on mytab + from public +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +grant(l) diff --git a/doc/man/rollback.l b/doc/man/rollback.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c6b673c3736 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/rollback.l @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/rollback.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:27 scrappy Exp $ +.TH ROLLBACK SQL 01/20/96 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.\" XXX This .XA has to go after the .TH so that the index page number goes +.\" in the right place... +.SH NAME +rollback \(em rollback, e.g. aborts, the current transaction +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBrollback\fP \fB[transaction|work]\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +This command rolls back the current transaction and causes all the +updates made by the transaction to be discarded. +.PP +.IR "rollback" +is functionally equivalent to the +.IR "abort" +command. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +abort(l), +begin(l), +end(l). diff --git a/doc/man/select.l b/doc/man/select.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8013cede3ca --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/select.l @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/select.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:27 scrappy Exp $ +.TH SELECT SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +select \(em retrieve instances from a class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBselect\fR [distinct] + expression1 [\fBas\fR attr_name-1] + {, expression-1 [\fBas\fR attr_name-i]} + [\fBinto\fR \fBtable\fR classname] + [\fBfrom\fR from-last] + [\fBwhere\fR where-clause] + [\fBgroup by\fR attr_name1 {, attr_name-i....} + [\fBorder by\fR attr_name1 + [\fBusing op1\fR] {, attr_namei [\fBusing opi\fR] } +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Select +will get all instances which satisfy the qualification, +.IR qual , +compute the value of each element in the target list, and either (1) +return them to an application program through one of two different +kinds of portals or (2) store them in a new class. +.PP +If +into table class name +is specified, the result of the query will be stored in a new class +with the indicated name. +.PP +The +.BR "order by" +clause allows a user to specify that he wishes the instances sorted +according to the corresponding operator. This operator must be a +binary one returning a boolean. Multiple sort fields are allowed and +are applied from left to right. +.PP +The target list specifies the fields to be retrieved. Each +.IR attr_name +specifies the desired attribute or portion of an array attribute. +Thus, each +.IR attr_name +takes the form +.nf +class_name.att_name +.fi +or, if the user only desires part of an array, +.nf +-- +--Specify a lower and upper index for each dimension +--(i.e., clip a range of array elements) +-- +class_name.att_name[lIndex-1:uIndex-1]..[lIndex-i:uIndex-i] + +-- +--Specify an exact array element +-- +class_name.att_name[uIndex-1]..[uIndex-i] +.fi +where each +.IR lIndex +or +.IR uIndex +is an integer constant. +.PP +When you retrieve an attribute which is of a complex type, the behavior +of the system depends on whether you used "nested dots" to project +out attributes of the complex type or not. See the examples below. +.PP +You must have read access to a class to read its values (see +.IR "grant/revoke" (l). +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Find all employees who make more than their manager +-- +select e.name + from emp e, emp m + where e.mgr = m.name + and e.sal > m.sal +.fi +.nf +-- +--Retrieve all fields for those employees who make +--more than the average salary +-- +select avg(sal) as ave + into table avgsal from emp; +.fi +.nf +-- +--Retrieve all employee names in sorted order +-- +select distinct name + from emp + order by name using < +.fi +.nf +-- +--Retrieve all employee names that were valid on 1/7/85 +--in sorted order +-- +selec name + from emp['January 7 1985'] e + order by name using < +.fi +.nf +-- +--Construct a new class, raise, containing 1.1 +--times all employee's salaries +-- +select 1.1 * emp.salary as salary + into tables raise + from emp +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +insert(l), +close(l), +create table(l), +fetch(l), +update(l). +.SH BUGS +.BR "Select into" +does not delete duplicates. +.PP +If the backend crashes in the course of executing a +.BR "select into" , +the class file will remain on disk. It can be safely removed by the +database DBA, but a subsequent +.BR "select into" +to the same name will fail with a cryptic error message about +\*(lqBlockExtend\*(rq. diff --git a/doc/man/sql.l b/doc/man/sql.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d6ad3eb6363 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/sql.l @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/sql.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:28 scrappy Exp $ +.TH INTRODUCTION SQL 11/5/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH "Section 4 \(em SQL Commands (COMMANDS)" +.SH "General Information" +.SH DESCRIPTION +The following is a description of the general syntax of SQL. +Individual SQL statements and commands are treated separately in the +document; this section describes the syntactic classes from which the +constituent parts of SQL statements are drawn. +.SH Comments +A +.IR comment +is an arbitrary sequence of characters following double dashes up to the end +of the line e.g: +.nf +-- This is a comment +.fi +.SH "Names" +.IR Names +in SQL are sequences of not more than NAMEDATALEN alphanumeric characters, +starting with an alphabetic character. By default, NAMEDATALEN is set +to 16, but at the time the system is built, NAMEDATALEN can be changed +by changing the #ifdef in src/backend/include/postgres.h. Underscore +(\*(lq_\*(rq) is considered an alphabetic character. +.SH "Keywords" +The following identifiers are reserved for use as +.IR keywords +and may not be used otherwise: +.PP +.ft B +.nf +.if n .ta 5 +15 +15 +15 +.if t .ta 0.5i +1.5i +1.5i +1.5i +.fi +.ft +.ft B +.nf +.if n .ta 5 +15 +15 +15 +.if t .ta 0.5i +1.5i +1.5i +1.5i +.fi +.ft +.PP +In addition, all Postgres classes have several predefined attributes used +by the system. +.SH "Constants" +There are six types of +.IR constants +for use in SQL. They are described below. +.SH "String Constants" +.IR Strings +in SQL are arbitrary sequences of ASCII characters bounded by single +quotes (' '). Uppercase alphabetics within strings are accepted +literally. Non-printing characters may be embedded within strings by +prepending them with a backslash, e.g., `\en'. Also, in order to embed +quotes within strings, it is necessary to prefix them with `\e' . The +same convention applies to `\e' itself. Because of the limitations on +instance sizes, string constants are currently limited to a length of +a little less than 8192 bytes. Larger objects may be created using the +Postgres Large Object interface. +.SH "Integer Constants" +.IR "Integer constants" +in SQL are collection of ASCII digits with no decimal point. Legal +values range from \(mi2147483647 to +2147483647. This will vary +depending on the operating system and host machine. +.SH "Floating Point Constants" +.IR "Floating point constants" +consist of an integer part, a decimal point, and a fraction part or +scientific notation of the following format: +.nf +{<dig>} .{<dig>} [e [+-] {<dig>}] +.fi +Where <dig> is a digit. You must include at least one <dig> after the +period and after the [+-] if you use those options. An exponent with +a missing mantissa has a mantissa of 1 inserted. There may be no +extra characters embedded in the string. +Floating point constaints are of type float4. +.SH "Constants of Postgres User-Defined Types" +A constant of an +.IR arbitrary +type can be entered using the notation: +.nf +'string'::type-name +.fi +or +.nf +CAST 'string' AS type-name +.fi +The value inside the string is passed to the input +conversion routine for the type called type-name. The result is a +constant of the indicated type. The explicit typecast may be omitted +if there is no ambiguity as to the type the constant must be, in which +case it is automatically coerced. +.SH "Array constants" +.IR "Array constants" +are arrays of any Postgres type, including other arrays, string +constants, etc. The general format of an array constant is the +following: +.nf +{<val1><delim><val2><delim>} +.fi +Where +.IR "<delim>" +is the delimiter for the type stored in the \*(lqpg_type\*(rq class. +(For built-in types, this is the comma character, \*(lq,\*(rq.) An +example of an array constant is +.nf +{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}} +.fi +This constant is a two-dimensional, 3 by 3 array consisting of three +sub-arrays of integers. +.PP +Individual array elements can and should be placed between quotation +marks whenever possible to avoid ambiguity problems with respect to +leading white space. +.\" Elements of single-element arrays (e.g., +.\" \*(lq{"1"}\*(rq) must be quoted. +.PP +.SH "FIELDS AND COLUMNS" +.SH "Fields" +A +.IR field +is either an attribute of a given class or one of the following: +.nf +oid +tmin +tmax +xmin +xmax +cmin +cmax +.fi +.PP +.IR Oid +stands for the unique identifier of an instance which is added by +Postgres to all instances automatically. Oids are not reused and are 32 +bit quantities. +.PP +.IR "Tmin, tmax, xmin, cmin, xmax" +and +.IR cmax +stand respectively for the time that the instance was inserted, the +time the instance was deleted, the identity of the inserting +transaction, the command identifier within the transaction, the +identity of the deleting transaction and its associated deleting +command. For further information on these fields consult [STON87]. +Times are represented internally as instances of the \*(lqabstime\*(rq +data type. Transaction identifiers are 32 bit quantities which are +assigned sequentially starting at 512. Command identifiers are 16 bit +objects; hence, it is an error to have more than 65535 SQL commands +within one transaction. +.SH "Columns" +A +.IR column +is a construct of the form: +.nf +Instance-variable{.composite_field}.field `['number`]' +.fi +.IR Instance-variable +identifies a particular class and can be thought of as standing for +the instances of that class. An instance variable is either a class +name, a surrogate for a class defined by means of a +.IR from +clause, or the keyword +.BR new +or +.BR current. +New and current can only appear in the action portion of a rule, while +other instance variables can be used in any SQL statement. +.IR Composite_field +is a field of of one of the Postgres composite types indicated in the +.IR information (l) +section, while successive composite fields address attributes in the +class(s) to which the composite field evaluates. Lastly, +.IR field +is a normal (base type) field in the class(s) last addressed. If +.IR field +is of type array, then the optional +.IR number +designator indicates a specific element in the array. If no number is +indicated, then all array elements are returned. +.SH "Operators" +Any built-in system, or user-defined operator may be used in SQL. +For the list of built-in and system operators consult +.BR "introduction" "(3)." +For a list of user-defined operators consult your system administrator +or run a query on the pg_operator class. Parentheses may be used for +arbitrary grouping of operators. +.SH "Expressions (a_expr)" +An +.IR expression +is one of the following: +.nf +( a_expr ) +constant +attribute +a_expr binary_operator a_expr +a_expr right_unary_operator +left_unary_operator a_expr +parameter +functional expressions +aggregate expressions +.fi +We have already discussed constants and attributes. The two kinds of +operator expressions indicate respectively binary and left_unary +expressions. The following sections discuss the remaining options. +.SH "Parameters" +A +.IR parameter +is used to indicate a parameter in a SQL function. Typically this +is used in SQL function definition statement. The form of a +parameter is: +.nf +\'$' number +.fi +For example, consider the definition of a function, DEPT, as +.nf +create function DEPT (char16) + returns dept + as 'select * from + dept where name=$1' + language 'sql' +.fi +.SH "Functional Expressions" +A +.IR "functional expression" +is the name of a legal SQL function, followed by its argument list +enclosed in parentheses, e.g.: +.nf +fn-name (a_expr{ , a_expr}) +.fi +For example, the following computes the square root of an employee +salary. +.nf +sqrt(emp.salary) +.fi +.SH "Aggregate Expression" +An +.IR "aggregate expression" +represents a simple aggregate (i.e., one that computes a single value) +or an aggregate function (i.e., one that computes a set of values). +The syntax is the following: +.nf +aggregate.name (attribute) +.fi +Here, +.IR aggregate_name +must be a previously defined aggregate. +.SH "Target_list" +A +.IR "target list" +is a parenthesized, comma-separated list of one or more elements, each +of which must be of the form: +.nf +a_expr[AS result_attname] +.fi +Here, result_attname is the name of the attribute to be created (or an +already existing attribute name in the case of update statements.) If +.IR result_attname +is not present, then +.IR a_expr +must contain only one attribute name which is assumed to be the name +of the result field. In Postgres default naming is only used if +.IR a_expr +is an attribute. +.SH‚‚ "Qualification" +A +.IR qualification +consists of any number of clauses connected by the logical operators: +.nf +not +and +or +.fi +A clause is an +.IR a_expr +that evaluates to a Boolean over a set of instances. +.SH "From List" +The +.IR "from list" +is a comma-separated list of +.IR "from expressions" . +.PP +Each +.IR "from expression" +is of the form: +.nf +[class_reference] instance_variable + {, [class_ref] instance_variable...} +.fi +where +.IR class_reference +is of the form +.nf +class_name [time_expression] [*] +.fi +The +.IR "from expression" +defines one or more instance variables to range over the class +indicated in +.IR class_reference . +Adding a +.IR time_expression +will indicate that a historical class is desired. One can also request +the instance variable to range over all classes that are beneath the +indicated class in the inheritance hierarchy by postpending the +designator \*(lq*\*(rq. +.SH‚‚ "Time Expressions" +A +.IR "time expression" +is in one of two forms: +.nf + ['date'] + ['date-1', 'date-2'] +.fi +The first case requires instances that are valid at the indicated +time. The second case requires instances that are valid at some time +within the date range specified. If no time expression is indicated, +the default is \*(lqnow\*(rq. +.PP +In each case, the date is a character string of the form +.nf +[MON-FRI] 'MMM DD [HH:MM:SS] YYYY' [Timezone] +.fi +where MMM is the month (Jan \- Dec), DD is a legal day number in the +specified month, HH:MM:SS is an optional time in that day (24-hour +clock), and YYYY is the year. If the time of day HH:MM:SS is not +specified, it defaults to midnight at the start of the specified day. +As of Version 3.0, times are no longer read and written using +Greenwich Mean Time; the input and output routines default to the +local time zone. +.PP +For example, +.nf +['Jan 1 1990'] +['Mar 3 00:00:00 1980', 'Mar 3 23:59:59 1981r'] +.fi +are valid time specifications. +.PP +Note that this syntax is slightly different than that used by the +time-range type. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +insert(l), +delete(l), +execute(l), +update(l), +select(l), +monitor(1). diff --git a/doc/man/template.5 b/doc/man/template.5 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..739ef3bf061 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/template.5 @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/template.5,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:28 scrappy Exp $ +.TH TEMPLATE FILES 01/23/93 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH Template +.SH NAME +\&.../data/files/global1.bki \(em global database template +.br +\&.../data/files/local1_XXX.bki \(em local database template +.br +\&.../data/files/template1/* \(em default database template +.SH DESCRIPTION +These files contain scripts which direct the construction of +databases. Note that the \*(lqglobal1.bki\*(rq and +\*(lqtemplate1_local.bki\*(rq files are installed automatically when +the Postgres super-user runs +.IR initdb . +These files are copied from +.nf +\&.../src/backend/obj/{dbdb,local}.bki +.fi +The databases which are generated by the template scripts are normal +databases. Consequently, you can use the terminal monitor or some +other frontend on a template database to simplify the customization +task. That is, there is no need to express everything about your +desired initial database state using a BKI template script, because +the database state can be tuned interactively. +.PP +The system catalogs consist of classes of two types: global and local. +There is one copy of each global class that is shared among all +databases at a site. Local classes, on the other hand, are not +accessible except from their own database. +.PP +The file +.nf +\&.../data/files/global1.bki +.fi +specifies the process used in the creation of global (shared) classes +by +.IR createdb . +Similarly, the +.nf +\&.../files/local1_XXX.bki +.fi +files specify the process used in the creation of local (unshared) +catalog classes for the \*(lqXXX\*(rq template database. +\*(lqXXX\*(rq may be any string of 16 or fewer printable characters. +If no template is specified in a +.IR createdb +command, +then the template in +.nf +\&.../files/local1_template1.bki +.fi +is used. +.PP +The .bki files are generated from C source code by an inscrutable set +of AWK scripts. +.SH BUGS +Postgres Version \*(PV does not permit users to have separate template +databases. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +bki(files), +initdb(1), +createdb(1). diff --git a/doc/man/unix.1 b/doc/man/unix.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..cc33492dfc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/unix.1 @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/unix.1,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:28 scrappy Exp $ +.TH INTRODUCTION UNIX 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SP INFORMATION UNIX 11/05/95 +.BH "SECTION 2 \(em Unix COMMANDS (Unix)" +.SH "OVERVIEW" +This section outlines the interaction between Postgres and +the operating system. In particular, this section describes +the Postgres support programs that are executable as Unix +commands. +.SH TERMINOLOGY +In the following documentation, the term +.IR site +may be interpreted as the host machine on which Postgres is installed. +Since it is possible to install more than one set of Postgres +databases on a single host, this term more precisely denotes any +particular set of installed Postgres binaries and databases. +.PP +The +.IR "Postgres super-user" +is the user named \*(lqpostgres\*(rq who owns the Postgres +binaries and database files. As the database super-user, all +protection mechanisms may be bypassed and any data accessed +arbitrarily. In addition, the Postgres super-user is allowed to execute +some support programs which are generally not available to all users. +Note that the Postgres super-user is +.IR not +the same as the Unix super-user, +.IR root , +and should have a non-zero userid for security reasons. +.PP +The +.IR "database base administrator" +or DBA, is the person who is responsible for installing Postgres to +enforce a security policy for a site. The DBA can add new users by +the method described below +and maintain a set of template databases for use by +.IR createdb (1). +.PP +The +.IR postmaster +is the process that acts as a clearing-house for requests to the Postgres +system. +Frontend applications connect to the +.IR postmaster , +which keeps tracks of any system errors and communication between the +backend processes. The +.IR postmaster +can take several command-line arguments to tune its behavior. +However, +supplying arguments is necessary only if you intend to run multiple +sites or a non-default site. See +.IR postmaster (1) +for details. +.PP +The +.IR "Postgres backend" +(the actual executable program called "postgres") may be executed +directly from the user shell by the +Postgres super-user (with the database name as an argument). However, +doing this bypasses the shared buffer pool and lock table associated +with a postmaster/site, therefore this is not recommended in a multiuser +site. +.SH NOTATION +\*(lq.../\*(rq at the front of a file name is used to represent the +path to the Postgres super-user's home directory. Anything in brackets +(\*(lq[\*(rq and \*(lq]\*(rq) is optional. Anything in braces +(\*(lq{\*(rq and \*(lq}\*(rq) can be repeated 0 or more times. +Parentheses (\*(lq(\*(rq and \*(lq)\*(rq ) are used to group boolean +expressions. \*(lq|\*(rq is the boolean operator +.SM OR . +.SH "USING Postgres FROM Unix" +All Postgres commands that are executed directly from a Unix shell are +found in the directory \*(lq.../bin\*(rq. Including this directory in +your search path will make executing the commands easier. +.PP +A collection of system catalogs exist at each site. These include a +class (\*(lqpg_user\*(rq) that contains an instance for each valid +Postgres user. The instance specifies a set of Postgres privileges, such as +the ability to act as Postgres super-user, the ability to create/destroy +databases, and the ability to update the system catalogs. A Unix +user cannot do anything with Postgres until an appropriate instance is +installed in this class. Further information on the system catalogs +is available by running queries on the appropriate classes. +.SH "Security" +.SP SECURITY UNIX 03/12/94 +.SH "USER AUTHENTICATION" +.IR Authentication +is the process by which the backend server and +.IR postmaster +ensure that the user requesting access to data is in fact who he/she +claims to be. All users who invoke Postgres are checked against the +contents of the \*(lqpg_user\*(rq class to ensure that they are +authorized to do so. However, verification of the user's actual +identity is performed in a variety of ways. +.SS "From the user shell" +A backend server started from a user shell notes the user's (effective) +user-id before performing a +.IR setuid (3) +to the user-id of user \*(lqpostgres\*(rq. The effective user-id is used +as the basis for access control checks. No other authentication is +conducted. +.SS "From the network" +If the Postgres system is built as distributed, access to the Internet +TCP port of the +.IR postmaster +process is available to anyone. However, Postgres offers optional +host-based authentication where only access from certain hosts are +allowed. Of course, host-based authentication is not fool-proof in +Unix, either. It is possible for determined intruders to also +masquerade the origination host. Those security issues are beyond the +scope of Postgres. +.PP +If greater security is desired, Postgres and its clients may be +modified to use a network authentication system. For example, the +.IR postmaster , +.IR psql +and the +.IR libpq +library have already been configured to use either Version 4 or Version 5 of +the +.IR Kerberos +authentication system from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. +For more information on using +.IR Kerberos +with Postgres, see the appendix below. +.SH "ACCESS CONTROL" +Postgres provides mechanisms to allow users to limit the access to +their data that is provided to other users. +.SS "Database superusers" +Database super-users (i.e., users who have \*(lqpg_user.usesuper\*(rq +set) silently bypass all of the access controls described below with +two exceptions: manual system catalog updates are not permitted if the +user does not have \*(lqpg_user.usecatupd\*(rq set, and destruction of +system catalogs (or modification of their schemas) is never allowed. +.SS "Access Privilege +The use of access privilege to limit reading, writing and setting +of rules on classes is covered in +.IR "grant/revoke" (l). +.SS "Class removal and schema modification" +Commands that destroy or modify the structure of an existing class, +such as +.IR "alter" , +.IR "drop table" , +and +.IR "drop index" , +only operate for the owner of the class. As mentioned above, these +operations are +.BR never +permitted on system catalogs. +.SH "FUNCTIONS AND RULES" +Functions and rules allow users to insert code into the backend server +that other users may execute without knowing it. Hence, both +mechanisms permit users to +.BR "trojan horse" +others with relative impunity. The only real protection is tight +control over who can define functions (e.g., write to relations with +SQL fields) and rules. Audit trails and alerters on +\*(lqpg_class\*(rq, \*(lqpg_user\*(rq and \*(lqpg_group\*(rq are also +recommended. +.SS "Functions" +Functions written in any language except SQL +run inside the backend server +process with the permissions of the user \*(lqpostgres\*(rq (the +backend server runs with its real and effective user-id set to +\*(lqpostgres\*(rq). It is possible for users to change the server's +internal data structures from inside of trusted functions. Hence, +among many other things, such functions can circumvent any system +access controls. This is an inherent problem with user-defined C functions. +.SS "Rules" +Like SQL functions, rules always run with the identity and +permissions of the user who invoked the backend server. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +postmaster(1), +alter(l), +insert(l), +grant/revoke(l), +copy(l), +create(l), +delete(l), +drop table(l), +drop index(l), +drop rule(l), +update(l), +select(l), +kerberos(1), +kinit(1), +kerberos(3) +.SH CAVEATS +.PP +There are no plans to explicitly support encrypted data inside of +Postgres (though there is nothing to prevent users from encrypting +data within user-defined functions). There are no plans to explicitly +support encrypted network connections, either, pending a total rewrite +of the frontend/backend protocol. +.PP +User names, group names and associated system identifiers (e.g., the +contents of \*(lqpg_user.usesysid\*(rq) are assumed to be unique +throughout a database. Unpredictable results may occur if they are +not. +.SH "APPENDIX: USING KERBEROS" +.SS "Availability" +The +.IR Kerberos +authentication system is not distributed with Postgres, nor is it +available from the University of California at Berkeley. Versions of +.IR Kerberos +are typically available as optional software from operating system +vendors. In addition, a source code distribution may be obtained +through MIT Project Athena by anonymous FTP from ATHENA-DIST.MIT.EDU +(18.71.0.38). (You may wish to obtain the MIT version even if your +vendor provides a version, since some vendor ports have been +deliberately crippled or rendered non-interoperable with the MIT +version.) Users located outside the United States of America and +Canada are warned that distribution of the actual encryption code in +.IR Kerberos +is restricted by U. S. government export regulations. +.PP +Any additional inquiries should be directed to your vendor or MIT +Project Athena (\*(lqinfo-kerberos@ATHENA.MIT.EDU\*(rq). Note that FAQLs +(Frequently-Asked Questions Lists) are periodically posted to the +.IR Kerberos +mailing list, \*(lqkerberos@ATHENA.MIT.EDU\*(rq (send mail to +\*(lqkerberos-request@ATHENA.MIT.EDU\*(rq to subscribe), and USENET +news group, \*(lqcomp.protocols.kerberos\*(rq. +.SS "Installation" +Installation of +.IR Kerberos +itself is covered in detail in the +.IR "Kerberos Installation Notes" . +Make sure that the server key file (the +.IR srvtab +or +.IR keytab ) +is somehow readable by user \*(lqpostgres\*(rq. +.PP +Postgres and its clients can be compiled to use either Version 4 or +Version 5 of the MIT +.IR Kerberos +protocols by setting the +.SM KRBVERS +variable in the file \*(lq.../src/Makefile.global\*(rq to the +appropriate value. You can also change the location where Postgres +expects to find the associated libraries, header files and its own +server key file. +.PP +After compilation is complete, Postgres must be registered as a +.IR Kerberos +service. See the +.IR "Kerberos Operations Notes" +and related manual pages for more details on registering services. +.SS "Operation" +After initial installation, Postgres should operate in all ways as a +normal +.IR Kerberos +service. For details on the use of authentication, see the manual +pages for +.IR postmaster (1) +and +.IR psql (1). +.PP +In the +.IR Kerberos +Version 5 hooks, the following assumptions are made about user +and service naming: (1) user principal names (anames) are assumed to +contain the actual Unix/Postgres user name in the first component; (2) +the Postgres service is assumed to be have two components, the service +name and a hostname, canonicalized as in Version 4 (i.e., all domain +suffixes removed). +.PP +.nf +user example: frew@S2K.ORG +user example: aoki/HOST=miyu.S2K.Berkeley.EDU@S2K.ORG +host example: postgres_dbms/ucbvax@S2K.ORG +.fi +.PP +Support for Version 4 will disappear sometime after the production +release of Version 5 by MIT. diff --git a/doc/man/update.l b/doc/man/update.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4b7bb25e386 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/update.l @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/update.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:28 scrappy Exp $ +.TH UPDATE SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +update \(em replace values of attributes in a class +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBupdate\fR classname \fBset\fR attname-1 = expression-1, + {attname-i = expression-i} + [\fBwhere\fR qual] +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Update +changes the values of the attributes specified in +.IR target_list +for all instances which satisfy the qualification, +.IR qual . +Only the attributes to be modified need appear in +.IR target_list . +.PP +Array references use the same syntax found in +.IR select(l). +That is, either single array elements, a range of array elements or +the entire array may be replaced with a single query. +.PP +You must have write access to the class in order to modify it, as well +as read access to any class whose values are mentioned in the target list +or qualification. +.SH EXAMPLES +.nf +-- +--Give all employees who work for Smith a 10% raise +-- +update emp + set sal = 1.1 * sal + where mgr = 'Smith' +.fi +.SH "SEE ALSO" +create table(l), +select(l). diff --git a/doc/man/vacuum.l b/doc/man/vacuum.l new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b7e17058829 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/man/vacuum.l @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +.\" This is -*-nroff-*- +.\" XXX standard disclaimer belongs here.... +.\" $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/man/Attic/vacuum.l,v 1.1.1.1 1996/08/18 22:14:28 scrappy Exp $ +.TH VACUUM SQL 11/05/95 Postgres95 Postgres95 +.SH NAME +vacuum \(em vacuum a database +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +\fBvacuum\fP +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.BR Vacuum +is the Postgres vacuum cleaner. It opens every class in the database, +moves deleted records to the archive for archived relations, cleans +out records from aborted transactions, and updates statistics in the +system catalogs. The statistics maintained include the number of +tuples and number of pages stored in all classes. Running +.BR vacuum +periodically will increase Postgres's speed in processing user queries. +.PP +The open database is the one that is vacuumed. +.PP +We recommend that production databases be vacuumed nightly, in order +to keep statistics relatively current. The +.BR vacuum +query may be executed at any time, however. In particular, after +copying a large class into Postgres or deleting a large number of +records, it may be a good idea to issue a +.BR vacuum +query. This will update the system catalogs with the results of all +recent changes, and allow the Postgres query optimizer to make better +choices in planning user queries. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +vacuum(1). diff --git a/doc/userguide.ps b/doc/userguide.ps new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d7100d55a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/userguide.ps @@ -0,0 +1,7346 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-3.0 +%%Creator: groff version 1.09 +%%CreationDate: Sat Feb 24 21:37:20 1996 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold +%%+ font Times-Italic +%%+ font Times-Roman +%%+ font Courier +%%+ font Symbol +%%DocumentSuppliedResources: file manual-er.eps +%%+ file manual-files.eps +%%+ file manual-arch.eps +%%+ procset grops 1.09 0 +%%Pages: 84 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +%%BeginProlog +%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.09 0 +/setpacking where{ +pop +currentpacking +true setpacking +}if +/grops 120 dict dup begin +/SC 32 def +/A/show load def +/B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/C{0 exch ashow}bind def +/D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/E{0 rmoveto show}bind def +/F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def +/J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/K{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/L{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/M{rmoveto show}bind def +/N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/Q{moveto show}bind def +/R{moveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def +/S{moveto 0 exch ashow}bind def +/T{moveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def +/SF{ +findfont exch +[exch dup 0 exch 0 exch neg 0 0]makefont +dup setfont +[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def +}bind def +/MF{ +findfont +[5 2 roll +0 3 1 roll +neg 0 0]makefont +dup setfont +[exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def +}bind def +/level0 0 def +/RES 0 def +/PL 0 def +/LS 0 def +/PLG{ +gsave newpath clippath pathbbox grestore +exch pop add exch pop +}bind def +/BP{ +/level0 save def +1 setlinecap +1 setlinejoin +72 RES div dup scale +LS{ +90 rotate +}{ +0 PL translate +}ifelse +1 -1 scale +}bind def +/EP{ +level0 restore +showpage +}bind def +/DA{ +newpath arcn stroke +}bind def +/SN{ +transform +.25 sub exch .25 sub exch +round .25 add exch round .25 add exch +itransform +}bind def +/DL{ +SN +moveto +SN +lineto stroke +}bind def +/DC{ +newpath 0 360 arc closepath +}bind def +/TM matrix def +/DE{ +TM currentmatrix pop +translate scale newpath 0 0 .5 0 360 arc closepath +TM setmatrix +}bind def +/RC/rcurveto load def +/RL/rlineto load def +/ST/stroke load def +/MT/moveto load def +/CL/closepath load def +/FL{ +currentgray exch setgray fill setgray +}bind def +/BL/fill load def +/LW/setlinewidth load def +/RE{ +findfont +dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin +{ +1 index/FID ne{def}{ pop pop}ifelse +}forall +/Encoding exch def +dup/FontName exch def +currentdict end definefont pop +}bind def +/DEFS 0 def +/EBEGIN{ +moveto +DEFS begin +}bind def +/EEND/end load def +/CNT 0 def +/level1 0 def +/PBEGIN{ +/level1 save def +translate +div 3 1 roll div exch scale +neg exch neg exch translate +0 setgray +0 setlinecap +1 setlinewidth +0 setlinejoin +10 setmiterlimit +[] 0 setdash +/setstrokeadjust where{ +pop +false setstrokeadjust +}if +/setoverprint where{ +pop +false setoverprint +}if +newpath +/CNT countdictstack def +userdict begin +/showpage{} def +}bind def +/PEND{ +clear +countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat +level1 restore +}bind def +end def +/setpacking where{ +pop +setpacking +}if +%%EndResource +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic +%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman +%%IncludeResource: font Courier +%%IncludeResource: font Symbol +grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 +def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron +/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef +/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent +/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen +/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon +/semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O +/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash/bracketright/circumflex +/underscore/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y +/z/braceleft/bar/braceright/tilde/.notdef/quotesinglbase/guillemotleft +/guillemotright/bullet/florin/fraction/perthousand/dagger/daggerdbl +/endash/emdash/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/hungarumlaut +/dotaccent/breve/caron/ring/ogonek/quotedblleft/quotedblright/oe/lslash +/quotedblbase/OE/Lslash/.notdef/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen +/brokenbar/section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guilsinglleft +/logicalnot/minus/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior +/threesuperior/acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior +/ordmasculine/guilsinglright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters +/questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE +/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex +/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis +/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn +/germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla +/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis +/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash +/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def +/Courier@0 ENC0/Courier RE/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE +/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE +%%EndProlog +%%Page: 1 1 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 20/Times-Bold@0 SF(The)167.817 255.4 Q/F1 19/Times-Bold@0 SF +(POSTGRES)5 E F0(95 User Manual)A/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.1(Ve)231.7 +268.6 S(rsion 1.0 \(September 5, 1995\))1.1 E/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF +(Andr)247.958 308.2 Q .33 -.165(ew Y)-.407 H 2.75(ua)-.847 G(nd J)-2.75 +E(olly Chen)-.275 E(\(with the)243.736 321.4 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(POSTGRES)2.75 E F3(Gr)2.75 E(oup\))-.495 E(Computer Science Div)220.557 +334.6 Q(., Dept. of EECS)-.814 E(Univer)227.141 347.8 Q +(sity of California at Berk)-.11 E(ele)-.11 E(y)-.33 E .32 LW 76 493.2 +72 493.2 DL 80 493.2 76 493.2 DL 84 493.2 80 493.2 DL 88 493.2 84 493.2 +DL 92 493.2 88 493.2 DL 96 493.2 92 493.2 DL 100 493.2 96 493.2 DL 104 +493.2 100 493.2 DL 108 493.2 104 493.2 DL 112 493.2 108 493.2 DL 116 +493.2 112 493.2 DL 120 493.2 116 493.2 DL 124 493.2 120 493.2 DL 128 +493.2 124 493.2 DL 132 493.2 128 493.2 DL 136 493.2 132 493.2 DL 140 +493.2 136 493.2 DL 144 493.2 140 493.2 DL 148 493.2 144 493.2 DL 152 +493.2 148 493.2 DL 156 493.2 152 493.2 DL 160 493.2 156 493.2 DL 164 +493.2 160 493.2 DL 168 493.2 164 493.2 DL 172 493.2 168 493.2 DL 176 +493.2 172 493.2 DL 180 493.2 176 493.2 DL 184 493.2 180 493.2 DL 188 +493.2 184 493.2 DL 192 493.2 188 493.2 DL 196 493.2 192 493.2 DL 200 +493.2 196 493.2 DL 204 493.2 200 493.2 DL 208 493.2 204 493.2 DL 212 +493.2 208 493.2 DL 216 493.2 212 493.2 DL/F5 7/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)93.6 505.2 Q/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .461(95 is cop)B .461 +(yright \251 1994-5 by the Re)-.08 F .461(gents of the Uni)-.12 F -.12 +(ve)-.2 G .461(rsity of California.).12 F .46(Permission to use, cop) +4.461 F 1.5 -.52(y, m)-.08 H(odify).52 E 2.46(,a)-.52 G .46(nd dis-) +-2.46 F(trib)72 514.8 Q .333(ute this softw)-.16 F .333 +(are and its documentation for an)-.08 F 2.333(yp)-.12 G .333(urpose, w\ +ithout fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, pro) +-2.333 F(vided)-.12 E(that the abo)72 524.4 Q .24 -.12(ve c)-.12 H(op) +.12 E(yright notice and this paragraph and the follo)-.08 E(wing tw)-.2 +E 2(op)-.08 G(aragraphs appear in all copies.)-2 E/F7 11/Times-Roman@0 +SF .886(IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE T)133 +541.5 R(O)-.198 E 3.598(ANY P)108 554.7 R(AR)-1.012 E 3.598 +(TY FOR DIRECT)-.66 F 6.348(,I)-.814 G(NDIRECT)-6.348 E 6.348(,S)-.814 G +3.599(PECIAL, INCIDENT)-6.348 F 3.599(AL, OR CONSE-)-1.023 F -.11(QU)108 +567.9 S .13(ENTIAL D).11 F(AMA)-.44 E .13(GES, INCLUDING LOST PR)-.44 F +.129(OFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE)-.44 F 1.216(OF THIS SOFTW)108 581.1 +R 1.216(ARE AND ITS DOCUMENT)-1.32 F -1.221(AT)-1.023 G 1.216 +(ION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY)1.221 F 1.557(OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN AD)108 +594.3 R 1.556(VISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH D)-.44 F(AM-)-.44 E -.44 +(AG)108 607.5 S(E.).44 E 4.677(THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALL) +133 624.6 R 7.428(YD)-1.1 G 4.678(ISCLAIMS ANY)-7.428 F -1.32(WA)108 +637.8 S 4.519(RRANTIES, INCLUDING, B)1.32 F 4.518(UT NO)-.11 F 7.268(TL) +-.44 G 4.518(IMITED T)-7.268 F 4.518(O, THE IMPLIED W)-.198 F(AR-)-1.32 +E 2.476(RANTIES OF MERCHANT)108 651 R 2.476(ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A P) +-1.023 F(AR)-1.012 E 2.477(TICULAR PUR-)-.66 F 2.847(POSE. THE)108 664.2 +R(SOFTW)2.847 E .097(ARE PR)-1.32 F -.55(OV)-.44 G .097 +(IDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" B).55 F .097(ASIS, AND)-.385 F 4.279 +(THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGA)108 677.4 R 4.279(TIONS T) +-1.221 F 7.029(OP)-.198 G -.44(RO)-7.029 G(VIDE)-.11 E(MAINTEN)108 690.6 +Q .586(ANCE, SUPPOR)-.385 F 2.213 -.814(T, U)-.66 H(PD).814 E -1.221(AT) +-.44 G .585(ES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICA)1.221 F(TIONS.)-1.221 E F2(1) +285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 2 2 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(1. INTR)72 165.4 R(ODUCTION)-.57 E +77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL +91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL +108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 +DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 +178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 +146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 +178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 +178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL +201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 +DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 +178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 +240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 +256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 +178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 +178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL +311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 +DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 +178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 +350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 +366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 +178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 +178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL +421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 +DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 +178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 +460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 +476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 +178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.763 +(This document is the user manual for the)108 208.9 R/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.514 E F1 1.764 +(95 database management system)B(de)108 222.1 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.139 +(loped at the Uni).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.138 +(rsity of California at Berk).165 F(ele)-.11 E -.715(y.)-.165 G F2 +(POSTGRES)7.353 E F1 1.138(95 is based on)B F2(POST)3.888 E(-)-.92 E +(GRES)108 235.3 Q F1 1.881(release 4.2. The)4.631 F F2(POSTGRES)4.631 E +F1 1.881(project, led by Professor Michael Stonebrak)4.631 F(er)-.11 E +4.631(,h)-.44 G(as)-4.631 E .07(been sponsored by the Defense Adv)108 +248.5 R .07(anced Research Projects Agenc)-.275 F 2.82(y\()-.165 G -.44 +(DA)-2.82 G(RP).44 E .07(A\), the Army)-1.012 F(Research Of)108 261.7 Q +(\214ce \(AR)-.275 E(O\), the National Science F)-.44 E +(oundation \(NSF\), and ESL, Inc.)-.165 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3 +(1.1. What)72 287.9 R(is)3 E/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSTGRES)3 E F3(?)A +F1 -.385(Tr)108 305 S .35(aditional relational database management syst\ +ems \(DBMSs\) support a data model con-).385 F .45 +(sisting of a collection of named relations, containing attrib)108 318.2 +R .45(utes of a speci\214c type.)-.22 F .45(In cur)5.95 F(-)-.22 E .357 +(rent commercial systems, possible types include \215oating point numbe\ +rs, inte)108 331.4 R .358(gers, charac-)-.165 F .066(ter strings, mone) +108 344.6 R 1.496 -.715(y, a)-.165 H .066(nd dates.).715 F .066 +(It is commonly recognized that this model is inadequate for)5.566 F +(future data processing applications.)108 357.8 Q .659 +(The relational model successfully replaced pre)108 374.9 R .659 +(vious models in part because of its \231Spar)-.275 F(-)-.22 E .74 +(tan simplicity\232.)108 388.1 R(Ho)6.24 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G +1.619 -.44(r, a).165 H 3.489(sm).44 G .739 +(entioned, this simplicity often mak)-3.489 F .739 +(es the implementation)-.11 F 1.613(of certain applications v)108 401.3 +R 1.613(ery dif)-.165 F 1.613(\214cult to implement.)-.275 F F2 +(POSTGRES)7.113 E F1(of)4.364 E 1.614(fers substantial addi-)-.275 F +.032(tional po)108 414.5 R .032(wer by incorporating the follo)-.275 F +.031(wing four additional basic constructs in such a w)-.275 F(ay)-.11 E +(that users can easily e)108 427.7 Q(xtend the system:)-.165 E(classes) +148 453.9 Q(inheritance)148 467.1 Q(types)148 480.3 Q(functions)148 +493.5 Q(In addition,)108 519.7 Q F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(supports a po) +2.75 E(werful production rule system.)-.275 E F3 3(1.2. A)72 545.9 R +(Short History of the)3 E F4(POSTGRES)3 E F3(Pr)3 E(oject)-.216 E F1 +1.658(Implementation of the)108 563 R F2(POSTGRES)4.409 E F1 1.659 +(DBMS be)4.409 F -.055(ga)-.165 G 4.409(ni).055 G 4.409(n1)-4.409 G +4.409(986. The)-4.409 F 1.659(initial concepts for the)4.409 F .42 +(system were presented in [ST)108 576.2 R .42 +(ON86] and the de\214nition of the initial data model appeared)-.198 F +.805(in [R)108 589.4 R -.385(OW)-.44 G 3.555(E87]. The).385 F .805 +(design of the rule system at that time w)3.555 F .806 +(as described in [ST)-.11 F(ON87a].)-.198 E(The rationale and architect\ +ure of the storage manager were detailed in [ST)108 602.6 Q(ON87b].) +-.198 E F2(POSTGRES)108 619.7 Q F1 .861(has under)3.611 F .861(gone se) +-.198 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .861(ral major releases since then.).165 F .86 +(The \214rst \231demo)6.36 F -.11(wa)-.275 G .86(re\232 sys-).11 F .253 +(tem became operational in 1987 and w)108 632.9 R .253(as sho)-.11 F +.253(wn at the 1988 A)-.275 F .253(CM-SIGMOD Conference.)-.44 F 2.052 +-.88(We r)108 646.1 T .292(eleased V).88 F .291 +(ersion 1, described in [ST)-1.221 F .291(ON90a], to a fe)-.198 F 3.041 +(we)-.275 G .291(xternal users in June 1989.)-3.206 F(In)5.791 E .659 +(response to a critique of the \214rst rule system [ST)108 659.3 R .659 +(ON89], the rule system w)-.198 F .66(as redesigned)-.11 F([ST)108 672.5 +Q .023(ON90b] and V)-.198 F .023(ersion 2 w)-1.221 F .023 +(as released in June 1990 with the ne)-.11 F 2.772(wr)-.275 G .022 +(ule system.)-2.772 F -1.221(Ve)5.522 G .022(rsion 3)1.221 F 1.18(appea\ +red in 1991 and added support for multiple storage managers, an impro) +108 685.7 R -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.93(dq).165 G(uery)-3.93 E -.165(exe)108 +698.9 S(cutor).165 E 3.24(,a)-.44 G .49(nd a re)-3.24 F .49(written re) +-.275 F .49(write rule system.)-.275 F -.165(Fo)5.99 G 3.239(rt).165 G +.489(he most part, releases since then ha)-3.239 F -.165(ve)-.22 G +(focused on portability and reliability)108 712.1 Q(.)-.715 E F4(2) +285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 3 3 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .639 +(has been used to implement man)3.389 F 3.39(yd)-.165 G(if)-3.39 E .64 +(ferent research and production applica-)-.275 F 3.207(tions. These)108 +110.4 R .456(include: a \214nancial data analysis system, a jet engine \ +performance monitor)3.207 F(-)-.22 E 1.105(ing package, an asteroid tra\ +cking database, a medical information database, and se)108 123.6 R -.165 +(ve)-.275 G(ral).165 E .268(geographic information systems.)108 136.8 R +F0(POSTGRES)5.768 E F1 .267 +(has also been used as an educational tool at)3.018 F(se)108 150 Q -.165 +(ve)-.275 G 1.628(ral uni).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.378 +(rsities. Finally).165 F 4.378(,I)-.715 G 1.628(llustra Information T) +-4.378 F 1.628(echnologies pick)-.77 F 1.628(ed up the code and)-.11 F +(commercialized it.)108 163.2 Q F0(POSTGRES)108 180.3 Q F1 .654(became \ +the primary data manager for the Sequoia 2000 scienti\214c computing) +3.404 F .017(project in late 1992.)108 193.5 R .018 +(Furthermore, the size of the e)5.518 F .018 +(xternal user community nearly doubled)-.165 F .376(during 1993.)108 +206.7 R .376(It became increasingly ob)5.876 F .376 +(vious that maintenance of the prototype code and)-.165 F .961 +(support w)108 219.9 R .961(as taking up lar)-.11 F .962 +(ge amounts of time that should ha)-.198 F 1.292 -.165(ve b)-.22 H .962 +(een de).165 F -.22(vo)-.275 G .962(ted to database).22 F 3.025 +(research. In)108 233.1 R .275(an ef)3.025 F .274 +(fort to reduce this support b)-.275 F .274(urden, the project of)-.22 F +.274(\214cially ended with V)-.275 F(er)-1.221 E(-)-.22 E(sion 4.2.)108 +246.3 Q/F2 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(1.3. What)72 272.5 R(is)3 E/F3 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSTGRES)3 E F2(95?)A F0(POSTGRES)108 289.6 Q F1 .953 +(95 is a deri)B -.275(va)-.275 G(ti).275 E 1.283 -.165(ve o)-.275 H +3.703(ft).165 G .953(he last of)-3.703 F .953(\214cial release of)-.275 +F F0(POSTGRES)3.703 E F1(\(v)3.703 E .953(ersion 4.2\). The)-.165 F .165 +(code is no)108 302.8 R 2.915(wc)-.275 G .165(ompletely ANSI C and the \ +code size has been trimmed by 25%. There are a)-2.915 F .395 +(lot of internal changes that impro)108 316 R .726 -.165(ve p)-.165 H +.396(erformance and code maintainability).165 F(.)-.715 E F0(POSTGRES) +3.146 E F1(95)A 1.58(runs about 30-50% f)108 329.2 R 1.58 +(aster on the W)-.11 F 1.579 +(isconsin Benchmark compared to v4.2. Apart from)-.44 F -.22(bu)108 +342.4 S 2.75<678c>.22 G -.165(xe)-2.75 G +(s, these are the major enhancements:).165 E 5.5<8354>113.5 359.5 S +1.527(he query language POSTQ)-5.5 F 1.527 +(UEL has been replaced with SQL \(implemented in the)-.11 F(serv)122.85 +372.7 Q .73(er\). W)-.165 F 3.48(ed)-.88 G 3.48(on)-3.48 G .729 +(ot support subqueries \(which can be imitated with user de\214ned SQL) +-3.48 F .487(functions\) at the moment. Aggre)122.85 385.9 R -.055(ga) +-.165 G .487(tes ha).055 F .817 -.165(ve b)-.22 H .487 +(een re-implemented. W).165 F 3.237(ea)-.88 G .487(lso added sup-)-3.237 +F(port for GR)122.85 399.1 Q(OUP BY)-.44 E 2.75(.T)-1.419 G +(he libpq interf)-2.75 E(ace is still a)-.11 E -.275(va)-.22 G +(ilable for C programs.).275 E 5.5<8349>113.5 412.3 S 3.291(na)-5.5 G +.541(ddition to the monitor program, we pro)-3.291 F .541(vide a ne) +-.165 F 3.29(wp)-.275 G .54(rogram \(psql\) which supports)-3.29 F +(GNU readline.)122.85 425.5 Q 5.5<8357>113.5 438.7 S 3.201(ea)-6.38 G +.452(dded a ne)-3.201 F 3.202(wf)-.275 G .452(ront-end library)-3.202 F +3.202(,l)-.715 G .452(ibpgtcl, that supports Tcl-based clients.)-3.202 F +3.202(As)5.952 G(ample)-3.202 E 1.056(shell, pgtclsh, pro)122.85 451.9 R +1.056(vides ne)-.165 F 3.805(wT)-.275 G 1.055(cl commands to interf) +-3.805 F 1.055(ace tcl programs with the)-.11 F F0(POST)3.805 E(-)-.92 E +(GRES)122.85 465.1 Q F1(95 back)A(end.)-.11 E 5.5<8354>113.5 478.3 S +.369(he lar)-5.5 F .369(ge object interf)-.198 F .37(ace has been o)-.11 +F -.165(ve)-.165 G .37(rhauled. W).165 F 3.12(ek)-.88 G .37(ept In)-3.23 +F -.165(ve)-.44 G .37(rsion lar).165 F .37(ge objects as the)-.198 F +.828(only mechanism for storing lar)122.85 491.5 R .827 +(ge objects. \(This is not to be confused with the In)-.198 F -.165(ve) +-.44 G -.22(r-).165 G(sion \214le system which has been remo)122.85 +504.7 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(d.\)).165 E 5.5<8354>113.5 517.9 S 1.011 +(he instance-le)-5.5 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.761(lr).165 G 1.011 +(ule system has been remo)-3.761 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 1.011 +(d. Rules are still a).165 F -.275(va)-.22 G 1.011(ilable as re).275 F +(write)-.275 E(rules.)122.85 531.1 Q 5.5<8341>113.5 544.3 S .062 +(short tutorial introducing re)-2.688 F .061 +(gular SQL features as well as those of ours is distrib)-.165 F(uted) +-.22 E(with the source code.)122.85 557.5 Q 5.5<8347>113.5 570.7 S .945 +(NU mak)-5.5 F 3.695(e\()-.11 G .945(instead of BSD mak)-3.695 F .946 +(e\) is used for the b)-.11 F .946(uild. Also,)-.22 F F0(POSTGRES)3.696 +E F1 .946(95 can be)B(compiled with an unpatched gcc \(data alignment o\ +f doubles has been \214x)122.85 583.9 Q(ed\).)-.165 E F2 3(1.4. About)72 +610.1 R(This Release)3 E F0(POSTGRES)108 627.2 Q F1 1.871(95 is a)B +-.275(va)-.22 G 1.871(ilable free of char).275 F 1.871 +(ge. This manual describes v)-.198 F 1.87(ersion 1.0 of)-.165 F F0(POST) +4.62 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 640.4 Q F1 4.86(95. The)B 2.11(authors ha)4.86 +F 2.44 -.165(ve c)-.22 H 2.11(ompiled and tested).165 F F0(POSTGRES)4.86 +E F1 2.11(95 on the follo)B 2.11(wing plat-)-.275 F(forms:)108 653.6 Q +F3(3)285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 4 4 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 481.389 88.75 130.61 88.75 DL/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 42.488 +(architecture processor)160.106 99.2 R(operating system)61.429 E 481.389 +103.95 130.61 103.95 DL 481.389 105.95 130.61 105.95 DL(DECstation 3000) +136.11 116.4 Q(Alpha AXP)40.326 E(OSF/1 2.1, 3.0, 3.2)16.5 E +(DECstation 5000)136.11 129.6 Q 39.71(MIPS UL)40.326 F(TRIX 4.4)-1.012 E +91.047(Sun4 SP)136.11 142.8 R 31.548(ARC SunOS)-1.012 F +(4.1.3, 4.1.3_U1; Solaris 2.4)2.75 E(H-P 9000/700 and 800)136.11 156 Q +-1.012(PA)16.5 G 24.222(-RISC HP-UX)1.012 F(9.00, 9.01, 9.03)2.75 E 93.5 +(Intel X86)136.11 169.2 R(Linux 1.2.8, ELF)49.192 E 481.389 173.95 +130.61 173.95 DL 312.407 88.75 312.407 173.95 DL 244.273 88.75 244.273 +173.95 DL 481.389 88.75 481.389 173.95 DL 130.61 88.75 130.61 173.95 DL +/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(1.5. Outline)72 208.4 R(of This Manual)3 E F0 +.296(From no)108 225.5 R 3.046(wo)-.275 G .296(n, W)-3.046 F 3.046(ew) +-.88 G .296(ill use)-3.046 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.046 E F0 +.296(to mean)3.046 F F2(POSTGRES)3.046 E F0 3.046(95. The)B .295 +(\214rst part of this man-)3.046 F .108(ual goes o)108 238.7 R -.165(ve) +-.165 G 2.859(rs).165 G .109 +(ome basic system concepts and procedures for starting the)-2.859 F F2 +(POSTGRES)2.859 E F0(sys-)2.859 E 3.817(tem. W)108 251.9 R 3.817(et)-.88 +G 1.067(hen turn to a tutorial o)-3.817 F -.165(ve)-.165 G(rvie).165 E +3.817(wo)-.275 G 3.817(ft)-3.817 G(he)-3.817 E F2(POSTGRES)3.817 E F0 +1.066(data model and SQL query)3.817 F 1.26(language, introducing a fe) +108 265.1 R 4.01(wo)-.275 G 4.01(fi)-4.01 G 1.26(ts adv)-4.01 F 1.26 +(anced features.)-.275 F(Ne)6.76 E 1.26(xt, we e)-.165 F 1.26 +(xplain the)-.165 F F2(POSTGRES)4.011 E F0 .745(approach to e)108 278.3 +R .745(xtensibility and describe ho)-.165 F 3.495(wu)-.275 G .745 +(sers can e)-3.495 F(xtend)-.165 E F2(POSTGRES)3.495 E F0 .745 +(by adding user)3.495 F(-)-.22 E .122(de\214ned types, operators, aggre) +108 291.5 R -.055(ga)-.165 G .122 +(tes, and both query language and programming language).055 F 3.516 +(functions. After)108 304.7 R .766(an e)3.516 F .766(xtremely brief o) +-.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G(rvie).165 E 3.516(wo)-.275 G 3.516(ft)-3.516 G +(he)-3.516 E F2(POSTGRES)3.516 E F0 .766(rule system, the manual)3.516 F +.468 +(concludes with a detailed appendix that discusses some of the more in) +108 317.9 R -.22(vo)-.44 G(lv).22 E .468(ed and operat-)-.165 F +(ing system-speci\214c procedures in)108 331.1 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lv).22 E +(ed in e)-.165 E(xtending the system.)-.165 E 1.76 -.88(We a)108 357.5 T +(ssume pro\214cienc).88 E 2.75(yw)-.165 G(ith UNIX and C programming.) +-2.75 E .32 LW 76 659.4 72 659.4 DL 80 659.4 76 659.4 DL 84 659.4 80 +659.4 DL 88 659.4 84 659.4 DL 92 659.4 88 659.4 DL 96 659.4 92 659.4 DL +100 659.4 96 659.4 DL 104 659.4 100 659.4 DL 108 659.4 104 659.4 DL 112 +659.4 108 659.4 DL 116 659.4 112 659.4 DL 120 659.4 116 659.4 DL 124 +659.4 120 659.4 DL 128 659.4 124 659.4 DL 132 659.4 128 659.4 DL 136 +659.4 132 659.4 DL 140 659.4 136 659.4 DL 144 659.4 140 659.4 DL 148 +659.4 144 659.4 DL 152 659.4 148 659.4 DL 156 659.4 152 659.4 DL 160 +659.4 156 659.4 DL 164 659.4 160 659.4 DL 168 659.4 164 659.4 DL 172 +659.4 168 659.4 DL 176 659.4 172 659.4 DL 180 659.4 176 659.4 DL 184 +659.4 180 659.4 DL 188 659.4 184 659.4 DL 192 659.4 188 659.4 DL 196 +659.4 192 659.4 DL 200 659.4 196 659.4 DL 204 659.4 200 659.4 DL 208 +659.4 204 659.4 DL 212 659.4 208 659.4 DL 216 659.4 212 659.4 DL/F3 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)93.6 671.4 Q/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .042 +(is a trademark of X/Open, Ltd.)2.042 F .042(Sun4, SP)4.042 F .041 +(ARC, SunOS and Solaris are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.)-.736 F +.041(DEC, DEC-)4.041 F 1.409(station, Alpha AXP and UL)72 681 R 1.409 +(TRIX are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corp.)-.736 F -.736(PA)5.41 G +1.41(-RISC and HP-UX are trademarks of He).736 F(wlett-)-.2 E -.12(Pa)72 +690.6 S(ckard Co.).12 E(OSF/1 is a trademark of the Open Softw)4 E +(are F)-.08 E(oundation.)-.12 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(4)285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 5 5 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(2. POSTGRES)72 165.4 R +(ARCHITECTURE CONCEPTS)4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 +DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL +102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 +DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 +178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 +141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 +157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 +178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 +178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL +212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 +DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 +178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 +251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 +267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 +178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 +178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL +322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 +DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 +178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 +361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 +377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 +178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 +178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL +432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 +DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 +178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 +471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 +487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.972 +(Before we continue, you should understand the basic)108 208.9 R/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.722 E F1 1.971(system architecture.)4.722 F +.235(Understanding ho)108 222.1 R 2.985(wt)-.275 G .235(he parts of) +-2.985 F F2(POSTGRES)2.985 E F1 .235(interact will mak)2.985 F 2.985(et) +-.11 G .236(he ne)-2.985 F .236(xt chapter some)-.165 F(what)-.275 E +77.5 247.3 72 247.3 DL 80.5 247.3 75 247.3 DL 86 247.3 80.5 247.3 DL +91.5 247.3 86 247.3 DL 97 247.3 91.5 247.3 DL 102.5 247.3 97 247.3 DL +108 247.3 102.5 247.3 DL 113.5 247.3 108 247.3 DL 119 247.3 113.5 247.3 +DL 124.5 247.3 119 247.3 DL 130 247.3 124.5 247.3 DL 135.5 247.3 130 +247.3 DL 141 247.3 135.5 247.3 DL 146.5 247.3 141 247.3 DL 152 247.3 +146.5 247.3 DL 157.5 247.3 152 247.3 DL 163 247.3 157.5 247.3 DL 168.5 +247.3 163 247.3 DL 174 247.3 168.5 247.3 DL 179.5 247.3 174 247.3 DL 185 +247.3 179.5 247.3 DL 190.5 247.3 185 247.3 DL 196 247.3 190.5 247.3 DL +201.5 247.3 196 247.3 DL 207 247.3 201.5 247.3 DL 212.5 247.3 207 247.3 +DL 218 247.3 212.5 247.3 DL 223.5 247.3 218 247.3 DL 229 247.3 223.5 +247.3 DL 234.5 247.3 229 247.3 DL 240 247.3 234.5 247.3 DL 245.5 247.3 +240 247.3 DL 251 247.3 245.5 247.3 DL 256.5 247.3 251 247.3 DL 262 247.3 +256.5 247.3 DL 267.5 247.3 262 247.3 DL 273 247.3 267.5 247.3 DL 278.5 +247.3 273 247.3 DL 284 247.3 278.5 247.3 DL 289.5 247.3 284 247.3 DL 295 +247.3 289.5 247.3 DL 300.5 247.3 295 247.3 DL 306 247.3 300.5 247.3 DL +311.5 247.3 306 247.3 DL 317 247.3 311.5 247.3 DL 322.5 247.3 317 247.3 +DL 328 247.3 322.5 247.3 DL 333.5 247.3 328 247.3 DL 339 247.3 333.5 +247.3 DL 344.5 247.3 339 247.3 DL 350 247.3 344.5 247.3 DL 355.5 247.3 +350 247.3 DL 361 247.3 355.5 247.3 DL 366.5 247.3 361 247.3 DL 372 247.3 +366.5 247.3 DL 377.5 247.3 372 247.3 DL 383 247.3 377.5 247.3 DL 388.5 +247.3 383 247.3 DL 394 247.3 388.5 247.3 DL 399.5 247.3 394 247.3 DL 405 +247.3 399.5 247.3 DL 410.5 247.3 405 247.3 DL 416 247.3 410.5 247.3 DL +421.5 247.3 416 247.3 DL 427 247.3 421.5 247.3 DL 432.5 247.3 427 247.3 +DL 438 247.3 432.5 247.3 DL 443.5 247.3 438 247.3 DL 449 247.3 443.5 +247.3 DL 454.5 247.3 449 247.3 DL 460 247.3 454.5 247.3 DL 465.5 247.3 +460 247.3 DL 471 247.3 465.5 247.3 DL 476.5 247.3 471 247.3 DL 482 247.3 +476.5 247.3 DL 487.5 247.3 482 247.3 DL 493 247.3 487.5 247.3 DL 498.5 +247.3 493 247.3 DL 504 247.3 498.5 247.3 DL 0 0 288 470 -360 649 144 +633.7 PBEGIN +%%BeginDocument: manual-arch.eps +%%Title: stdin +%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.1 Patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Sat Feb 24 21:36:25 1996 +%%For: jolly@arcadia.CS.Berkeley.EDU (Jolly Chen,421 Soda,(510) 6421863,540-5955) +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 470 649 +%%Pages: 0 +%%BeginSetup +%%IncludeFeature: *PageSize Letter +%%EndSetup +%%EndComments +/$F2psDict 200 dict def +$F2psDict begin +$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put +/col-1 {} def +/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col3 {0.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col4 {1.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col5 {1.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col6 {1.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col7 {1.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col8 {0.000 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col9 {0.000 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col10 {0.000 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col11 {0.530 0.810 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col12 {0.000 0.560 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col13 {0.000 0.690 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col14 {0.000 0.820 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col15 {0.000 0.560 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col16 {0.000 0.690 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col17 {0.000 0.820 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col18 {0.560 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col19 {0.690 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col20 {0.820 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col21 {0.560 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col22 {0.690 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col23 {0.820 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col24 {0.500 0.190 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col25 {0.630 0.250 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col26 {0.750 0.380 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col27 {1.000 0.500 0.500 srgb} bind def +/col28 {1.000 0.630 0.630 srgb} bind def +/col29 {1.000 0.750 0.750 srgb} bind def +/col30 {1.000 0.880 0.880 srgb} bind def +/col31 {1.000 0.840 0.000 srgb} bind def + +end +save +-17.0 662.0 translate +1 -1 scale + +/clp {closepath} bind def +/ef {eofill} bind def +/gr {grestore} bind def +/gs {gsave} bind def +/l {lineto} bind def +/m {moveto} bind def +/n {newpath} bind def +/s {stroke} bind def +/slc {setlinecap} bind def +/slj {setlinejoin} bind def +/slw {setlinewidth} bind def +/srgb {setrgbcolor} bind def +/rot {rotate} bind def +/sc {scale} bind def +/tr {translate} bind def +/tnt {dup dup currentrgbcolor + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add srgb} + bind def +/shd {dup dup currentrgbcolor 4 -2 roll mul 4 -2 roll mul + 4 -2 roll mul srgb} bind def + /DrawEllipse { + /endangle exch def + /startangle exch def + /yrad exch def + /xrad exch def + /y exch def + /x exch def + /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def + x y tr xrad yrad sc 0 0 1 startangle endangle arc + closepath + savematrix setmatrix + } def + +/$F2psBegin {$F2psDict begin /$F2psEnteredState save def} def +/$F2psEnd {$F2psEnteredState restore end} def + +$F2psBegin +10 setmiterlimit + 0.06000 0.06000 sc +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5550 1350 m +gs 1 -1 sc (POSTMASTER) col-1 show gr +7.500 slw +% Polyline +n 405 600 m 300 600 300 1320 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 300 1425 3270 1425 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3375 1425 3375 705 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3375 600 405 600 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2325 600 m 2325 1425 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +375 1275 m +gs 1 -1 sc (APPLICATION) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2475 1125 m +gs 1 -1 sc (LIBPQ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +900 975 m +gs 1 -1 sc (USER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 405 3225 m 300 3225 300 3945 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 300 4050 3270 4050 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3375 4050 3375 3330 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3375 3225 405 3225 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2325 3225 m 2325 4050 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +375 3900 m +gs 1 -1 sc (APPLICATION) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2475 3750 m +gs 1 -1 sc (LIBPQ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +900 3600 m +gs 1 -1 sc (USER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 5280 3075 m 5175 3075 5175 3495 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5175 3600 7245 3600 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7350 3600 7350 3180 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7350 3075 5280 3075 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5325 3450 m +gs 1 -1 sc (POSTMASTER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 5655 3900 m 5550 3900 5550 4320 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5550 4425 6795 4425 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6900 4425 6900 4005 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6900 3900 5655 3900 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5700 4275 m +gs 1 -1 sc (SERVER) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +300 2100 m +gs 1 -1 sc (\(a\) frontend sends request to) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +675 2400 m +gs 1 -1 sc (postmaster via well-known) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +675 2700 m +gs 1 -1 sc (network socket) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 406 8251 m 301 8251 301 8971 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 301 9076 3271 9076 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3376 9076 3376 8356 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3376 8251 406 8251 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2326 8251 m 2326 9076 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +376 8926 m +gs 1 -1 sc (APPLICATION) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2476 8776 m +gs 1 -1 sc (LIBPQ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +901 8626 m +gs 1 -1 sc (USER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 5431 8476 m 5326 8476 5326 8896 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5326 9001 7396 9001 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7501 9001 7501 8581 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7501 8476 5431 8476 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5476 8851 m +gs 1 -1 sc (POSTMASTER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 405 5625 m 300 5625 300 6345 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 300 6450 3270 6450 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3375 6450 3375 5730 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 3375 5625 405 5625 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2325 5625 m 2325 6450 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +375 6300 m +gs 1 -1 sc (APPLICATION) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2475 6150 m +gs 1 -1 sc (LIBPQ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +900 6000 m +gs 1 -1 sc (USER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 5655 6675 m 5550 6675 5550 7095 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5550 7200 6795 7200 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6900 7200 6900 6780 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6900 6675 5655 6675 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5700 7050 m +gs 1 -1 sc (SERVER) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 5430 5850 m 5325 5850 5325 6270 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5325 6375 7395 6375 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7500 6375 7500 5955 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7500 5850 5430 5850 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5475 6225 m +gs 1 -1 sc (POSTMASTER) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +300 7200 m +gs 1 -1 sc (\(c\) frontend connected) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +675 7500 m +gs 1 -1 sc (to backend server) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 5505 975 m 5400 975 5400 1395 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5400 1500 7470 1500 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7575 1500 7575 1080 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 7575 975 5505 975 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Ellipse +n 4425 1200 105 105 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5701 9676 m +gs 1 -1 sc (SERVER1) col-1 show gr +% Ellipse +n 4425 3825 105 105 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Ellipse +n 6105 3705 1680 1080 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Ellipse +n 6105 1305 1680 1080 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Ellipse +n 4471 8716 105 105 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Ellipse +n 6105 6405 1680 1080 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Ellipse +n 4470 6090 105 105 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Ellipse +n 6225 9375 1875 1650 0 360 DrawEllipse gs col-1 s gr + +% Polyline + [66.7] 0 setdash +n 4500 1200 m 5400 1200 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 6225 3600 m 6225 3900 l gs col-1 s gr +n 6262.50 3765.00 m 6225.00 3900.00 l 6187.50 3765.00 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline + [66.7] 0 setdash +n 4576 8701 m 5326 8701 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [66.7] 0 setdash +n 4575 6075 m 5325 6075 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 3450 9525 m 3000 9075 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 5656 9301 m 5551 9301 5551 9721 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5551 9826 6796 9826 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6901 9826 6901 9406 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6901 9301 5656 9301 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 5730 10125 m 5625 10125 5625 10545 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 5625 10650 6870 10650 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6975 10650 6975 10230 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 6975 10125 5730 10125 105 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Interp Spline +n 3375 1050 m + 3503.93 1040.59 3560.18 1040.59 3600 1050 curveto + 3679.17 1068.69 3820.83 1181.31 3900 1200 curveto + 3966.39 1215.67 4060.14 1215.67 4275 1200 curveto + gs col-1 s gr + +n 4137.63 1172.42 m 4275.00 1200.00 l 4143.09 1247.22 l gs col-1 s gr +% Interp Spline +n 3375 3675 m + 3679.71 3639.77 3810.96 3621.02 3900 3600 curveto + 4059.28 3562.40 4415.07 3411.27 4575 3375 curveto + 4676.94 3351.89 4826.94 3333.14 5175 3300 curveto + gs col-1 s gr + +n 5037.05 3275.46 m 5175.00 3300.00 l 5044.16 3350.13 l gs col-1 s gr +% Interp Spline +n 3376 8701 m + 3679.72 8719.96 3810.97 8738.71 3901 8776 curveto + 4070.77 8846.32 4347.49 9141.91 4501 9226 curveto + 4632.16 9297.85 4958.41 9412.76 5101 9451 curveto + 5177.14 9471.42 5289.64 9490.17 5551 9526 curveto + gs col-1 s gr + +n 5422.34 9470.51 m 5551.00 9526.00 l 5412.16 9544.82 l gs col-1 s gr +% Interp Spline +n 3375 6075 m + 3678.72 6093.96 3809.97 6112.71 3900 6150 curveto + 4069.77 6220.32 4346.49 6515.91 4500 6600 curveto + 4631.16 6671.85 4957.41 6786.76 5100 6825 curveto + 5176.14 6845.42 5288.64 6864.17 5550 6900 curveto + gs col-1 s gr + +n 5421.34 6844.51 m 5550.00 6900.00 l 5411.16 6918.82 l gs col-1 s gr +% Interp Spline +n 3450 9525 m + 3753.72 9543.96 3884.97 9562.71 3975 9600 curveto + 4144.77 9670.32 4421.49 9965.91 4575 10050 curveto + 4706.16 10121.85 5032.41 10236.76 5175 10275 curveto + 5251.14 10295.42 5363.64 10314.17 5625 10350 curveto + gs col-1 s gr + +n 5496.34 10294.51 m 5625.00 10350.00 l 5486.16 10368.82 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +5775 2100 m +gs 1 -1 sc (server host) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +4650 1425 m +gs 1 -1 sc (listening) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +4125 1050 m +gs 1 -1 sc (TCP port) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +3450 3375 m +gs 1 -1 sc (connection) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +3450 3150 m +gs 1 -1 sc (initial) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +6300 3825 m +gs 1 -1 sc (forks child ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +300 4800 m +gs 1 -1 sc (\(b\) postmaster creates backend server) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +3601 9226 m +gs 1 -1 sc (queries/) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +3601 9451 m +gs 1 -1 sc (data) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +4576 9001 m +gs 1 -1 sc (listening) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +301 9826 m +gs 1 -1 sc (\(d\) frontend connected) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +676 10126 m +gs 1 -1 sc (to multiple backend servers) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +3600 6600 m +gs 1 -1 sc (queries/) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +3600 6825 m +gs 1 -1 sc (data) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 210.00 scalefont setfont +4575 6375 m +gs 1 -1 sc (listening) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5775 10500 m +gs 1 -1 sc (SERVER2) col-1 show gr +$F2psEnd +restore +%%EndDocument +end PEND/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Figur)192.151 660.1 Q 2.75(e1)-.198 G F1 +5.5(.H)-2.75 G .55 -.275(ow a c)-5.5 H(onnection is established.).275 E +77.5 673.3 72 673.3 DL 80.5 673.3 75 673.3 DL 86 673.3 80.5 673.3 DL +91.5 673.3 86 673.3 DL 97 673.3 91.5 673.3 DL 102.5 673.3 97 673.3 DL +108 673.3 102.5 673.3 DL 113.5 673.3 108 673.3 DL 119 673.3 113.5 673.3 +DL 124.5 673.3 119 673.3 DL 130 673.3 124.5 673.3 DL 135.5 673.3 130 +673.3 DL 141 673.3 135.5 673.3 DL 146.5 673.3 141 673.3 DL 152 673.3 +146.5 673.3 DL 157.5 673.3 152 673.3 DL 163 673.3 157.5 673.3 DL 168.5 +673.3 163 673.3 DL 174 673.3 168.5 673.3 DL 179.5 673.3 174 673.3 DL 185 +673.3 179.5 673.3 DL 190.5 673.3 185 673.3 DL 196 673.3 190.5 673.3 DL +201.5 673.3 196 673.3 DL 207 673.3 201.5 673.3 DL 212.5 673.3 207 673.3 +DL 218 673.3 212.5 673.3 DL 223.5 673.3 218 673.3 DL 229 673.3 223.5 +673.3 DL 234.5 673.3 229 673.3 DL 240 673.3 234.5 673.3 DL 245.5 673.3 +240 673.3 DL 251 673.3 245.5 673.3 DL 256.5 673.3 251 673.3 DL 262 673.3 +256.5 673.3 DL 267.5 673.3 262 673.3 DL 273 673.3 267.5 673.3 DL 278.5 +673.3 273 673.3 DL 284 673.3 278.5 673.3 DL 289.5 673.3 284 673.3 DL 295 +673.3 289.5 673.3 DL 300.5 673.3 295 673.3 DL 306 673.3 300.5 673.3 DL +311.5 673.3 306 673.3 DL 317 673.3 311.5 673.3 DL 322.5 673.3 317 673.3 +DL 328 673.3 322.5 673.3 DL 333.5 673.3 328 673.3 DL 339 673.3 333.5 +673.3 DL 344.5 673.3 339 673.3 DL 350 673.3 344.5 673.3 DL 355.5 673.3 +350 673.3 DL 361 673.3 355.5 673.3 DL 366.5 673.3 361 673.3 DL 372 673.3 +366.5 673.3 DL 377.5 673.3 372 673.3 DL 383 673.3 377.5 673.3 DL 388.5 +673.3 383 673.3 DL 394 673.3 388.5 673.3 DL 399.5 673.3 394 673.3 DL 405 +673.3 399.5 673.3 DL 410.5 673.3 405 673.3 DL 416 673.3 410.5 673.3 DL +421.5 673.3 416 673.3 DL 427 673.3 421.5 673.3 DL 432.5 673.3 427 673.3 +DL 438 673.3 432.5 673.3 DL 443.5 673.3 438 673.3 DL 449 673.3 443.5 +673.3 DL 454.5 673.3 449 673.3 DL 460 673.3 454.5 673.3 DL 465.5 673.3 +460 673.3 DL 471 673.3 465.5 673.3 DL 476.5 673.3 471 673.3 DL 482 673.3 +476.5 673.3 DL 487.5 673.3 482 673.3 DL 493 673.3 487.5 673.3 DL 498.5 +673.3 493 673.3 DL 504 673.3 498.5 673.3 DL F3(5)285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 6 6 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(clearer)108 97.2 Q(.)-.605 E 1.025 +(In database jar)108 114.3 R(gon,)-.198 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)3.775 E F0 1.025(uses a simple \231process-per)3.775 F 1.025 +(-user\232 client/serv)-.22 F 1.024(er model.)-.165 F(A)6.524 E F1 +(POSTGRES)108 127.5 Q F0(session consists of the follo)2.75 E +(wing cooperating)-.275 E F1(UNIX)2.75 E F0(processes \(programs\):)2.75 +E 5.5<8341>113.5 144.6 S(supervisory daemon process \(the)-2.75 E/F2 11 +/Courier@0 SF(postmaster)2.75 E F0(\),)A 5.5<8374>113.5 157.8 S +(he user')-5.5 E 2.75(sf)-.605 G(rontend application \(e.g., the)-2.75 E +F2(psql)2.75 E F0(program\), and)2.75 E 5.5<8374>113.5 171 S +(he one or more back)-5.5 E(end database serv)-.11 E(ers \(the)-.165 E +F2(postgres)2.75 E F0(process itself\).)2.75 E 2.783(As)108 188.1 S +(ingle)-2.783 E F2(postmaster)2.783 E F0 .034(manages a gi)2.783 F -.165 +(ve)-.275 G 2.784(nc).165 G .034(ollection of)-2.784 F/F3 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(databases)2.784 E F0 .034(on a single host.)2.784 F +.034(Such a)5.534 F .214(collection of databases is called an)108 201.3 +R F3(installation)2.963 E F0(or)2.963 E F3(site)2.963 E F0 5.713(.F)C +.213(rontend applications that wish to)-5.713 F 2.462(access a gi)108 +214.5 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 5.213(nd).165 G 2.463 +(atabase within an installation mak)-5.213 F 5.213(ec)-.11 G 2.463 +(alls to the)-5.213 F F1(LIBPQ)5.213 E F0(library)5.213 E 7.963(.T)-.715 +G(he)-7.963 E .275(library sends user requests o)108 227.7 R -.165(ve) +-.165 G 3.024(rt).165 G .274(he netw)-3.024 F .274(ork to the)-.11 F F2 +(postmaster)3.024 E F0 .274(\(Figure 1\(a\)\), which in)3.024 F .591 +(turn starts a ne)108 240.9 R 3.341(wb)-.275 G(ack)-3.341 E .591 +(end serv)-.11 F .592 +(er process \(Figure 1\(b\)\) and connects the frontend process)-.165 F +.165(to the ne)108 254.1 R 2.915(ws)-.275 G(erv)-2.915 E .165 +(er \(Figure 1\(c\)\).)-.165 F .164 +(From that point on, the frontend process and the back)5.664 F(end)-.11 +E(serv)108 267.3 Q .625(er communicate without interv)-.165 F .626 +(ention by the)-.165 F F2(postmaster)3.376 E F0 6.126(.H)C .626 +(ence, the)-6.126 F F2(postmas-)3.376 E(ter)108 280.5 Q F0 1.72(is al) +4.47 F -.11(wa)-.11 G 1.72(ys running, w).11 F 1.72 +(aiting for requests, whereas frontend and back)-.11 F 1.72 +(end processes)-.11 F .795(come and go.)108 293.7 R(The)6.296 E F1 +(LIBPQ)3.546 E F0 .796(library allo)3.546 F .796 +(ws a single frontend to mak)-.275 F 3.546(em)-.11 G .796 +(ultiple connections)-3.546 F 1.511(to back)108 306.9 R 1.511 +(end processes.)-.11 F(Ho)7.011 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.391 -.44 +(r, t).165 H 1.511 +(he frontend application is still a single-threaded pro-).44 F 3.294 +(cess. Multithreaded)108 320.1 R(frontend/back)3.294 E .545 +(end connections are not currently supported in)-.11 F F1(LIBPQ)3.295 E +F0(.)A .054(One implication of this architecture is that the)108 337.2 R +F2(postmaster)2.803 E F0 .053(and the back)2.803 F .053(end al)-.11 F +-.11(wa)-.11 G .053(ys run).11 F .831 +(on the same machine \(the database serv)108 350.4 R .832 +(er\), while the frontend application may run an)-.165 F(y-)-.165 E +3.659(where. Y)108 363.6 R .909(ou should k)-1.21 F .908 +(eep this in mind, because the \214les that can be accessed on a client) +-.11 F .943 +(machine may not be accessible \(or may only be accessed using a dif)108 +376.8 R .943(ferent \214lename\) on)-.275 F(the database serv)108 390 Q +(er machine.)-.165 E -1.21(Yo)108 407.1 S 3.967(us)1.21 G 1.217 +(hould also be a)-3.967 F -.11(wa)-.165 G 1.217(re that the).11 F F2 +(postmaster)3.967 E F0(and)3.967 E F2(postgres)3.967 E F0(serv)3.967 E +1.216(ers run with the)-.165 F(user)108 420.3 Q .493(-id of the)-.22 F +F1(POSTGRES)3.243 E F0(\231superuser)3.243 E 4.783 -.77(.\232 N)-.605 H +.493(ote that the).77 F F1(POSTGRES)3.244 E F0 .494 +(superuser does not ha)3.244 F -.165(ve)-.22 G .931 +(to be a special user \(e.g., a user named \231postgres\232\).)108 433.5 +R .931(Furthermore, the)6.431 F F1(POSTGRES)3.681 E F0(supe-)3.681 E +.171(ruser should de\214nitely not be the)108 446.7 R F1(UNIX)2.921 E F0 +(superuser)2.921 E 2.921<2c99>-.44 G 2.921(root\232! In)-2.921 F(an) +2.921 E 2.921(yc)-.165 G .171(ase, all \214les relating to)-2.921 F 2.75 +(ad)108 459.9 S(atabase should belong to this)-2.75 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E +F0(superuser)2.75 E(.)-.605 E/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(6)285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 7 7 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(3. GETTING)72 165.4 R(ST)4.75 E(AR) +-1.71 E(TED WITH POSTGRES)-.76 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 +178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 +178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 +108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 +124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 +178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 +178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL +179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 +DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 +178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 +218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 +234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 +178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 +178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL +289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 +DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 +178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 +328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 +344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 +178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 +178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL +399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 +DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 +178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 +438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 +454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 +178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 +178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .735(This section discusses ho)108 208.9 R 3.485 +(wt)-.275 G 3.485(os)-3.485 G(tart)-3.485 E/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)3.484 E F1 .734(and set up your o)3.484 F .734(wn en)-.275 F +.734(vironment so that)-.44 F .707(you can use frontend applications. W) +108 222.1 R 3.458(ea)-.88 G(ssume)-3.458 E F2(POSTGRES)3.458 E F1 .708 +(has already been successfully)3.458 F +(installed. \(Refer to the installation notes for ho)108 235.3 Q 2.75 +(wt)-.275 G 2.75(oi)-2.75 G(nstall)-2.75 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(.\))A +.637(Some of the steps listed in this section will apply to all)108 +261.7 R F2(POSTGRES)3.386 E F1 .636(users, and some will)3.386 F 1.135 +(apply primarily to the site database administrator)108 274.9 R 6.635 +(.T)-.605 G(his)-6.635 E/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.135(site administr) +3.885 F(ator)-.165 E F1 1.135(is the person)3.885 F .129 +(who installed the softw)108 288.1 R .129 +(are, created the database directories and started the)-.11 F/F4 11 +/Courier@0 SF(postmaster)2.879 E F1 4.183(process. This)108 301.3 R +1.433(person does not ha)4.183 F 1.763 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 4.183(ob).165 G +4.183(et)-4.183 G(he)-4.183 E F2(UNIX)4.183 E F1(superuser)4.183 E 4.184 +<2c99>-.44 G(root,)-4.184 E 4.184<9a6f>-.77 G 4.184(rt)-4.184 G 1.434 +(he computer)-4.184 F(system administrator)108 314.5 Q(.)-.605 E 1.512(\ +In this section, items for end users are labelled \231User\232 and item\ +s intended for the site)108 331.6 R(administrator are labelled \231)108 +344.8 Q(Admin.)-.88 E<9a>-.77 E .677(Throughout this manual, an)108 +361.9 R 3.427(ye)-.165 G .677(xamples that be)-3.592 F .678 +(gin with the character `)-.165 F(`)-.814 E F4(%)A F1 2.306 -.814('' a)D +.678(re commands).814 F 1.067(that should be typed at the)108 375.1 R F2 +(UNIX)3.817 E F1 1.067(shell prompt.)3.817 F 1.067(Examples that be) +6.567 F 1.067(gin with the character)-.165 F -.814(``)108 388.3 S F4(*) +.814 E F1 1.628 -.814('' a)D(re commands in the).814 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 +E F1(query language,)2.75 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(SQL.)2.75 E/F5 12 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.1. Admin/User:)72 414.5 R(Setting Up Y)3 E(our En) +-1.332 E(vir)-.48 E(onment)-.216 E 77.5 439.7 72 439.7 DL 80.5 439.7 75 +439.7 DL 86 439.7 80.5 439.7 DL 91.5 439.7 86 439.7 DL 97 439.7 91.5 +439.7 DL 102.5 439.7 97 439.7 DL 108 439.7 102.5 439.7 DL 113.5 439.7 +108 439.7 DL 119 439.7 113.5 439.7 DL 124.5 439.7 119 439.7 DL 130 439.7 +124.5 439.7 DL 135.5 439.7 130 439.7 DL 141 439.7 135.5 439.7 DL 146.5 +439.7 141 439.7 DL 152 439.7 146.5 439.7 DL 157.5 439.7 152 439.7 DL 163 +439.7 157.5 439.7 DL 168.5 439.7 163 439.7 DL 174 439.7 168.5 439.7 DL +179.5 439.7 174 439.7 DL 185 439.7 179.5 439.7 DL 190.5 439.7 185 439.7 +DL 196 439.7 190.5 439.7 DL 201.5 439.7 196 439.7 DL 207 439.7 201.5 +439.7 DL 212.5 439.7 207 439.7 DL 218 439.7 212.5 439.7 DL 223.5 439.7 +218 439.7 DL 229 439.7 223.5 439.7 DL 234.5 439.7 229 439.7 DL 240 439.7 +234.5 439.7 DL 245.5 439.7 240 439.7 DL 251 439.7 245.5 439.7 DL 256.5 +439.7 251 439.7 DL 262 439.7 256.5 439.7 DL 267.5 439.7 262 439.7 DL 273 +439.7 267.5 439.7 DL 278.5 439.7 273 439.7 DL 284 439.7 278.5 439.7 DL +289.5 439.7 284 439.7 DL 295 439.7 289.5 439.7 DL 300.5 439.7 295 439.7 +DL 306 439.7 300.5 439.7 DL 311.5 439.7 306 439.7 DL 317 439.7 311.5 +439.7 DL 322.5 439.7 317 439.7 DL 328 439.7 322.5 439.7 DL 333.5 439.7 +328 439.7 DL 339 439.7 333.5 439.7 DL 344.5 439.7 339 439.7 DL 350 439.7 +344.5 439.7 DL 355.5 439.7 350 439.7 DL 361 439.7 355.5 439.7 DL 366.5 +439.7 361 439.7 DL 372 439.7 366.5 439.7 DL 377.5 439.7 372 439.7 DL 383 +439.7 377.5 439.7 DL 388.5 439.7 383 439.7 DL 394 439.7 388.5 439.7 DL +399.5 439.7 394 439.7 DL 405 439.7 399.5 439.7 DL 410.5 439.7 405 439.7 +DL 416 439.7 410.5 439.7 DL 421.5 439.7 416 439.7 DL 427 439.7 421.5 +439.7 DL 432.5 439.7 427 439.7 DL 438 439.7 432.5 439.7 DL 443.5 439.7 +438 439.7 DL 449 439.7 443.5 439.7 DL 454.5 439.7 449 439.7 DL 460 439.7 +454.5 439.7 DL 465.5 439.7 460 439.7 DL 471 439.7 465.5 439.7 DL 476.5 +439.7 471 439.7 DL 482 439.7 476.5 439.7 DL 487.5 439.7 482 439.7 DL 493 +439.7 487.5 439.7 DL 498.5 439.7 493 439.7 DL 504 439.7 498.5 439.7 DL 0 +0 432 826 -170.061 317 72 636.161 PBEGIN +%%BeginDocument: manual-files.eps +%%Title: stdin +%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.1 Patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Sat Feb 24 21:36:26 1996 +%%For: jolly@arcadia.CS.Berkeley.EDU (Jolly Chen,421 Soda,(510) 6421863,540-5955) +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 826 317 +%%Pages: 0 +%%BeginSetup +%%IncludeFeature: *PageSize Letter +%%EndSetup +%%EndComments +/$F2psDict 200 dict def +$F2psDict begin +$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put +/col-1 {} def +/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col3 {0.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col4 {1.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col5 {1.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col6 {1.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col7 {1.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col8 {0.000 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col9 {0.000 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col10 {0.000 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col11 {0.530 0.810 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col12 {0.000 0.560 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col13 {0.000 0.690 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col14 {0.000 0.820 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col15 {0.000 0.560 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col16 {0.000 0.690 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col17 {0.000 0.820 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col18 {0.560 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col19 {0.690 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col20 {0.820 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col21 {0.560 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col22 {0.690 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col23 {0.820 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col24 {0.500 0.190 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col25 {0.630 0.250 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col26 {0.750 0.380 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col27 {1.000 0.500 0.500 srgb} bind def +/col28 {1.000 0.630 0.630 srgb} bind def +/col29 {1.000 0.750 0.750 srgb} bind def +/col30 {1.000 0.880 0.880 srgb} bind def +/col31 {1.000 0.840 0.000 srgb} bind def + +end +save +-17.0 331.0 translate +1 -1 scale + +/clp {closepath} bind def +/ef {eofill} bind def +/gr {grestore} bind def +/gs {gsave} bind def +/l {lineto} bind def +/m {moveto} bind def +/n {newpath} bind def +/s {stroke} bind def +/slc {setlinecap} bind def +/slj {setlinejoin} bind def +/slw {setlinewidth} bind def +/srgb {setrgbcolor} bind def +/rot {rotate} bind def +/sc {scale} bind def +/tr {translate} bind def +/tnt {dup dup currentrgbcolor + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add srgb} + bind def +/shd {dup dup currentrgbcolor 4 -2 roll mul 4 -2 roll mul + 4 -2 roll mul srgb} bind def +/$F2psBegin {$F2psDict begin /$F2psEnteredState save def} def +/$F2psEnd {$F2psEnteredState restore end} def + +$F2psBegin +10 setmiterlimit + 0.06000 0.06000 sc +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +1650 3990 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_class ....) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +3750 2415 m +gs 1 -1 sc ([shared classes]) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +3750 2115 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_log) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +3750 4215 m +gs 1 -1 sc ([private classes]) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +3750 3990 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_class ....) col-1 show gr +7.500 slw +% Polyline +n 2850 1665 m 1575 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2850 1665 m 2475 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 1500 2265 m 1050 2790 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2475 2265 m 2475 2790 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2850 1680 m 4050 1905 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2475 2265 m 4500 2790 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 4575 3165 m 4575 3690 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 2475 3165 m 2475 3690 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +1350 2190 m +gs 1 -1 sc (files) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2250 2190 m +gs 1 -1 sc (base) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +1950 3090 m +gs 1 -1 sc (template1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2625 1590 m +gs 1 -1 sc (data) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +450 3090 m +gs 1 -1 sc ([.bki files]) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +3225 3090 m +gs 1 -1 sc ( ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +4500 2190 m +gs 1 -1 sc (....) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +4275 3090 m +gs 1 -1 sc (mydb ....) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +6600 4875 m +gs 1 -1 sc (EXECUTABLE) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +6600 5175 m +gs 1 -1 sc (PROGRAMS) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 7800 465 m 10125 1290 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 10125 1665 m 10125 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7800 465 m 11475 1290 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +1650 4215 m +gs 1 -1 sc ([private classes]) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 11475 1665 m 11475 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +11100 2190 m +gs 1 -1 sc (libpq-fe.h ....) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 7800 465 m 12675 1290 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7800 465 m 13650 1290 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7800 450 m 2850 1275 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7800 450 m 7350 1275 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 300 4500 m 5550 4500 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 300 4575 m 5550 4575 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 5775 4500 m 9600 4500 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 5775 4575 m 9600 4575 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 9825 4500 m 14025 4500 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 9825 4575 m 14025 4575 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7350 1665 m 6225 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7350 1665 m 7275 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 7350 1665 m 8475 1890 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +9825 2190 m +gs 1 -1 sc (libpq.a) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +9975 1590 m +gs 1 -1 sc (lib) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +11100 1590 m +gs 1 -1 sc (include) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +12600 1590 m +gs 1 -1 sc (src) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +13500 1590 m +gs 1 -1 sc (doc) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +7350 390 m +gs 1 -1 sc (postgres) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +2400 4950 m +gs 1 -1 sc (DATA) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +10950 5175 m +gs 1 -1 sc (DEVELOPMENT) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +10950 4875 m +gs 1 -1 sc (APPLICATION ) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +10950 5475 m +gs 1 -1 sc (ENVIRONMENT) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +7200 1590 m +gs 1 -1 sc (bin) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 240.00 scalefont setfont +5775 2190 m +gs 1 -1 sc ( psql postgres postmaster....) col-1 show gr +$F2psEnd +restore +%%EndDocument +end PEND/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Figur)214.358 662.561 Q 2.75(e2)-.198 G +F1(.)-2.75 E F2(POSTGRES)5.5 E F1(\214le layout.)2.75 E 77.5 675.761 72 +675.761 DL 80.5 675.761 75 675.761 DL 86 675.761 80.5 675.761 DL 91.5 +675.761 86 675.761 DL 97 675.761 91.5 675.761 DL 102.5 675.761 97 +675.761 DL 108 675.761 102.5 675.761 DL 113.5 675.761 108 675.761 DL 119 +675.761 113.5 675.761 DL 124.5 675.761 119 675.761 DL 130 675.761 124.5 +675.761 DL 135.5 675.761 130 675.761 DL 141 675.761 135.5 675.761 DL +146.5 675.761 141 675.761 DL 152 675.761 146.5 675.761 DL 157.5 675.761 +152 675.761 DL 163 675.761 157.5 675.761 DL 168.5 675.761 163 675.761 DL +174 675.761 168.5 675.761 DL 179.5 675.761 174 675.761 DL 185 675.761 +179.5 675.761 DL 190.5 675.761 185 675.761 DL 196 675.761 190.5 675.761 +DL 201.5 675.761 196 675.761 DL 207 675.761 201.5 675.761 DL 212.5 +675.761 207 675.761 DL 218 675.761 212.5 675.761 DL 223.5 675.761 218 +675.761 DL 229 675.761 223.5 675.761 DL 234.5 675.761 229 675.761 DL 240 +675.761 234.5 675.761 DL 245.5 675.761 240 675.761 DL 251 675.761 245.5 +675.761 DL 256.5 675.761 251 675.761 DL 262 675.761 256.5 675.761 DL +267.5 675.761 262 675.761 DL 273 675.761 267.5 675.761 DL 278.5 675.761 +273 675.761 DL 284 675.761 278.5 675.761 DL 289.5 675.761 284 675.761 DL +295 675.761 289.5 675.761 DL 300.5 675.761 295 675.761 DL 306 675.761 +300.5 675.761 DL 311.5 675.761 306 675.761 DL 317 675.761 311.5 675.761 +DL 322.5 675.761 317 675.761 DL 328 675.761 322.5 675.761 DL 333.5 +675.761 328 675.761 DL 339 675.761 333.5 675.761 DL 344.5 675.761 339 +675.761 DL 350 675.761 344.5 675.761 DL 355.5 675.761 350 675.761 DL 361 +675.761 355.5 675.761 DL 366.5 675.761 361 675.761 DL 372 675.761 366.5 +675.761 DL 377.5 675.761 372 675.761 DL 383 675.761 377.5 675.761 DL +388.5 675.761 383 675.761 DL 394 675.761 388.5 675.761 DL 399.5 675.761 +394 675.761 DL 405 675.761 399.5 675.761 DL 410.5 675.761 405 675.761 DL +416 675.761 410.5 675.761 DL 421.5 675.761 416 675.761 DL 427 675.761 +421.5 675.761 DL 432.5 675.761 427 675.761 DL 438 675.761 432.5 675.761 +DL 443.5 675.761 438 675.761 DL 449 675.761 443.5 675.761 DL 454.5 +675.761 449 675.761 DL 460 675.761 454.5 675.761 DL 465.5 675.761 460 +675.761 DL 471 675.761 465.5 675.761 DL 476.5 675.761 471 675.761 DL 482 +675.761 476.5 675.761 DL 487.5 675.761 482 675.761 DL 493 675.761 487.5 +675.761 DL 498.5 675.761 493 675.761 DL 504 675.761 498.5 675.761 DL F6 +(7)285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 8 8 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .856(Figure 2 sho)108 97.2 R .856(ws ho)-.275 F +3.606(wt)-.275 G(he)-3.606 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.606 E F0 +(distrib)3.606 E .856(ution is laid out when installed in the def)-.22 F +(ault)-.11 E -.11(wa)108 110.4 S 2.629 -.715(y. F).11 H 1.199 +(or simplicity).55 F 3.949(,w)-.715 G 3.949(ew)-3.949 G 1.199 +(ill assume that)-3.949 F F1(POSTGRES)3.949 E F0 1.198 +(has been installed in the directory)3.949 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF +(/usr/local/postgres95)108 123.6 Q F0 16.351(.T)C 10.851 +(herefore, where)-16.351 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 13.601(ry).165 G 10.852 +(ou see the directory)-13.601 F F2(/usr/local/postgres95)108 136.8 Q F0 +2.02(you should substitute the name of the directory where)4.771 F F1 +(POSTGRES)108 150 Q F0(is actually installed.)2.75 E(All)108 167.1 Q F1 +(POSTGRES)24.549 E F0 21.8(commands are installed in the directory)24.55 +F F2(/usr/local/postgres95/bin)108 180.3 Q F0 6.918(.T)C 1.418 +(herefore, you should add this directory to your)-6.918 F(shell)108 +193.5 Q/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF .391(command path)3.141 F F0 5.891(.I)C +3.141(fy)-5.891 G .391(ou use a v)-3.141 F .391(ariant of the Berk)-.275 +F(ele)-.11 E 3.142(yCs)-.165 G .392(hell, such as)-3.142 F F2(csh)3.142 +E F0(or)3.142 E F2(tcsh)3.142 E F0(,)A(you w)108 206.7 Q(ould add)-.11 E +/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(%s)148 231.9 S +(et path = \( /usr/local/postgres95/bin $path \))-6 E F0 .213(in the)108 +258.1 R F2(.login)2.963 E F0 .212(\214le in your home directory)2.963 F +5.712(.I)-.715 G 2.962(fy)-5.712 G .212(ou use a v)-2.962 F .212 +(ariant of the Bourne shell, such)-.275 F(as)108 271.3 Q F2(sh)2.75 E F0 +(,)A F2(ksh)2.75 E F0 2.75(,o)C(r)-2.75 E F2(bash)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C +(hen you w)-2.75 E(ould add)-.11 E F4 6(%P)148 296.5 S +(ATH=/usr/local/postgres95/bin:$PATH)-6 E 6(%e)148 308.7 S(xport PATH)-6 +E F0(to the)108 334.9 Q F2(.profile)2.75 E F0 +(\214le in your home directory)2.75 E(.)-.715 E .322(From no)108 352 R +3.072(wo)-.275 G .322(n, we will assume that you ha)-3.072 F .652 -.165 +(ve a)-.22 H .323(dded the).165 F F1(POSTGRES)3.073 E F2(bin)3.073 E F0 +.323(directory to your)3.073 F 2.893(path. In)108 365.2 R .143 +(addition, we will mak)2.893 F 2.893(ef)-.11 G .143 +(requent reference to \231setting a shell v)-2.893 F .143 +(ariable\232 or \231setting)-.275 F .826(an en)108 378.4 R .826 +(vironment v)-.44 F .827(ariable\232 throughout this document.)-.275 F +.827(If you did not fully understand the)6.327 F .056 +(last paragraph on modifying your search path, you should consult the) +108 391.6 R F1(UNIX)2.806 E F0 .056(manual pages)2.806 F +(that describe your shell before going an)108 404.8 Q 2.75(yf)-.165 G +(urther)-2.75 E(.)-.605 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.2. Admin:)72 431 R +(Starting the P)3 E(ostmaster)-.24 E F0 1.227(It should be clear from t\ +he preceding discussion that nothing can happen to a database)108 448.1 +R .602(unless the)108 461.3 R F2(postmaster)3.352 E F0 .602 +(process is running.)3.352 F .602(As the site administrator)6.102 F +3.351(,t)-.44 G .601(here are a num-)-3.351 F 1.686 +(ber of things you should remember before starting the)108 474.5 R F2 +(postmaster)4.436 E F0 7.186(.T)C 1.686(hese are dis-)-7.186 F 2.24 +(cussed in the section of this manual titled, \231)108 487.7 R +(Administering)-.88 E F1(POSTGRES)4.989 E F0 6.529 -.77(.\232 H)D -.275 +(ow).77 G -2.365 -.275(ev e).275 H 3.119 -.44(r, i).275 H(f).44 E F1 +(POSTGRES)108 500.9 Q F0 .106(has been installed by follo)2.856 F .107 +(wing the installation instructions e)-.275 F .107(xactly as written,) +-.165 F(the follo)108 514.1 Q +(wing simple command is all you should need to start the)-.275 E F2 +(postmaster)2.75 E F0(:)A F4 6(%p)148 539.3 S(ostmaster &)-6 E F0(The) +108 569.4 Q F2(postmaster)3.005 E F0 .255 +(occasionally prints out messages which are often helpful during trou-) +3.005 F 3.201(bleshooting. If)108 582.6 R .451(you wish to vie)3.201 F +3.201(wd)-.275 G(eb)-3.201 E .451(ugging messages from the postmaster) +-.22 F 3.201(,y)-.44 G .451(ou can start)-3.201 F +(it with the -d option and redirect the output to the log \214le:)108 +595.8 Q F4 6(%p)148 621 S(ostmaster -d >& pm.log &)-6 E F0 +(If you do not wish to see these messages, you can type)108 647.2 Q F4 6 +(%p)148 672.4 S(ostmaster -S)-6 E F0 .921(and the)108 698.6 R F2 +(postmaster)3.671 E F0 .921(will be \231S\232ilent.)3.671 F .921 +(Notice that there is no ampersand \(\231&\232\) at the)6.421 F +(end of the last e)108 711.8 Q(xample.)-.165 E/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(8) +285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 9 9 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.3. Admin:)72 97.2 R +(Adding and Deleting Users)3 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 114.3 Q/F2 +11/Courier@0 SF(createuser)7.893 E F1 5.144 +(command enables speci\214c users to access)7.894 F/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 +SF(POSTGRES)7.894 E F1 10.644(.T)C(he)-10.644 E F2(destroyuser)108 127.5 +Q F1 .524(command remo)3.274 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.274(su).165 G .524 +(sers and pre)-3.274 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .524(nts them from accessing) +.165 F F3(POSTGRES)3.273 E F1(.)A 1.744 +(Note that these commands only af)108 140.7 R 1.744 +(fect users with respect to)-.275 F F3(POSTGRES)4.495 E F1 4.495(;t)C +(he)-4.495 E 4.495(yh)-.165 G -2.475 -.22(av e)-4.495 H(no)4.715 E(ef) +108 153.9 Q +(fect administration of users that the operating system manages.)-.275 E +F0 3(3.4. User:)72 180.1 R(Starting A)3 E(pplications)-.3 E F1 .087 +(Assuming that your site administrator has properly started the)108 +197.2 R F2(postmaster)2.837 E F1 .087(process and)2.837 F .186 +(authorized you to use the database, you \(as a user\) may be)108 210.4 +R .187(gin to start up applications.)-.165 F(As)5.687 E(pre)108 223.6 Q +.303(viously mentioned, you should add)-.275 F F2 +(/usr/local/postgres95/bin)3.052 E F1 .302(to your shell)3.052 F +(search path.)108 239 Q(In most cases, this is all you should ha)5.5 E +.33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(od).165 G 2.75(oi)-2.75 G 2.75(nt)-2.75 G +(erms of preparation.)-2.75 E/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)-4.4 I F1 1.245 +(If you get the follo)108 256.1 R 1.245(wing error message from a)-.275 +F F3(POSTGRES)3.995 E F1 1.245(command \(such as)3.995 F F2(psql)3.995 E +F1(or)3.996 E F2(createdb)108 269.3 Q F1(\):)A/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(conne\ +ctDB\(\) failed: Is the postmaster running at 'localhost' on port '4322\ +'?)148 294.5 Q F1 1.103(it is usually because \(1\) the)108 320.7 R F2 +(postmaster)3.852 E F1 1.102 +(is not running, or \(2\) you are attempting to)3.852 F +(connect to the wrong serv)108 333.9 Q(er host.)-.165 E +(If you get the follo)108 351 Q(wing error message:)-.275 E F5 +(FATAL 1:Feb 17 23:19:55:process userid \(2360\) !=)148 376.2 Q +(database owner \(268\))160 388.4 Q F1 .188 +(it means that the site administrator started the)108 414.6 R F2 +(postmaster)2.938 E F1 .188(as the wrong user)2.938 F 5.688(.T)-.605 G +.188(ell him)-6.458 F(to restart it as the)108 427.8 Q F3(POSTGRES)2.75 +E F1(superuser)2.75 E(.)-.605 E F0 3(3.5. User:)72 454 R +(Managing a Database)3 E F1(No)108 471.1 Q 2.859(wt)-.275 G(hat)-2.859 E +F3(POSTGRES)2.859 E F1 .109 +(is up and running we can create some databases to e)2.859 F .108 +(xperiment with.)-.165 F +(Here, we describe the basic commands for managing a database.)108 484.3 +Q F0 3(3.5.1. Cr)72 510.5 R(eating a Database)-.216 E F1(Let')108 527.6 +Q 2.96(ss)-.605 G .21(ay you w)-2.96 F .21 +(ant to create a database named)-.11 F F2(mydb)2.96 E F1 5.71(.Y)C .211 +(ou can do this with the follo)-6.92 F(wing)-.275 E(command:)108 540.8 Q +F5 6(%c)148 566 S(reatedb mydb)-6 E F3(POSTGRES)108 592.2 Q F1(allo)2.8 +E .05(ws you to create an)-.275 F 2.8(yn)-.165 G .05 +(umber of databases at a gi)-2.8 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.799(ns).165 G .049 +(ite and you automat-)-2.799 F 2.104(ically become the)108 605.4 R/F6 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF 2.104(database administr)4.854 F(ator)-.165 E F1 +2.104(of the database you just created.)4.854 F(Database)7.604 E +(names must ha)108 618.6 Q .33 -.165(ve a)-.22 H 2.75(na).165 G(lphabet\ +ic \214rst character and are limited to 16 characters in length.)-2.75 E +.32 LW 76 638.6 72 638.6 DL 80 638.6 76 638.6 DL 84 638.6 80 638.6 DL 88 +638.6 84 638.6 DL 92 638.6 88 638.6 DL 96 638.6 92 638.6 DL 100 638.6 96 +638.6 DL 104 638.6 100 638.6 DL 108 638.6 104 638.6 DL 112 638.6 108 +638.6 DL 116 638.6 112 638.6 DL 120 638.6 116 638.6 DL 124 638.6 120 +638.6 DL 128 638.6 124 638.6 DL 132 638.6 128 638.6 DL 136 638.6 132 +638.6 DL 140 638.6 136 638.6 DL 144 638.6 140 638.6 DL 148 638.6 144 +638.6 DL 152 638.6 148 638.6 DL 156 638.6 152 638.6 DL 160 638.6 156 +638.6 DL 164 638.6 160 638.6 DL 168 638.6 164 638.6 DL 172 638.6 168 +638.6 DL 176 638.6 172 638.6 DL 180 638.6 176 638.6 DL 184 638.6 180 +638.6 DL 188 638.6 184 638.6 DL 192 638.6 188 638.6 DL 196 638.6 192 +638.6 DL 200 638.6 196 638.6 DL 204 638.6 200 638.6 DL 208 638.6 204 +638.6 DL 212 638.6 208 638.6 DL 216 638.6 212 638.6 DL/F7 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(1)93.6 649 Q F4 .431 +(If your site administrator has not set things up in the def)2.431 3.2 N +.431(ault w)-.08 F(ay)-.08 E 2.431(,y)-.52 G .431(ou may ha)-2.431 F +.671 -.12(ve s)-.16 H .431(ome more w).12 F .431(ork to do.)-.08 F -.12 +(Fo)4.432 G 2.432(re).12 G .432(xample, if the)-2.552 F .068 +(database serv)72 661.8 R .068 +(er machine is a remote machine, you will need to set the)-.12 F/F8 8 +/Courier@0 SF(PGHOST)2.068 E F4(en)2.068 E .067(vironment v)-.32 F .067 +(ariable to the name of the database serv-)-.2 F .131(er machine.)72 +671.4 R .131(The en)4.131 F .131(vironment v)-.32 F(ariable)-.2 E F8 +(PGPORT)2.131 E F4 .131(may also ha)2.131 F .372 -.12(ve t)-.16 H 2.132 +(ob).12 G 2.132(es)-2.132 G 2.132(et. The)-2.132 F .132 +(bottom line is this: if you try to start an application pro-)2.132 F +.614(gram and it complains that it cannot connect to the)72 681 R F8 +(postmaster)2.613 E F4 2.613(,y)C .613 +(ou should immediately consult your site administrator to mak)-2.613 F +(e)-.08 E(sure that your en)72 690.6 Q(vironment is properly set up.) +-.32 E/F9 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(9)285.25 756 Q EP +%%Page: 10 10 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 2.528(Not e)108 97.2 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.528 +(ry user has authorization to become a database administrator).165 F +8.027(.I)-.605 G(f)-8.027 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)5.277 E F0 +.333(refuses to create databases for you, then the site administrator n\ +eeds to grant you permis-)108 110.4 R(sion to create databases.)108 +123.6 Q(Consult your site administrator if this occurs.)5.5 E/F2 12 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.5.2. Accessing)72 149.8 R 3(aD)3 G(atabase)-3 E F0 +(Once you ha)108 166.9 Q .33 -.165(ve c)-.22 H +(onstructed a database, you can access it by:).165 E 5.5<8372>113.5 184 +S 2.696(unning the)-5.5 F F1(POSTGRES)5.446 E F0 2.696 +(terminal monitor programs \()5.446 F/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(monitor)5.446 E +F0(or)5.445 E F3(psql)5.445 E F0 5.445(\)w)C(hich)-5.445 E(allo)122.85 +197.2 Q(ws you to interacti)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ly enter).165 E +2.75(,e)-.44 G(dit, and e)-2.75 E -.165(xe)-.165 G(cute SQL commands.) +.165 E 5.5<8377>113.5 210.4 S 1.107(riting a C program using the)-5.5 F +F1(LIBPQ)3.857 E F0 1.107(subroutine library)3.857 F 6.607(.T)-.715 G +1.108(his allo)-6.607 F 1.108(ws you to submit)-.275 F .883(SQL command\ +s from C and get answers and status messages back to your program.) +122.85 223.6 R(This interf)122.85 236.8 Q +(ace is discussed further in section ??.)-.11 E -1.21(Yo)108 253.9 S +3.472(um)1.21 G .722(ight w)-3.472 F .722(ant to start up)-.11 F F3 +(psql)3.472 E F0 3.472(,t)C 3.472(ot)-3.472 G .722(ry out the e)-3.472 F +.723(xamples in this manual. It can be acti-)-.165 F -.275(va)108 267.1 +S(ted for the).275 E F3(mydb)2.75 E F0(database by typing the command:) +2.75 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 6(%p)148 292.3 S(sql mydb)-6 E F0 -1.21(Yo)108 +318.5 S 2.75(uw)1.21 G(ill be greeted with the follo)-2.75 E +(wing message:)-.275 E F4 +(Welcome to the POSTGRES95 interactive sql monitor:)148 343.7 Q +(type \\? for help on slash commands)166 368.1 Q(type \\q to quit)166 +380.3 Q(type \\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query)166 392.5 +Q(You are currently connected to the database: mydb)154 404.7 Q(mydb=>) +148 429.1 Q F0 .632(This prompt indicates that the terminal monitor is \ +listening to you and that you can type)108 455.3 R(SQL queries into a w) +108 468.5 Q(orkspace maintained by the terminal monitor)-.11 E(.)-.605 E +(The)108 485.6 Q F3(psql)2.959 E F0 .209 +(program responds to escape codes that be)2.959 F .209 +(gin with the backslash character)-.165 F 2.959<2c99>-.44 G<5c9a2e> +-2.959 E -.165(Fo)108 498.8 S 3.786(re).165 G 1.035 +(xample, you can get help on the syntax of v)-3.951 F(arious)-.275 E F1 +(POSTGRES)3.785 E F0 1.035(SQL commands by)3.785 F(typing:)108 512 Q F4 +(mydb=> \\h)148 537.2 Q F0 .761(Once you ha)108 563.4 R 1.091 -.165 +(ve \214)-.22 H .761(nished entering your queries into the w).165 F .762 +(orkspace, you can pass the con-)-.11 F(tents of the w)108 576.6 Q +(orkspace to the)-.11 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E F0(serv)2.75 E(er by typing:) +-.165 E F4(mydb=> \\g)148 601.8 Q F0 .593(This tells the serv)108 628 R +.593(er to process the query)-.165 F 6.093(.I)-.715 G 3.342(fy)-6.093 G +.592(ou terminate your query with a semicolon,)-3.342 F +(the \\g is not necessary)108 641.2 Q 5.5(.P)-.715 G +(sql will automatically process semicolon-terminated queries.)-5.5 E +1.76 -.88(To r)108 658.3 T(ead queries from a \214le, say).88 E F3 +(myFile,)2.75 E F0(instead of entering them interacti)2.75 E -.165(ve) +-.275 G(ly).165 E 2.75(,t)-.715 G(ype:)-2.75 E F4(mydb=> \\i fileName) +148 683.5 Q F0 1.76 -.88(To g)108 709.7 T(et out of psql and return to) +.88 E F1(UNIX)2.75 E F0 2.75(,t)C(ype)-2.75 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(10) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 11 11 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(mydb=> \\q)148 96.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(and)108 +122.4 Q/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(psql)3.184 E F1 .434 +(will quit and return you to your command shell. \(F)3.184 F .434 +(or more escape codes, type)-.165 F F2(\\h)108 135.6 Q F1(at the)2.75 E +F2(monitor)2.75 E F1(prompt.\))2.75 E .855 +(White space \(i.e., spaces, tabs and ne)108 152.7 R .855 +(wlines\) may be used freely in SQL queries.)-.275 F(Com-)6.354 E .099 +(ments are denoted by)108 165.9 R F2(--)2.849 E F1 5.599(.E)C -.165(ve) +-5.599 G .1 +(rything after the dashes up to the end of the line is ignored.).165 F +/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(3.5.3. Destr)72 183 R(oying a Database)-.216 E +F1 .453(If you are the database administrator for the database)108 200.1 +R F2(mydb)3.202 E F1 3.202(,y)C .452(ou can destro)-3.202 F 3.202(yi) +-.11 G 3.202(tu)-3.202 G .452(sing the)-3.202 F(follo)108 213.3 Q(wing) +-.275 E/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.75 E F1(command:)2.75 E F0 6(%d) +148 238.5 S(estroydb mydb)-6 E F1 .08(This action ph)108 264.7 R .08 +(ysically remo)-.055 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.83(sa).165 G .08(ll of the) +-2.83 F F4(UNIX)2.83 E F1 .081 +(\214les associated with the database and can-)2.83 F(not be undone, so\ + this should only be done with a great deal of forethought.)108 277.9 Q +/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(11)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(4. THE)72 165.4 R -.19(QU)4.75 G(ER) +.19 E 4.75(YL)-.665 G(ANGU)-4.75 E -1.045(AG)-1.14 G(E)1.045 E 77.5 +178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 +178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 +178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL +124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 +DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 +178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 +163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 +179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 +178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 +178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL +234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 +DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 +178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 +273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 +289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 +178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 +178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL +344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 +DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 +178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 +383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 +399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 +178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 +178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL +454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 +DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 +178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 +493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 +208.9 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.209 E F1 .459 +(query language is a v)3.209 F .459(ariant of SQL-3. It has man)-.275 F +3.209(ye)-.165 G .458(xtensions such as an)-3.374 F -.165(ex)108 222.1 S +1.643(tensible type system, inheritance, functions and production rules\ +. Those are features).165 F .139(carried o)108 235.3 R -.165(ve)-.165 G +2.889(rf).165 G .139(rom the original)-2.889 F F2(POSTGRES)2.889 E F1 +.139(query language, POSTQ)2.889 F .138(UEL. This section pro-)-.11 F +(vides an o)108 248.5 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(rvie).165 E 2.75(wo)-.275 G +2.75(fh)-2.75 G .55 -.275(ow t)-2.75 H 2.75(ou).275 G(se)-2.75 E F2 +(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(SQL to perform simple operations.)2.75 E .357 +(This manual is only intended to gi)108 265.6 R .687 -.165(ve y)-.275 H +.357(ou an idea of our \215a).165 F -.22(vo)-.22 G 3.107(ro).22 G 3.107 +(fS)-3.107 G .357(QL and is in no w)-3.107 F .357(ay a)-.11 F .093 +(complete tutorial on SQL. Numerous books ha)108 278.8 R .423 -.165 +(ve b)-.22 H .093(een written on SQL. F).165 F .093(or instance, con-) +-.165 F .283(sult [MEL)108 292 R .283(T93] or [D)-1.012 F -1.221(AT)-.44 +G .283(E93]. Y)1.221 F .283(ou should also be a)-1.21 F -.11(wa)-.165 G +.283(re that some features are not part of).11 F(the ANSI standard.)108 +305.2 Q 2.094(In the e)108 322.3 R 2.093(xamples that follo)-.165 F +3.523 -.715(w, w)-.275 H 4.843(ea).715 G 2.093(ssume that you ha)-4.843 +F 2.423 -.165(ve c)-.22 H 2.093(reated the).165 F/F3 11/Courier@0 SF +(mydb)4.843 E F1 2.093(database as)4.843 F(described in the pre)108 +335.5 Q(vious subsection and ha)-.275 E .33 -.165(ve s)-.22 H +(tarted psql.).165 E 24.523 +(Examples in this manual can also be found in)108 352.6 R F3 +(/usr/local/postgres95/src/tutorial)108 365.8 Q F1 7.623(.R)C 2.123 +(efer to the README \214le in that)-7.623 F(directory for ho)108 379 Q +2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(ou)-2.75 G(se them.)-2.75 E 1.76 -.88(To s)5.5 H +(tart the tutorial, do the follo).88 E(wing:)-.275 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +6(%c)148 404.2 S 6(d/)-6 G(usr/local/postgres95/src/tutorial)-6 E 6(%p) +148 416.4 S(sql -s mydb)-6 E +(Welcome to the POSTGRES95 interactive sql monitor:)148 428.6 Q +(type \\? for help on slash commands)166 453 Q(type \\q to quit)166 +465.2 Q(type \\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query)166 477.4 +Q(You are currently connected to the database: jolly)154 489.6 Q +(mydb=> \\i basics.sql)148 526.2 Q F1(The)108 556.3 Q F3(\\i)3.107 E F1 +.357(command read in queries from the speci\214ed \214les. The)3.107 F +F3(-s)3.108 E F1 .358(option puts you in sin-)3.108 F .868 +(gle step mode which pauses before sending a query to the back)108 569.5 +R .868(end. Queries in this sec-)-.11 F(tion are in the \214le)108 582.7 +Q F3(basics.sql)2.75 E F1(.)A/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.1. Concepts)72 +608.9 R F1 .824(The fundamental notion in)108 626 R F2(POSTGRES)3.574 E +F1 .824(is that of a)3.574 F/F6 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(class,)3.574 E F1 +.824(which is a named collection of)3.574 F(object)108 639.2 Q F6 +(instances)4.277 E F1 7.027(.E)C 1.526 +(ach instance has the same collection of named)-7.027 F F6(attrib)4.276 +E(utes)-.22 E F1 4.276(,a)C 1.526(nd each)-4.276 F(attrib)108 652.4 Q +.728(ute is of a speci\214c)-.22 F F6(type)3.478 E F1 6.228(.F)C .729 +(urthermore, each instance has a permanent)-6.228 F F6 .729 +(object identi-)3.479 F(\214er)108 665.6 Q F1 .004 +(\(OID\) that is unique throughout the installation.)2.754 F .003 +(Because SQL syntax refers to)5.503 F F6(tables,)2.753 E F1 .191 +(we will use the terms)108 678.8 R F6(table)2.941 E F1(and)2.941 E F6 +(class)2.941 E F1(interchangeably)2.941 E 5.691(.L)-.715 G(ik)-5.691 E +-.275(ew)-.11 G .192(ise, a).275 F F6 -.495(ro)2.942 G(w).495 E F1 .192 +(is an)2.942 F F6(instance)2.942 E F1(and)2.942 E F6(columns)108 692 Q +F1(are)2.75 E F6(attrib)2.75 E(utes.)-.22 E F1 .183(As pre)108 709.1 R +.182(viously discussed, classes are grouped into databases, and a colle\ +ction of databases)-.275 F(managed by a single)108 722.3 Q F3 +(postmaster)2.75 E F1(process constitutes an installation or site.)2.75 +E/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(12)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.2. Cr)72 97.2 R(eating a New Class)-.216 E/F1 +11/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.21(Yo)108 114.3 S 3.643(uc)1.21 G .893 +(an create a ne)-3.643 F 3.643(wc)-.275 G .893 +(lass by specifying the class name, along with all attrib)-3.643 F .894 +(ute names)-.22 F(and their types:)108 127.5 Q/F2 10/Courier@0 SF +(CREATE TABLE weather \()148 152.7 Q 66(city varchar\(80\),)196 164.9 R +48(temp_lo int,)196 177.1 R(-- low temperature)66 E 48(temp_hi int,)196 +189.3 R(-- high temperature)66 E 66(prcp real,)196 201.5 R +(-- precipitation)54 E 66(date date)196 213.7 R(\);)160 225.9 Q F1 2.323 +(Note that k)108 256 R -.165(ey)-.11 G -.11(wo).165 G 2.323 +(rds are case-insensiti).11 F 2.653 -.165(ve b)-.275 H 2.323 +(ut identi\214ers are case-sensiti)-.055 F -.165(ve)-.275 G(.).165 E/F3 +10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)7.823 E F1 .214(SQL supports the usual SQL\ + types int, \215oat, real, smallint, char\(N\), v)108 269.2 R .214 +(archar\(N\), date, and)-.275 F 4.038(time. As)108 282.4 R 1.288 +(we will see later)4.038 F(,)-.44 E F3(POSTGRES)4.038 E F1 1.287 +(can be customized with an arbitrary number of)4.038 F(user)108 295.6 Q +(-de\214ned data types.)-.22 E(Consequently)5.5 E 2.75(,t)-.715 G +(ype names are not k)-2.75 E -.165(ey)-.11 G -.11(wo).165 G(rds.).11 E +.544(So f)108 312.7 R(ar)-.11 E 3.294(,t)-.44 G(he)-3.294 E F3(POSTGRES) +3.294 E/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)3.294 E(eate)-.198 E F1 .544 +(command looks e)3.294 F .544(xactly lik)-.165 F 3.294(et)-.11 G .545 +(he command used to create a)-3.294 F .688 +(table in a traditional relational system.)108 325.9 R(Ho)6.188 E(we) +-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.568 -.44(r, w).165 H 3.438(ew).44 G .688 +(ill presently see that classes ha)-3.438 F -.165(ve)-.22 G +(properties that are e)108 339.1 Q(xtensions of the relational model.) +-.165 E F0 3(4.3. P)72 365.3 R(opulating a Class with Instances)-.24 E +F1(The)108 382.4 Q F4(insert)2.75 E F1 +(statement is used to populate a class with instances:)2.75 E F2 +(INSERT INTO weather)148 407.6 Q +(VALUES \('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '11/27/1994'\))166 419.8 Q F1 +-1.21(Yo)108 449.9 S 4.457(uc)1.21 G 1.707(an also use the)-4.457 F F4 +(copy)4.457 E F1 1.707(command to perform load lar)4.457 F 1.708 +(ge amounts of data from \215at)-.198 F(\(ASCII\) \214les.)108 463.1 Q +F0 3(4.4. Querying)72 489.3 R 3(aC)3 G(lass)-3 E F1(The)108 506.4 Q/F5 +11/Courier@0 SF(weather)5.528 E F1 2.778 +(class can be queried with normal relational selection and projection) +5.528 F 3.033(queries. A)108 519.6 R F3(SQL)3.033 E F4(select)3.033 E F1 +.284(statement is used to do this.)3.033 F .284(The statement is di) +5.784 F .284(vided into a)-.275 F/F6 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(tar)3.034 E +-.11(ge)-.407 G(t).11 E(list)108 532.8 Q F1 .208 +(\(the part that lists the attrib)2.958 F .208 +(utes to be returned\) and a)-.22 F F6(quali\214cation)2.957 E F1 .207 +(\(the part that speci-)2.957 F(\214es an)108 546 Q 2.75(yr)-.165 G 2.75 +(estrictions\). F)-2.75 F(or e)-.165 E(xample, to retrie)-.165 E .33 +-.165(ve a)-.275 H(ll the ro).165 E(ws of)-.275 E F5(weather)2.75 E F1 +2.75(,t)C(ype:)-2.75 E F2(SELECT * FROM WEATHER;)148 571.2 Q F1 +(and the output should be:)108 596.4 Q .4 LW 464 613.9 148 613.9 DL F2 +63(city temp_lo)153 623.6 R 9(temp_hi prcp date)15 F 464 628.1 148 628.1 +DL(San Francisco)153 637.8 Q 39(46 50 0.25)15 F(11-27-1994)15 E 464 +642.3 148 642.3 DL(San Francisco)153 652 Q 39(43 57 0)15 F(11-29-1994)33 +E 464 656.5 148 656.5 DL 45(Hayward 37)153 666.2 R 78(54 11-29-1994)45 F +464 670.7 148 670.7 DL 464 613.9 464 670.7 DL 148 613.9 148 670.7 DL +391.5 613.9 391.5 670.7 DL 352.5 613.9 352.5 670.7 DL 295.5 613.9 295.5 +670.7 DL 238.5 613.9 238.5 670.7 DL F1 -1.21(Yo)108 696.3 S 2.75(um)1.21 +G(ay specify an)-2.75 E 2.75(ya)-.165 G(ribitrary e)-2.75 E +(xpressions in the tar)-.165 E(get list. F)-.198 E(or e)-.165 E +(xample, you can do:)-.165 E F4(13)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*S)148 96.2 S +(ELECT city, \(temp_hi+temp_lo\)/2 AS temp_avg, date FROM weather;)-6 E +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.411(Arbitrary Boolean operators \()108 126.3 R +/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(and)4.161 E F1(,)A F2(or)4.161 E F1(and)4.161 E +F2(not)4.161 E F1 4.161(\)a)C 1.411(re allo)-4.161 F 1.411 +(wed in the quali\214cation of an)-.275 F(y)-.165 E(query)108 139.5 Q +5.5(.F)-.715 G(or e)-5.665 E(xample,)-.165 E F0(SELECT *)148 164.7 Q +(FROM weather)160 176.9 Q(WHERE city = 'San Francisco')160 189.1 Q +(and prcp > 0.0;)178 201.3 Q .4 LW 464 231.8 148 231.8 DL 63 +(city temp_lo)153 241.5 R 9(temp_hi prcp date)15 F 464 246 148 246 DL +(San Francisco)153 255.7 Q 39(46 50 0.25)15 F(11-27-1994)15 E 464 260.2 +148 260.2 DL 464 231.8 464 260.2 DL 148 231.8 148 260.2 DL 391.5 231.8 +391.5 260.2 DL 352.5 231.8 352.5 260.2 DL 295.5 231.8 295.5 260.2 DL +238.5 231.8 238.5 260.2 DL F1 1.312 +(As a \214nal note, you can specify that the results of a)108 285.8 R F2 +(select)4.062 E F1 1.312(can be returned in a sorted)4.062 F +(order or with duplicate instances remo)108 299 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(d.) +.165 E F0(SELECT DISTINCT city)148 324.2 Q(FROM weather)160 336.4 Q +(ORDER BY city;)160 348.6 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.5. Redir)72 387.8 +R(ecting SELECT Queries)-.216 E F1(An)108 404.9 Q(y)-.165 E F2(select) +2.75 E F1(query can be redirected to a ne)2.75 E 2.75(wc)-.275 G(lass) +-2.75 E F0(SELECT * INTO temp from weather;)148 430.1 Q F1 1.177 +(This creates an implicit)108 460.2 R F2(cr)3.928 E(eate)-.198 E F1 +1.178(command, creating a ne)3.928 F 3.928(wc)-.275 G(lass)-3.928 E/F4 +11/Courier@0 SF(temp)3.928 E F1 1.178(with the attrib)3.928 F(ute)-.22 E +1.316(names and types speci\214ed in the tar)108 473.4 R 1.315 +(get list of the)-.198 F F2 1.315(SELECT INT)4.065 F(O)-.198 E F1 4.065 +(command. W)4.065 F 4.065(ec)-.88 G(an)-4.065 E 1.632 +(then, of course, perform an)108 486.6 R 4.383(yo)-.165 G 1.633 +(perations on the resulting class that we can perform on)-4.383 F +(other classes.)108 499.8 Q F3 3(4.6. J)72 526 R(oins Between Classes) +-.18 E F1 .273(Thus f)108 543.1 R(ar)-.11 E 3.023(,o)-.44 G .273 +(ur queries ha)-3.023 F .603 -.165(ve o)-.22 H .273 +(nly accessed one class at a time.).165 F .272 +(Queries can access multiple)5.773 F .191 +(classes at once, or access the same class in such a w)108 556.3 R .191 +(ay that multiple instances of the class)-.11 F 1.49 +(are being processed at the same time.)108 569.5 R 4.24(Aq)6.99 G 1.489 +(uery that accesses multiple instances of the)-4.24 F(same or dif)108 +582.7 Q(ferent classes at one time is called a)-.275 E/F5 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(join query)2.75 E F1(.)A 1.057(As an e)108 599.8 R +1.057(xample, say we wish to \214nd all the records that are in the tem\ +perature range of)-.165 F 1.094(other records. In ef)108 613 R 1.093 +(fect, we need to compare the)-.275 F F4(temp_lo)3.843 E F1(and)3.843 E +F4(temp_hi)3.843 E F1(attrib)3.843 E 1.093(utes of)-.22 F(each)108 628.4 +Q F4(EMP)3.027 E F1 .277(instance to the)3.027 F F4(temp_lo)3.027 E F1 +(and)3.027 E F4(temp_hi)3.027 E F1(attrib)3.027 E .277 +(utes of all other)-.22 F F4(EMP)3.027 E F1(instances.)3.027 E/F6 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)-4.4 I F1 1.76 -.88(We c)108 641.6 T +(an do this with the follo).88 E(wing query:)-.275 E F0 +(SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo, W1.temp_hi,)148 666.8 Q +(W2.city, W2.temp_lo, W2.temp_hi)202 679 Q .32 LW 76 688.6 72 688.6 DL +80 688.6 76 688.6 DL 84 688.6 80 688.6 DL 88 688.6 84 688.6 DL 92 688.6 +88 688.6 DL 96 688.6 92 688.6 DL 100 688.6 96 688.6 DL 104 688.6 100 +688.6 DL 108 688.6 104 688.6 DL 112 688.6 108 688.6 DL 116 688.6 112 +688.6 DL 120 688.6 116 688.6 DL 124 688.6 120 688.6 DL 128 688.6 124 +688.6 DL 132 688.6 128 688.6 DL 136 688.6 132 688.6 DL 140 688.6 136 +688.6 DL 144 688.6 140 688.6 DL 148 688.6 144 688.6 DL 152 688.6 148 +688.6 DL 156 688.6 152 688.6 DL 160 688.6 156 688.6 DL 164 688.6 160 +688.6 DL 168 688.6 164 688.6 DL 172 688.6 168 688.6 DL 176 688.6 172 +688.6 DL 180 688.6 176 688.6 DL 184 688.6 180 688.6 DL 188 688.6 184 +688.6 DL 192 688.6 188 688.6 DL 196 688.6 192 688.6 DL 200 688.6 196 +688.6 DL 204 688.6 200 688.6 DL 208 688.6 204 688.6 DL 212 688.6 208 +688.6 DL 216 688.6 212 688.6 DL/F7 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(2)93.6 699 Q F6 +.094(This is only a conceptual model.)2.094 3.2 N .095 +(The actual join may be performed in a more ef)4.095 F .095 +(\214cient manner)-.2 F 2.095(,b)-.32 G .095(ut this is in)-2.255 F .095 +(visible to the user)-.32 F(.)-.44 E F2(14)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(FROM weather W1, weather W2)148 96.2 Q +(WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo)148 108.4 Q(and W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi;) +178 120.6 Q .4 LW 557 151.1 148 151.1 DL 63(city temp_lo)153 160.8 R 9 +(temp_hi city)15 F 9(temp_lo temp_hi)69 F 557 165.3 148 165.3 DL +(San Francisco)153 175 Q 39(43 57 San)15 F 9(Francisco 46)6 F(50)45 E +557 179.5 148 179.5 DL(San Francisco)153 189.2 Q 39(37 54 San)15 F 9 +(Francisco 46)6 F(50)45 E 557 193.7 148 193.7 DL 557 151.1 557 193.7 DL +148 151.1 148 193.7 DL 502.5 151.1 502.5 193.7 DL 445.5 151.1 445.5 +193.7 DL 352.5 151.1 352.5 193.7 DL 295.5 151.1 295.5 193.7 DL 238.5 +151.1 238.5 193.7 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .966(In this case, both)108 +215.4 R/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(W1)3.716 E F1(and)3.716 E F2(W2)3.716 E F1 +(are)3.716 E/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(surr)3.716 E -.11(og)-.495 G(ates) +.11 E F1 .966(for an instance of the class)3.716 F F2(weather)3.716 E F1 +3.716(,a)C(nd)-3.716 E .53(both range o)108 228.6 R -.165(ve)-.165 G +3.28(ra).165 G .53(ll instances of the class.)-3.28 F .529 +(\(In the terminology of most database systems,)6.03 F F2(W1)108 241.8 Q +F1(and)3.184 E F2(W2)3.184 E F1 .434(are kno)3.184 F .434 +(wn as \231range v)-.275 F(ariables.)-.275 E 3.184(\232\) A)-.77 F .434 +(query can contain an arbitrary number of)3.184 F +(class names and surrog)108 257.2 Q(ates.)-.055 E/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(3)-4.4 I/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(4.7. Updates)72 283.4 R F1 -1.21(Yo) +108 300.5 S 3.226(uc)1.21 G .476(an update e)-3.226 F .476 +(xisting instances using the)-.165 F/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(update)3.226 +E F1 .475(command. Suppose you disco)3.226 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.225(rt) +.165 G(he)-3.225 E .94(temperature readings are all of)108 313.7 R 3.69 +(fb)-.275 G 3.69(y2d)-3.69 G -.165(eg)-3.69 G .94(rees as of No).165 F +3.69(v2)-.165 G .94(8, you may update the data as)-3.69 F(follo)108 +326.9 Q(w:)-.275 E F0 6(*U)148 352.1 S(PDATE weather)-6 E +(SET temp_hi = temp_hi - 2,)160 364.3 Q(temp_lo = temp_lo - 2)12 E +(WHERE date > '11/28/1994;)160 376.5 Q F5 3(4.8. Deletions)72 415.7 R F1 +(Deletions are performed using the)108 432.8 Q F6(delete)2.75 E F1 +(command:)2.75 E F0 6(*D)148 458 S +(ELETE FROM weather WHERE city = 'Hayward';)-6 E F1 +(All weather recording belongs to Hayw)108 484.2 Q(ard is remo)-.11 E +-.165(ve)-.165 G(d.).165 E(One should be w)108 501.3 Q +(ary of queries of the form)-.11 E F0(DELETE FROM)148 526.5 Q/F7 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(classname;)6 E F1 -.44(Wi)108 552.7 S .494 +(thout a quali\214cation, the).44 F F6(delete)3.244 E F1 .493 +(command will simply delete all instances of the gi)3.243 F -.165(ve) +-.275 G(n).165 E(class, lea)108 565.9 Q(ving it empty)-.22 E 5.5(.T) +-.715 G(he system)-5.5 E F6(will not r)2.75 E(equest con\214rmation) +-.198 E F1(before doing this.)2.75 E F5 3(4.9. Using)72 592.1 R(Aggr)3 E +(egate Functions)-.216 E F1(Lik)108 609.2 Q 2.854(em)-.11 G .104 +(ost other query languages,)-2.854 F/F8 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES) +2.854 E F1 .104(supports aggre)2.854 F -.055(ga)-.165 G .104 +(te functions.).055 F(Ho)5.604 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .985 -.44 +(r, t).165 H(he).44 E 1.225(current implementation of)108 622.4 R F8 +(POSTGRES)3.974 E F1(aggre)3.974 E -.055(ga)-.165 G 1.224 +(te functions is v).055 F 1.224(ery limited.)-.165 F(Speci\214cally) +6.724 E(,)-.715 E 3.444(while there are aggre)108 635.6 R -.055(ga)-.165 +G 3.444(tes to compute such functions as the count, sum, a).055 F -.165 +(ve)-.22 G(rage,).165 E .32 LW 76 645.2 72 645.2 DL 80 645.2 76 645.2 DL +84 645.2 80 645.2 DL 88 645.2 84 645.2 DL 92 645.2 88 645.2 DL 96 645.2 +92 645.2 DL 100 645.2 96 645.2 DL 104 645.2 100 645.2 DL 108 645.2 104 +645.2 DL 112 645.2 108 645.2 DL 116 645.2 112 645.2 DL 120 645.2 116 +645.2 DL 124 645.2 120 645.2 DL 128 645.2 124 645.2 DL 132 645.2 128 +645.2 DL 136 645.2 132 645.2 DL 140 645.2 136 645.2 DL 144 645.2 140 +645.2 DL 148 645.2 144 645.2 DL 152 645.2 148 645.2 DL 156 645.2 152 +645.2 DL 160 645.2 156 645.2 DL 164 645.2 160 645.2 DL 168 645.2 164 +645.2 DL 172 645.2 168 645.2 DL 176 645.2 172 645.2 DL 180 645.2 176 +645.2 DL 184 645.2 180 645.2 DL 188 645.2 184 645.2 DL 192 645.2 188 +645.2 DL 196 645.2 192 645.2 DL 200 645.2 196 645.2 DL 204 645.2 200 +645.2 DL 208 645.2 204 645.2 DL 212 645.2 208 645.2 DL 216 645.2 212 +645.2 DL/F9 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(3)93.6 655.6 Q F4 .265 +(The semantics of such a join are that the quali\214cation is a truth e) +2.265 3.2 N .264 +(xpression de\214ned for the Cartesian product of the classes in-)-.12 F +.273(dicated in the query)72 668.4 R 4.273(.F)-.52 G .273(or those inst\ +ances in the Cartesian product for which the quali\214cation is true,) +-4.393 F/F10 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.274 E F4 .274 +(computes and returns)2.274 F .98(the v)72 678 R .98 +(alues speci\214ed in the tar)-.2 F .979(get list.)-.144 F F10(POSTGRES) +4.979 E F4 .979(SQL does not assign an)2.979 F 2.979(ym)-.12 G .979 +(eaning to duplicate v)-2.979 F .979(alues in such e)-.2 F 2.979 +(xpressions. This)-.12 F .344(means that)72 687.6 R F10(POSTGRES)2.344 E +F4 .344(sometimes recomputes the same tar)2.344 F .344(get list se)-.144 +F -.12(ve)-.2 G .344 +(ral times \212 this frequently happens when Boolean e).12 F(xpressions) +-.12 E(are connected with an)72 697.2 Q/F11 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(or)2 E F4 +4(.T)C 2(or)-4.64 G(emo)-2 E .24 -.12(ve s)-.12 H +(uch duplicates, you must use the).12 E F11(select distinct)2 E F4 +(statement.)2 E F6(15)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .561(maximum and minimum o)108 97.2 R -.165(ve) +-.165 G 3.31(ras).165 G .56(et of instances, aggre)-3.31 F -.055(ga) +-.165 G .56(tes can only appear in the tar).055 F(get)-.198 E +(list of a query and not in the quali\214cation \()108 110.4 Q/F1 11 +/Courier@0 SF(where)2.75 E F0(clause\) As an e)2.75 E(xample,)-.165 E/F2 +10/Courier@0 SF(SELECT max\(temp_lo\))148 135.6 Q(FROM weather;)148 +147.8 Q F0(Aggre)108 174 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G(tes may also ha).055 E .33 +-.165(ve G)-.22 H -.44(RO).165 G(UP BY clauses:).44 E F2 +(SELECT city, max\(temp_lo\))148 199.2 Q(FROM weather)148 211.4 Q +(GROUP BY city;)148 223.6 Q/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(16)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(5. AD)72 165.4 R -2.565(VA)-.76 G +(NCED POSTGRES SQL FEA)2.565 E(TURES)-1.805 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL +80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 +178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL +113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 +DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 +178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 +152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 +168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 +178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 +178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL +223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 +DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 +178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 +262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 +278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 +178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 +178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL +333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 +DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 +178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 +372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 +388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 +178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 +178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL +443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 +DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 +178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 +482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 +498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(Ha)108 208.9 Q .065(ving co)-.22 F +-.165(ve)-.165 G .065(red the basics of using).165 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 +SF(POSTGRES)2.816 E F1 .066(SQL to access your data, we will no)2.816 F +2.816(wd)-.275 G(is-)-2.816 E 1.624(cuss those features of)108 222.1 R +F2(POSTGRES)4.374 E F1 1.624(that distinguish it from con)4.374 F -.165 +(ve)-.44 G 1.623(ntional data managers.).165 F 1.681 +(These features include inheritance, time tra)108 235.3 R -.165(ve)-.22 +G 4.431(la).165 G 1.681(nd non-atomic data v)-4.431 F 1.681 +(alues \(array- and)-.275 F(set-v)108 248.5 Q(alued attrib)-.275 E +(utes\).)-.22 E 1.195(Examples in this section can also be found in)108 +265.6 R/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(advance.sql)3.945 E F1 1.194 +(in the tutorial directory)3.945 F(.)-.715 E +(\(Refer to the introduction of the pre)108 278.8 Q +(vious chapter for ho)-.275 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(ou)-2.75 G(se it.\)) +-2.75 E/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(5.1. Inheritance)72 305 R F1(Let')108 +322.1 Q 4.858(sc)-.605 G 2.108(reate tw)-4.858 F 4.858(oc)-.11 G 2.108 +(lasses. The)-4.858 F F3(capitals)4.858 E F1 2.109 +(class contains state capitals which are also)4.858 F(cities. Naturally) +108 335.3 Q 2.75(,t)-.715 G(he)-2.75 E F3(capitals)2.75 E F1 +(class should)2.75 E/F5 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(inherit)2.75 E F1(from)2.75 +E F3(cities)2.75 E F1(.)A/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(CREATE TABLE cities \()148 +360.5 Q 66(name text,)196 372.7 R 30(population float,)196 384.9 R 42 +(altitude int)196 397.1 R(-- \(in ft\))72 E(\);)148 409.3 Q +(CREATE TABLE capitals \()148 433.7 Q 60(state char2)196 445.9 R 6(\)I) +148 458.1 S(NHERITS \(cities\);)-6 E F1 .424 +(In this case, an instance of)108 488.2 R F3(capitals)3.174 E F5 +(inherits)3.173 E F1 .423(all attrib)3.173 F .423(utes \()-.22 F F3 +(name)A F1(,)A F3(population)3.173 E F1 3.173(,a)C(nd)-3.173 E F3 +(altitude)108 501.4 Q F1 3.006(\)f)C .256(rom its parent,)-3.006 F F3 +(cities)3.006 E F1 5.756(.T)C .256(he type of the attrib)-5.756 F(ute) +-.22 E F3(name)3.006 E F1(is)3.006 E F3(text,)3.006 E F1 3.007(ab)3.007 +G(uilt-)-3.227 E(in)108 514.6 Q F2(POSTGRES)2.935 E F1 .185(type for v) +2.935 F .185(ariable length ASCII strings.)-.275 F .185 +(The type of the attrib)5.685 F(ute)-.22 E F3(popula-)2.935 E(tion)108 +527.8 Q F1(is)3.958 E F3(float4,)3.958 E F1 3.959(ab)3.958 G(uilt-in) +-4.179 E F2(POSTGRES)3.959 E F1 1.209 +(type for double precision \215oating point num-)3.959 F 2.89 +(bres. State)108 541 R .14(capitals ha)2.89 F .47 -.165(ve a)-.22 H +2.889(ne).165 G .139(xtra attrib)-3.054 F(ute,)-.22 E F3(state)2.889 E +F1 2.889(,t)C .139(hat sho)-2.889 F .139(ws their state.)-.275 F(In) +5.639 E F2(POSTGRES)2.889 E F1(,)A 3.482(ac)108 556.4 S .732 +(lass can inherit from zero or more other classes,)-3.482 F/F7 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(4)-4.4 I F1 .733(and a query can reference either all) +3.483 4.4 N .095(instances of a class or all instances of a class plus \ +all of its descendants.)108 569.6 R -.165(Fo)5.595 G 2.845(re).165 G +.095(xample, the)-3.01 F(follo)108 582.8 Q(wing query \214nds all the c\ +ities that are situated at an attitude of 500 'ft or higher:)-.275 E F6 +(SELECT name, altitude)148 608 Q(FROM cities)148 620.2 Q +(WHERE altitude > 500;)148 632.4 Q .32 LW 76 668.001 72 668.001 DL 80 +668.001 76 668.001 DL 84 668.001 80 668.001 DL 88 668.001 84 668.001 DL +92 668.001 88 668.001 DL 96 668.001 92 668.001 DL 100 668.001 96 668.001 +DL 104 668.001 100 668.001 DL 108 668.001 104 668.001 DL 112 668.001 108 +668.001 DL 116 668.001 112 668.001 DL 120 668.001 116 668.001 DL 124 +668.001 120 668.001 DL 128 668.001 124 668.001 DL 132 668.001 128 +668.001 DL 136 668.001 132 668.001 DL 140 668.001 136 668.001 DL 144 +668.001 140 668.001 DL 148 668.001 144 668.001 DL 152 668.001 148 +668.001 DL 156 668.001 152 668.001 DL 160 668.001 156 668.001 DL 164 +668.001 160 668.001 DL 168 668.001 164 668.001 DL 172 668.001 168 +668.001 DL 176 668.001 172 668.001 DL 180 668.001 176 668.001 DL 184 +668.001 180 668.001 DL 188 668.001 184 668.001 DL 192 668.001 188 +668.001 DL 196 668.001 192 668.001 DL 200 668.001 196 668.001 DL 204 +668.001 200 668.001 DL 208 668.001 204 668.001 DL 212 668.001 208 +668.001 DL 216 668.001 212 668.001 DL/F8 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(4)93.6 +678.401 Q F7(I.e., the inheritance hierarch)2 3.2 M 2(yi)-.04 G 2(sad)-2 +G(irected ac)-2 E(yclic graph.)-.12 E/F9 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(17)282.5 756 +Q EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.4 LW 275 88.5 148 88.5 DL/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 39(name altitude)153 98.2 +R 275 102.7 148 102.7 DL(Las Vegas)153 112.4 Q(2174)15 E 275 116.9 148 +116.9 DL 15(Mariposa 1953)153 126.6 R 275 131.1 148 131.1 DL 275 88.5 +275 131.1 DL 148 88.5 148 131.1 DL 214.5 88.5 214.5 131.1 DL/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .328(On the other hand, to \214nd the names of all ci\ +ties, including state capitals, that are located)108 152.8 R +(at an altitude o)108 166 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(r5).165 G +(00 'ft, the query is:)-2.75 E F0(SELECT c.name, c.altitude)148 191.2 Q +(FROM cities* c)148 203.4 Q(WHERE c.altitude > 500;)148 215.6 Q F1 +(which returns:)108 240.8 Q 275 258.3 148 258.3 DL F0 39(name altitude) +153 268 R 275 272.5 148 272.5 DL(Las Vegas)153 282.2 Q(2174)15 E 275 +286.7 148 286.7 DL 15(Mariposa 1953)153 296.4 R 275 300.9 148 300.9 DL +21(Madison 845)153 310.6 R 275 315.1 148 315.1 DL 275 258.3 275 315.1 DL +148 258.3 148 315.1 DL 214.5 258.3 214.5 315.1 DL F1 1.294(Here the)108 +336.8 R/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(*)4.044 E F1(after)4.044 E F2(cities)4.044 E +F1 1.294(indicates that the query should be run o)4.044 F -.165(ve)-.165 +G(r).165 E F2(cities)4.043 E F1 1.293(and all)4.043 F .067(classes belo) +108 350 R(w)-.275 E F2(cities)2.817 E F1 .068 +(in the inheritance hierarch)2.817 F 4.248 -.715(y. M)-.055 H(an).715 E +2.818(yo)-.165 G 2.818(ft)-2.818 G .068(he commands that we ha)-2.818 F +-.165(ve)-.22 G .907(already discussed \212)108 363.2 R/F3 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(select)3.657 E F1(,)A F3(update)3.657 E F1(and)3.657 E +F3(delete)3.657 E F1 3.657<8a73>3.657 G .907(upport this)-3.657 F F2(*) +3.657 E F1 .906(notation, as do others,)3.656 F(lik)108 376.4 Q(e)-.11 E +F3(alter)2.75 E F1(command.)2.75 E/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(5.2. T)72 +402.6 R(ime T)-.216 E(ra)-.888 E -.12(ve)-.3 G(l).12 E/F5 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 419.7 Q F1 .259(supports the notion of) +3.009 F/F6 11/Times-Italic@0 SF .26(time tr)3.01 F(avel)-.165 E F1 5.76 +(.T)C .26(his feature allo)-5.76 F .26(ws a user to run historical)-.275 +F 2.75(queries. F)108 432.9 R(or e)-.165 E +(xample, to \214nd the current population of Mariposa city)-.165 E 2.75 +(,o)-.715 G(ne w)-2.75 E(ould query:)-.11 E F0 +(SELECT * FROM cities WHERE name = 'Mariposa';)148 458.1 Q 344 488.6 148 +488.6 DL 33(name population)153 498.3 R(altitude)15 E 344 502.8 148 +502.8 DL 9(Mariposa 1320)153 512.5 R(1953)51 E 344 517 148 517 DL 344 +488.6 344 517 DL 148 488.6 148 517 DL 283.5 488.6 283.5 517 DL 208.5 +488.6 208.5 517 DL F5(POSTGRES)108 538.7 Q F1 1.068 +(will automatically \214nd the v)3.818 F 1.068(ersion of Mariposa')-.165 +F 3.817(sr)-.605 G 1.067(ecord v)-3.817 F 1.067(alid at the current) +-.275 F(time.)108 551.9 Q .794(One can also gi)108 569 R 1.124 -.165 +(ve a t)-.275 H(ime).165 E F6 -.165(ra)3.545 G(ng).165 E(e)-.11 E F1 +6.295(.F)C .795(or e)-6.46 F .795 +(xample to see the past and present populations of)-.165 F +(Mariposa, one w)108 582.2 Q(ould query:)-.11 E F0 +(SELECT name, population)148 607.4 Q(FROM cities['epoch', 'now'])148 +619.6 Q(WHERE name = 'Mariposa';)148 631.8 Q F1 .81 +(where \231epoch\232 indicates the be)108 660.2 R .81 +(ginning of the system clock.)-.165 F/F7 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(5)-4.4 I F1 +.809(If you ha)3.559 4.4 N 1.139 -.165(ve exe)-.22 H .809(cuted all of) +.165 F(the e)108 672.4 Q(xamples so f)-.165 E(ar)-.11 E 2.75(,t)-.44 G +(hen the abo)-2.75 E .33 -.165(ve q)-.165 H(uery returns:).165 E .32 LW +76 682 72 682 DL 80 682 76 682 DL 84 682 80 682 DL 88 682 84 682 DL 92 +682 88 682 DL 96 682 92 682 DL 100 682 96 682 DL 104 682 100 682 DL 108 +682 104 682 DL 112 682 108 682 DL 116 682 112 682 DL 120 682 116 682 DL +124 682 120 682 DL 128 682 124 682 DL 132 682 128 682 DL 136 682 132 682 +DL 140 682 136 682 DL 144 682 140 682 DL 148 682 144 682 DL 152 682 148 +682 DL 156 682 152 682 DL 160 682 156 682 DL 164 682 160 682 DL 168 682 +164 682 DL 172 682 168 682 DL 176 682 172 682 DL 180 682 176 682 DL 184 +682 180 682 DL 188 682 184 682 DL 192 682 188 682 DL 196 682 192 682 DL +200 682 196 682 DL 204 682 200 682 DL 208 682 204 682 DL 212 682 208 682 +DL 216 682 212 682 DL/F8 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(5)93.6 692.4 Q F7(On)2 3.2 M +/F9 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2 E F7(systems, this is al)2 E -.08(wa)-.08 +G(ys midnight, January 1, 1970 GMT).08 E(.)-.592 E F3(18)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.4 LW 281 88.5 148 88.5 DL/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 33(name population)153 +98.2 R 281 102.7 148 102.7 DL 9(Mariposa 1200)153 112.4 R 281 116.9 148 +116.9 DL 9(Mariposa 1320)153 126.6 R 281 131.1 148 131.1 DL 281 88.5 281 +131.1 DL 148 88.5 148 131.1 DL 208.5 88.5 208.5 131.1 DL/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .247(The def)108 156.7 R .247(ault be)-.11 F .247(gin\ +ning of a time range is the earliest time representable by the system a\ +nd)-.165 F 2.009(the def)108 169.9 R 2.009 +(ault end is the current time; thus, the abo)-.11 F 2.338 -.165(ve t) +-.165 H 2.008(ime range can be abbre).165 F 2.008(viated as)-.275 F +-.814(``)108 183.1 S/F2 11/Courier@0 SF([,]).814 E F1 -.77(.')C(')-.044 +E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(5.3. Non-Atomic)72 209.3 R -1.104(Va)3 G(lues) +1.104 E F1 1.373 +(One of the tenets of the relational model is that the attrib)108 226.4 +R 1.374(utes of a relation are)-.22 F/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(atomic) +4.124 E F1(.)A/F5 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 239.6 Q F1 1.647 +(does not ha)4.397 F 1.976 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 1.646 +(his restriction; attrib).165 F 1.646(utes can themselv)-.22 F 1.646 +(es contain sub-v)-.165 F(alues)-.275 E .112 +(that can be accessed from the query language.)108 252.8 R -.165(Fo) +5.612 G 2.862(re).165 G .113(xample, you can create attrib)-3.027 F .113 +(utes that)-.22 F(are)108 266 Q F4(arr)2.75 E(ays)-.165 E F1 +(of base types.)2.75 E F3 3(5.3.1. Arrays)72 292.2 R F5(POSTGRES)108 +309.3 Q F1(allo)4.98 E 2.23(ws attrib)-.275 F 2.23 +(utes of an instance to be de\214ned as \214x)-.22 F 2.23 +(ed-length or v)-.165 F(ariable-)-.275 E .319 +(length multi-dimensional arrays. Arrays of an)108 322.5 R 3.069(yb) +-.165 G .319(ase type or user)-3.069 F .319(-de\214ned type can be cre-) +-.22 F(ated. T)108 335.7 Q 2.75(oi)-.88 G(llustrate their use, we \214r\ +st create a class with arrays of base types.)-2.75 E F0 6(*C)148 360.9 S +(REATE TABLE SAL_EMP \()-6 E 66(name text,)196 373.1 R 6 +(pay_by_quarter int4[],)196 385.3 R 42(schedule char16[][])196 397.5 R +(\);)148 409.7 Q F1 .313(The abo)108 435.9 R .643 -.165(ve q)-.165 H +.313(uery will create a class named).165 F F2(SAL_EMP)3.062 E F1 .312 +(with a)3.062 F F2(text)3.062 E F1 .312(string \()3.062 F F2(name)A F1 +.312(\), a one-)B 3.084(dimensional array of)108 449.1 R F2(int4)5.834 E +F1(\()5.834 E F2(pay_by_quarter)A F1 3.084 +(\), which represents the emplo)B(yee')-.11 E(s)-.605 E 1.396 +(salary by quarter and a tw)108 462.3 R 1.396(o-dimensional array of) +-.11 F F2(char16)4.146 E F1(\()4.146 E F2(schedule)A F1 1.396 +(\), which repre-)B 1.737(sents the emplo)108 475.5 R(yee')-.11 E 4.487 +(sw)-.605 G 1.737(eekly schedule.)-4.487 F(No)7.237 E 4.487(ww)-.275 G +4.487(ed)-4.487 G 4.487(os)-4.487 G(ome)-4.487 E F2(INSERTS)4.487 E F1 +1.737(s; note that when)B .034(appending to an array)108 488.7 R 2.784 +(,w)-.715 G 2.784(ee)-2.784 G .034(nclose the v)-2.784 F .034 +(alues within braces and separate them by commas.)-.275 F(If you kno)108 +501.9 Q 2.75(wC)-.275 G 2.75(,t)-2.75 G(his is not unlik)-2.75 E 2.75 +(et)-.11 G(he syntax for initializing structures.)-2.75 E F0 +(INSERT INTO SAL_EMP)148 527.1 Q(VALUES \('Bill',)178 539.3 Q +('{10000, 10000, 10000, 10000}',)226 551.5 Q +('{{"meeting", "lunch"}, {}}'\);)226 563.7 Q(INSERT INTO SAL_EMP)148 +588.1 Q(VALUES \('Carol',)178 600.3 Q('{20000, 25000, 25000, 25000}',) +226 612.5 Q('{{"talk", "consult"}, {"meeting"}}'\);)226 624.7 Q F1 .582 +(By def)108 650.9 R(ault,)-.11 E F5(POSTGRES)3.332 E F1 .583 +(uses the \231one-based\232 numbering con)3.332 F -.165(ve)-.44 G .583 +(ntion for arrays \212 that is,).165 F(an array of)108 664.1 Q F4(n) +3.146 E F1(elements starts with array[1] and ends with array[)3.014 E F4 +(n).396 E F1(].).264 E(No)108 681.2 Q 1.852 -.715(w, w)-.275 H 3.172(ec) +.715 G .422(an run some queries on)-3.172 F F2(SAL_EMP)3.172 E F1 5.921 +(.F)C .421(irst, we sho)-5.921 F 3.171(wh)-.275 G .971 -.275(ow t)-3.171 +H 3.171(oa).275 G .421(ccess a single ele-)-3.171 F .803 +(ment of an array at a time.)108 694.4 R .804(This query retrie)6.304 F +-.165(ve)-.275 G 3.554(st).165 G .804(he names of the emplo)-3.554 F +.804(yees whose pay)-.11 F(changed in the second quarter:)108 707.6 Q/F6 +11/Times-Bold@0 SF(19)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*S)148 96.2 S(ELECT name)-6 E(FROM SAL_EMP)160 +108.4 Q(WHERE SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[1] <>)160 120.6 Q +(SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[2];)208 132.8 Q .4 LW 188 163.3 148 163.3 DL +(name)153 173 Q 188 177.5 148 177.5 DL(Carol)153 187.2 Q 188 191.7 148 +191.7 DL 188 163.3 188 191.7 DL 148 163.3 148 191.7 DL/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(This query retrie)108 213.4 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75 +(st).165 G(he third quarter pay of all emplo)-2.75 E(yees:)-.11 E F0 6 +(*S)148 238.6 S(ELECT SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[3] FROM SAL_EMP;)-6 E 242 +269.1 148 269.1 DL(pay_by_quarter)153 278.8 Q 242 283.3 148 283.3 DL +(10000)153 293 Q 242 297.5 148 297.5 DL(25000)153 307.2 Q 242 311.7 148 +311.7 DL 242 269.1 242 311.7 DL 148 269.1 148 311.7 DL F1 1.873 -.88 +(We c)108 333.4 T .113(an also access arbitrary).88 F/F2 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(slices)2.863 E F1 .113(of an array)2.863 F 2.863(,o) +-.715 G(r)-2.863 E F2(subarr)2.863 E(ays)-.165 E F1 5.613(.T)C .113 +(his query retrie)-5.613 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.863(st).165 G .112 +(he \214rst)-2.863 F(item on Bill')108 346.6 Q 2.75(ss)-.605 G +(chedule for the \214rst tw)-2.75 E 2.75(od)-.11 G(ays of the week.) +-2.75 E F0 6(*S)148 371.8 S(ELECT SAL_EMP.schedule[1:2][1:1])-6 E +(FROM SAL_EMP)160 384 Q(WHERE SAL_EMP.name = 'Bill';)160 396.2 Q 266 +426.7 148 426.7 DL(schedule)153 436.4 Q 266 440.9 148 440.9 DL +({{"meeting"},{""}})153 450.6 Q 266 455.1 148 455.1 DL 266 426.7 266 +455.1 DL 148 426.7 148 455.1 DL/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(20)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(6. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: AN O) +4.75 E(VER)-.95 E(VIEW)-1.045 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 +178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 +178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 +108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 +124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 +178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 +178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL +179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 +DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 +178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 +218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 +234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 +178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 +178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL +289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 +DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 +178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 +328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 +344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 +178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 +178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL +399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 +DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 +178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 +438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 +454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 +178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 +178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.923(In the sections that follo)108 208.9 R +3.353 -.715(w, w)-.275 H 4.673(ew).715 G 1.923(ill discuss ho)-4.673 F +4.673(wy)-.275 G 1.923(ou can e)-4.673 F 1.923(xtend the)-.165 F/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.674 E F1(SQL)4.674 E +(query language by adding:)108 222.1 Q 5.5<8366>113.5 239.2 S(unctions) +-5.5 E 5.5<8374>113.5 252.4 S(ypes)-5.5 E 5.5<836f>113.5 265.6 S +(perators)-5.5 E 5.5<8361>113.5 278.8 S(ggre)-5.5 E -.055(ga)-.165 G +(tes).055 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(6.1. Ho)72 305 R 3(wE)-.12 G +(xtensibility W)-3 E(orks)-.9 E F2(POSTGRES)108 322.1 Q F1 .453(is e) +3.203 F .453(xtensible because its operation is)-.165 F/F4 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(catalo)3.202 E(g-driven)-.11 E F1 5.952(.I)C 3.202 +(fy)-5.952 G .452(ou are f)-3.202 F .452(amiliar with)-.11 F .211 +(standard relational systems, you kno)108 335.3 R 2.961(wt)-.275 G .211 +(hat the)-2.961 F 2.961(ys)-.165 G .211 +(tore information about databases, tables,)-2.961 F .408 +(columns, etc., in what are commonly kno)108 348.5 R .408(wn as)-.275 F +F4 .408(system catalo)3.158 F(gs)-.11 E F1 5.908(.\()C .407 +(Some systems call this)-5.908 F(the)108 361.7 Q F4 1.187 +(data dictionary)3.937 F F1 3.937(\). The)B 1.187 +(catalogs appear to the user as classes, lik)3.937 F 3.938(ea)-.11 G +1.518 -.165(ny o)-3.938 H(ther).165 E 3.938(,b)-.44 G 1.188(ut the) +-4.158 F .658(DBMS stores its internal bookk)108 374.9 R .658 +(eeping in them.)-.11 F .657(One k)6.158 F .987 -.165(ey d)-.11 H(if) +.165 E .657(ference between)-.275 F F2(POSTGRES)3.407 E F1 1.334 +(and standard relational systems is that)108 388.1 R F2(POSTGRES)4.084 E +F1 1.335(stores much more information in its)4.084 F .253 +(catalogs \212 not only information about tables and columns, b)108 +401.3 R .253(ut also information about its)-.22 F .778 +(types, functions, access methods, and so on.)108 414.5 R .778 +(These classes can be modi\214ed by the user)6.278 F(,)-.44 E .625 +(and since)108 427.7 R F2(POSTGRES)3.375 E F1 .624 +(bases its internal operation on these classes, this means that)3.375 F +F2(POST)3.374 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 440.9 Q F1 .205(can be e)2.955 F .205 +(xtended by users.)-.165 F .206(By comparison, con)5.706 F -.165(ve)-.44 +G .206(ntional database systems can only).165 F .07(be e)108 454.1 R .07 +(xtended by changing hard-coded procedures within the DBMS or by loadin\ +g modules)-.165 F(specially-written by the DBMS v)108 467.3 Q(endor) +-.165 E(.)-.605 E F2(POSTGRES)108 484.4 Q F1 1.749(is also unlik)4.499 F +4.499(em)-.11 G 1.75(ost other data managers in that the serv)-4.499 F +1.75(er can incorporate)-.165 F(user)108 497.6 Q 1.338 +(-written code into itself through)-.22 F F4 1.338(dynamic loading)4.088 +F F1 6.838(.T)C 1.338(hat is, the user can specify an)-6.838 F .323 +(object code \214le \(e.g., a compiled)108 510.8 R/F5 11/Courier@0 SF +(.o)3.073 E F1 .323(\214le or shared library\) that implements a ne) +3.073 F 3.074(wt)-.275 G .324(ype or)-3.074 F 1.527(function and)108 524 +R F2(POSTGRES)4.277 E F1 1.527(will load it as required.)4.277 F 1.526 +(Code written in SQL are e)7.026 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.276(nm).165 G(ore) +-4.276 E(tri)108 537.2 Q(vial to add to the serv)-.275 E(er)-.165 E(.) +-.605 E 1.451 +(This ability to modify its operation \231on the \215y\232 mak)108 554.3 +R(es)-.11 E F2(POSTGRES)4.201 E F1 1.451(uniquely suited for)4.201 F +(rapid prototyping of ne)108 567.5 Q 2.75(wa)-.275 G +(pplications and storage structures.)-2.75 E F3 3(6.2. The)72 593.7 R/F6 +11/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSTGRES)3 E F3 -.888(Ty)3 G(pe System).888 E F1(The) +108 610.8 Q F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(type system can be brok)2.75 E(en do) +-.11 E(wn in se)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(ral w).165 E(ays.)-.11 E -.88 +(Ty)108 627.9 S .435(pes are di).88 F .435(vided into)-.275 F F4(base) +3.185 E F1 .435(types and)3.185 F F4(composite)3.185 E F1 3.184 +(types. Base)3.184 F .434(types are those, lik)3.184 F(e)-.11 E F5(int4) +3.184 E F1(,)A 1.371(that are implemented in a language such as C.)108 +641.1 R(The)6.871 E 4.121(yg)-.165 G 1.371 +(enerally correspond to what are)-4.121 F .34(often kno)108 654.3 R .34 +(wn as \231abstract data types\232;)-.275 F F2(POSTGRES)3.09 E F1 .34 +(can only operate on such types through)3.09 F 1.733(methods pro)108 +667.5 R 1.733(vided by the user and only understands the beha)-.165 F +1.734(vior of such types to the)-.22 F -.165(ex)108 680.7 S .736 +(tent that the user describes them.).165 F .736 +(Composite types are created whene)6.236 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.486(rt) +.165 G .736(he user cre-)-3.486 F 1.165(ates a class.)108 693.9 R F5 +(EMP)6.665 E F1 1.166(is an e)3.915 F 1.166(xample of a composite type.) +-.165 F F2(POSTGRES)6.666 E F1 1.166(stores these types in)3.916 F .58 +(only one w)108 707.1 R .58 +(ay \(within the \214le that stores all instances of the class\) b)-.11 +F .579(ut the user can \231look)-.22 F 2.912(inside\232 at the attrib) +108 720.3 R 2.913 +(utes of these types from the query language and optimize their)-.22 F +F6(21)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(retrie)108 97.2 Q -.275(va)-.275 G 2.75(lb).275 +G 2.75(y\()-2.75 G(for e)-2.75 E +(xample\) de\214ning indices on the attrib)-.165 E(utes.)-.22 E/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 114.3 Q F0 2.579 +(base types are further di)5.329 F 2.579(vided into)-.275 F/F2 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.22(bu)5.329 G(ilt-in).22 E F0 2.578(types and)5.328 +F F2(user)5.328 E(-de\214ned)-.22 E F0(types.)5.328 E 2.057 +(Built-in types \(lik)108 127.5 R(e)-.11 E/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(int4)4.808 +E F0 4.808(\)a)C 2.058(re those that are compiled into the system.) +-4.808 F(User)7.558 E(-de\214ned)-.22 E +(types are those created by the user in the manner to be described belo) +108 140.7 Q -.715(w.)-.275 G/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(6.3. About)72 166.9 +R(the)3 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(POSTGRES)3 E F4(System Catalogs)3 E F0 +(Ha)108 184 Q 1.236(ving introduced the basic e)-.22 F 1.236 +(xtensibility concepts, we can no)-.165 F 3.986(wt)-.275 G(ak)-3.986 E +3.986(eal)-.11 G 1.236(ook at ho)-3.986 F 3.985(wt)-.275 G(he)-3.985 E +.694(catalogs are actually laid out.)108 197.2 R -1.21(Yo)6.194 G 3.444 +(uc)1.21 G .695(an skip this section for no)-3.444 F 2.125 -.715(w, b) +-.275 H .695(ut some later sections).495 F .649 +(will be incomprehensible without the information gi)108 210.4 R -.165 +(ve)-.275 G 3.399(nh).165 G .649(ere, so mark this page for later)-3.399 +F(reference.)108 223.6 Q 2.139(All system catalogs ha)108 240.7 R 2.469 +-.165(ve n)-.22 H 2.139(ames that be).165 F 2.14(gin with)-.165 F F3 +(pg_)4.89 E F0 7.64(.T)C 2.14(he follo)-7.64 F 2.14 +(wing classes contain)-.275 F .912 +(information that may be useful to the end user)108 253.9 R 6.411(.\() +-.605 G .911(There are man)-6.411 F 3.661(yo)-.165 G .911 +(ther system catalogs,)-3.661 F -.22(bu)108 267.1 S 2.75(tt).22 G +(here should rarely be a reason to query them directly)-2.75 E(.\))-.715 +E .44 LW 436.564 284.85 175.435 284.85 DL(catalog name)191.363 295.3 Q +(description)79.7 E 436.564 300.05 175.435 300.05 DL 436.564 302.05 +175.435 302.05 DL F3(pg_database)180.935 312.5 Q F0(databases)23.1 E F3 +(pg_class)180.935 325.7 Q F0(classes)42.9 E F3(pg_attribute)180.935 +338.9 Q F0(class attrib)16.5 E(utes)-.22 E F3(pg_index)180.935 352.1 Q +F0(secondary indices)42.9 E F3(pg_proc)180.935 378.5 Q F0 +(procedures \(both C and SQL\))49.5 E F3(pg_type)180.935 391.7 Q F0 +(types \(both base and comple)49.5 E(x\))-.165 E F3(pg_operator)180.935 +404.9 Q F0(operators)23.1 E F3(pg_aggregate)180.935 418.1 Q F0(aggre) +16.5 E -.055(ga)-.165 G(tes and aggre).055 E -.055(ga)-.165 G +(te functions).055 E F3(pg_am)180.935 444.5 Q F0(access methods)62.7 E +F3(pg_amop)180.935 457.7 Q F0(access method operators)49.5 E F3 +(pg_amproc)180.935 470.9 Q F0(access method support functions)36.3 E F3 +(pg_opclass)180.935 484.1 Q F0(access method operator classes)29.7 E +436.564 488.85 175.435 488.85 DL 268.385 284.85 268.385 488.85 DL +436.564 284.85 436.564 488.85 DL 175.435 284.85 175.435 488.85 DL 2.299 +(The Reference Manual gi)108 510.3 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 5.049(sam).165 G +2.299(ore detailed e)-5.049 F 2.299 +(xplanation of these catalogs and their)-.165 F(attrib)108 523.5 Q 3.35 +(utes. Ho)-.22 F(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.48 -.44(r, F).165 H .6 +(igure 3 sho).44 F .6 +(ws the major entities and their relationships in the sys-)-.275 F .557 +(tem catalogs.)108 536.7 R(\(Attrib)6.057 E .557 +(utes that do not refer to other entities are not sho)-.22 F .558 +(wn unless the)-.275 F 3.308(ya)-.165 G(re)-3.308 E(part of a primary k) +108 549.9 Q -.165(ey)-.11 G(.\))-.55 E .221(This diagram is more or les\ +s incomprehensible until you actually start looking at the con-)108 567 +R .887(tents of the catalogs and see ho)108 580.2 R 3.638(wt)-.275 G(he) +-3.638 E 3.638(yr)-.165 G .888(elate to each other)-3.638 F 6.388(.F) +-.605 G .888(or no)-6.553 F 2.318 -.715(w, t)-.275 H .888 +(he main things to).715 F(tak)108 593.4 Q 2.75(ea)-.11 G -.11(wa)-2.915 +G 2.75(yf).11 G(rom this diagram are as follo)-2.75 E(ws:)-.275 E 13.75 +(\(1\) In)113.5 610.5 R(se)3.509 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .759 +(ral of the sections that follo).165 F 2.189 -.715(w, w)-.275 H 3.509 +(ew).715 G .759(ill present v)-3.509 F .759(arious join queries on the) +-.275 F .546(system catalogs that display information we need to e) +142.826 623.7 R .546(xtend the system.)-.165 F(Looking)6.046 E .319 +(at this diagram should mak)142.826 636.9 R 3.069(es)-.11 G .319 +(ome of these join queries \(which are often three- or)-3.069 F(four) +142.826 650.1 Q(-w)-.22 E 1.791(ay joins\) more understandable, because\ + you will be able to see that the)-.11 F(attrib)142.826 663.3 Q +(utes used in the queries form foreign k)-.22 E -.165(ey)-.11 G 2.75(si) +.165 G 2.75(no)-2.75 G(ther classes.)-2.75 E 13.75(\(2\) Man)113.5 680.4 +R 2.868(yd)-.165 G(if)-2.868 E .118(ferent features \(classes, attrib) +-.275 F .117(utes, functions, types, access methods, etc.\))-.22 F 2.01 +(are tightly inte)142.826 693.6 R 2.01(grated in this schema.)-.165 F +4.76(As)7.51 G(imple)-4.76 E F5(cr)4.76 E(eate)-.198 E F0 2.01 +(command may modify)4.76 F(man)142.826 706.8 Q 2.75(yo)-.165 G 2.75(ft) +-2.75 G(hese catalogs.)-2.75 E F5(22)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 109.2 72 109.2 DL 80.5 109.2 75 109.2 DL 86 109.2 80.5 109.2 +DL 91.5 109.2 86 109.2 DL 97 109.2 91.5 109.2 DL 102.5 109.2 97 109.2 DL +108 109.2 102.5 109.2 DL 113.5 109.2 108 109.2 DL 119 109.2 113.5 109.2 +DL 124.5 109.2 119 109.2 DL 130 109.2 124.5 109.2 DL 135.5 109.2 130 +109.2 DL 141 109.2 135.5 109.2 DL 146.5 109.2 141 109.2 DL 152 109.2 +146.5 109.2 DL 157.5 109.2 152 109.2 DL 163 109.2 157.5 109.2 DL 168.5 +109.2 163 109.2 DL 174 109.2 168.5 109.2 DL 179.5 109.2 174 109.2 DL 185 +109.2 179.5 109.2 DL 190.5 109.2 185 109.2 DL 196 109.2 190.5 109.2 DL +201.5 109.2 196 109.2 DL 207 109.2 201.5 109.2 DL 212.5 109.2 207 109.2 +DL 218 109.2 212.5 109.2 DL 223.5 109.2 218 109.2 DL 229 109.2 223.5 +109.2 DL 234.5 109.2 229 109.2 DL 240 109.2 234.5 109.2 DL 245.5 109.2 +240 109.2 DL 251 109.2 245.5 109.2 DL 256.5 109.2 251 109.2 DL 262 109.2 +256.5 109.2 DL 267.5 109.2 262 109.2 DL 273 109.2 267.5 109.2 DL 278.5 +109.2 273 109.2 DL 284 109.2 278.5 109.2 DL 289.5 109.2 284 109.2 DL 295 +109.2 289.5 109.2 DL 300.5 109.2 295 109.2 DL 306 109.2 300.5 109.2 DL +311.5 109.2 306 109.2 DL 317 109.2 311.5 109.2 DL 322.5 109.2 317 109.2 +DL 328 109.2 322.5 109.2 DL 333.5 109.2 328 109.2 DL 339 109.2 333.5 +109.2 DL 344.5 109.2 339 109.2 DL 350 109.2 344.5 109.2 DL 355.5 109.2 +350 109.2 DL 361 109.2 355.5 109.2 DL 366.5 109.2 361 109.2 DL 372 109.2 +366.5 109.2 DL 377.5 109.2 372 109.2 DL 383 109.2 377.5 109.2 DL 388.5 +109.2 383 109.2 DL 394 109.2 388.5 109.2 DL 399.5 109.2 394 109.2 DL 405 +109.2 399.5 109.2 DL 410.5 109.2 405 109.2 DL 416 109.2 410.5 109.2 DL +421.5 109.2 416 109.2 DL 427 109.2 421.5 109.2 DL 432.5 109.2 427 109.2 +DL 438 109.2 432.5 109.2 DL 443.5 109.2 438 109.2 DL 449 109.2 443.5 +109.2 DL 454.5 109.2 449 109.2 DL 460 109.2 454.5 109.2 DL 465.5 109.2 +460 109.2 DL 471 109.2 465.5 109.2 DL 476.5 109.2 471 109.2 DL 482 109.2 +476.5 109.2 DL 487.5 109.2 482 109.2 DL 493 109.2 487.5 109.2 DL 498.5 +109.2 493 109.2 DL 504 109.2 498.5 109.2 DL 0 0 432 754 -433.278 761 72 +568.878 PBEGIN +%%BeginDocument: manual-er.eps +%%Title: stdin +%%Creator: fig2dev Version 3.1 Patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Sat Feb 24 21:36:26 1996 +%%For: jolly@arcadia.CS.Berkeley.EDU (Jolly Chen,421 Soda,(510) 6421863,540-5955) +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 754 761 +%%Pages: 0 +%%BeginSetup +%%IncludeFeature: *PageSize Letter +%%EndSetup +%%EndComments +/$F2psDict 200 dict def +$F2psDict begin +$F2psDict /mtrx matrix put +/col-1 {} def +/col0 {0.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col1 {0.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col2 {0.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col3 {0.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col4 {1.000 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col5 {1.000 0.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col6 {1.000 1.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col7 {1.000 1.000 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col8 {0.000 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col9 {0.000 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col10 {0.000 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col11 {0.530 0.810 1.000 srgb} bind def +/col12 {0.000 0.560 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col13 {0.000 0.690 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col14 {0.000 0.820 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col15 {0.000 0.560 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col16 {0.000 0.690 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col17 {0.000 0.820 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col18 {0.560 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col19 {0.690 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col20 {0.820 0.000 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col21 {0.560 0.000 0.560 srgb} bind def +/col22 {0.690 0.000 0.690 srgb} bind def +/col23 {0.820 0.000 0.820 srgb} bind def +/col24 {0.500 0.190 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col25 {0.630 0.250 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col26 {0.750 0.380 0.000 srgb} bind def +/col27 {1.000 0.500 0.500 srgb} bind def +/col28 {1.000 0.630 0.630 srgb} bind def +/col29 {1.000 0.750 0.750 srgb} bind def +/col30 {1.000 0.880 0.880 srgb} bind def +/col31 {1.000 0.840 0.000 srgb} bind def + +end +save +-30.0 776.0 translate +1 -1 scale + +/clp {closepath} bind def +/ef {eofill} bind def +/gr {grestore} bind def +/gs {gsave} bind def +/l {lineto} bind def +/m {moveto} bind def +/n {newpath} bind def +/s {stroke} bind def +/slc {setlinecap} bind def +/slj {setlinejoin} bind def +/slw {setlinewidth} bind def +/srgb {setrgbcolor} bind def +/rot {rotate} bind def +/sc {scale} bind def +/tr {translate} bind def +/tnt {dup dup currentrgbcolor + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add + 4 -2 roll dup 1 exch sub 3 -1 roll mul add srgb} + bind def +/shd {dup dup currentrgbcolor 4 -2 roll mul 4 -2 roll mul + 4 -2 roll mul srgb} bind def +/$F2psBegin {$F2psDict begin /$F2psEnteredState save def} def +/$F2psEnd {$F2psEnteredState restore end} def + +$F2psBegin +10 setmiterlimit + 0.90000 0.90000 sc +0.500 slw +% Polyline +n 194 414 m 259 414 l 259 454 l 274 454 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 194 234 m 274 234 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 259 134 m 239 134 l 239 394 l 199 394 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 259 54 m 219 54 l 219 389 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 199 389 m 219 389 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 279 254 m 259 254 l 259 399 l 199 399 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 234 m 199 234 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 259 74 m 199 74 l 199 214 l 179 214 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 294 m 399 294 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 239 m 459 239 l 459 514 l 499 514 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 459 494 m 499 494 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 274 m 514 274 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 474 m 439 474 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 494 m 439 494 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 514 m 439 514 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 534 m 439 534 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 554 m 439 554 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 574 m 439 574 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 594 m 439 594 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 614 m 439 614 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 634 m 439 634 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 379 654 m 439 654 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 439 279 m 514 279 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 434 439 m 444 449 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 404 269 m 414 279 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 454 439 m 464 449 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 619 634 m 659 634 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 634 519 m 644 529 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 654 579 m 664 589 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 499 494 m 519 494 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 499 514 m 519 514 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 599 104 m 599 79 l 514 79 l 514 104 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 124 m 624 104 l 514 104 l 514 124 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 459 534 m 499 534 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 499 534 m 519 534 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 459 534 m 459 514 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 229 m 499 229 l 499 314 l 519 314 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 114 m 639 114 l 639 354 l 619 354 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 454 m 419 454 l 419 414 l 739 414 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 449 m 399 449 l 399 399 l 699 399 l 699 54 l 739 54 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 449 m 719 449 l 719 94 l 739 94 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 679 134 m 744 134 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 674 159 m 684 169 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 839 74 m 859 74 l 859 249 l 844 249 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 844 254 m 859 254 l 859 434 l 839 434 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 269 m 679 269 l 679 114 l 739 114 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 274 m 679 274 l 679 474 l 739 474 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 521 284 m 514 284 514 357 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 514 364 617 364 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 624 364 624 291 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 624 284 521 284 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 604 m 179 579 l 74 579 l 74 604 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 184 704 m 184 679 l 74 679 l 74 704 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 81 604 m 74 604 74 617 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 74 624 177 624 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 184 624 184 611 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 184 604 81 604 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 184 724 m 184 704 l 74 704 l 74 724 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 614 m 199 614 l 199 714 l 184 714 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 184 764 m 184 724 l 74 724 l 74 764 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 184 784 m 184 764 l 74 764 l 74 784 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 81 724 m 74 724 74 777 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 74 784 177 784 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 184 784 184 731 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 184 724 81 724 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 166 804 m 159 804 159 812 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 159 819 172 819 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 179 819 179 811 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 179 804 166 804 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 439 654 m 439 279 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 359 94 m 419 94 l 419 269 l 514 269 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 384 234 m 479 234 l 479 334 l 519 334 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 239 739 m 279 739 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 239 759 m 279 759 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 379 314 m 399 314 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 379 334 m 399 334 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 399 294 m 399 334 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 399 274 m 399 294 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 619 614 m 639 614 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 619 594 m 639 594 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 521 464 m 514 464 514 677 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 514 684 617 684 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 624 684 624 471 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 624 464 521 464 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 639 594 m 639 614 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 619 574 m 639 574 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 619 554 m 639 554 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 624 454 m 639 454 l 639 594 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 619 654 m 659 654 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 619 674 m 659 674 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 659 674 m 659 654 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 624 279 m 659 279 l 659 634 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline + [4.4] 0 setdash +n 659 634 m 659 654 l gs col-1 s gr [] 0 setdash +% Polyline +n 154 184 m 154 159 l 69 159 l 69 184 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 76 184 m 69 184 69 237 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 69 244 172 244 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 179 244 179 191 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 179 184 76 184 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 69 224 m 179 224 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 174 414 m 194 414 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 399 m 199 399 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 394 m 199 394 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 389 m 199 389 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 404 m 179 384 l 69 384 l 69 404 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 154 384 m 154 359 l 69 359 l 69 384 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 179 424 m 179 404 l 69 404 l 69 424 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 359 224 m 359 199 l 274 199 l 274 224 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 244 m 384 224 l 274 224 l 274 244 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 344 m 384 244 l 274 244 l 274 344 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 339 44 m 339 19 l 254 19 l 254 44 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 261 44 m 254 44 254 137 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 254 144 357 144 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 364 144 364 51 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 364 44 261 44 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 254 124 m 364 124 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 819 44 m 819 19 l 734 19 l 734 44 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 741 44 m 734 44 734 137 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 734 144 837 144 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 844 144 844 51 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 844 44 741 44 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 734 104 m 844 104 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 819 244 m 819 219 l 734 219 l 734 244 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 844 264 m 844 244 l 734 244 l 734 264 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 599 264 m 599 239 l 514 239 l 514 264 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 284 m 624 264 l 514 264 l 514 284 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 364 m 624 284 l 514 284 l 514 364 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 514 344 m 624 344 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 819 404 m 819 379 l 734 379 l 734 404 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 741 404 m 734 404 734 477 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 734 484 837 484 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 844 484 844 411 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat 844 404 741 404 7 arcto 4 {pop} repeat clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 734 464 m 844 464 l gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 599 444 m 599 419 l 514 419 l 514 444 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 464 m 624 444 l 514 444 l 514 464 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 544 m 624 464 l 514 464 l 514 544 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 624 684 m 624 544 l 514 544 l 514 684 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 464 m 384 444 l 274 444 l 274 464 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 359 444 m 359 419 l 274 419 l 274 444 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Polyline +n 384 664 m 384 464 l 274 464 l 274 664 l clp gs col-1 s gr +% Interp Spline +n 219 799 m + 219.84 787.54 219.84 782.54 219 779 curveto + 217.75 773.72 212.79 763.10 209 759 curveto + 205.29 754.99 199.04 751.24 184 744 curveto + gs col-1 s gr + +n 190.34 749.27 m 184.00 744.00 l 192.08 745.67 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +589 339 m +gs 1 -1 sc ([8]) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +299 79 m +gs 1 -1 sc ([8]) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +119 659 m +gs 1 -1 sc (REFERS-TO) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +79 779 m +gs 1 -1 sc (non-key) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +249 459 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +% Polyline +n 74 194 m 59 194 l 59 394 l 69 394 l gs col-1 s gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +184 429 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +189 859 m +gs 1 -1 sc (identified by the non-oid primary key in other contexts\).) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +49 399 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +34 189 m +gs 1 -1 sc (13:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +264 229 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +184 229 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +184 209 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +229 89 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +209 379 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +229 379 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +249 379 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +229 129 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +229 49 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +389 439 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +409 439 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +389 349 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +504 264 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +489 349 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +489 329 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +389 224 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +629 369 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +629 109 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +429 669 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +504 294 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +369 89 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +469 254 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +389 254 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +284 739 m +gs 1 -1 sc (optional) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +284 759 m +gs 1 -1 sc (mandatory) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +424 194 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +709 49 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +709 89 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +629 444 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +629 469 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +629 629 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +664 639 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +649 294 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +629 264 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +669 299 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +709 489 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +689 429 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +849 449 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +849 69 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +849 244 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +849 269 m +gs 1 -1 sc (1) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +654 134 m +gs 1 -1 sc (0:N) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 18.00 scalefont setfont +39 569 m +gs 1 -1 sc (KEY:) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 239 m +gs 1 -1 sc (atttypid) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 259 m +gs 1 -1 sc (typrelid) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 279 m +gs 1 -1 sc (typinput) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 299 m +gs 1 -1 sc (typoutput) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 319 m +gs 1 -1 sc (typreceive) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 339 m +gs 1 -1 sc (typsend) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +259 139 m +gs 1 -1 sc (indexrelid) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 119 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amopselect) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 139 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amopnpages) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 359 m +gs 1 -1 sc (prolang) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 479 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amproc) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 559 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprcom) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 579 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprnegate) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 599 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprlsortop) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 619 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprrsortop) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 639 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprcode) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 659 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprrest) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 679 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprjoin) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 479 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amgettuple) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 499 m +gs 1 -1 sc (aminsert) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 519 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amdelete) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 539 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amgetattr) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 559 m +gs 1 -1 sc (ambeginscan) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 579 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amrescan) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 599 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amendscan) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 619 m +gs 1 -1 sc (ammarkpos) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 639 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amrestrpos) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 659 m +gs 1 -1 sc (ambuild) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +79 599 m +gs 1 -1 sc (DEPENDENT) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +79 699 m +gs 1 -1 sc (INDEPENDENT) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 179 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_attribute) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 379 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_class) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +259 39 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_index) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 219 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_type) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 439 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_am) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 259 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_proc) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 99 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_language) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 39 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_amop) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 239 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_opclass) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 399 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_amproc) col-1 show gr +/Times-Bold findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 439 m +gs 1 -1 sc (pg_operator) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 199 m +gs 1 -1 sc (attrelid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 219 m +gs 1 -1 sc (attnum) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 419 m +gs 1 -1 sc (relam) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +74 399 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +259 59 m +gs 1 -1 sc (indrelid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +259 79 m +gs 1 -1 sc (indkey) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +259 99 m +gs 1 -1 sc (indproc) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +259 119 m +gs 1 -1 sc (indpred) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 239 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +279 459 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 279 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 119 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 59 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amopid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 79 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amopclaid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 99 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amopopr) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 259 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 419 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 439 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amopclaid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +739 459 m +gs 1 -1 sc (amprocnum) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 459 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oid) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +79 719 m +gs 1 -1 sc (primary key) col-1 show gr +/Times-BoldItalic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +79 619 m +gs 1 -1 sc (foreign key) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +79 739 m +gs 1 -1 sc (non-oid primary) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +84 759 m +gs 1 -1 sc (key \(if any\)) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 479 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprname) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 499 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprleft) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 519 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprright) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 539 m +gs 1 -1 sc (oprresult) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 299 m +gs 1 -1 sc (proname) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 319 m +gs 1 -1 sc (prorettype) col-1 show gr +/Times-Italic findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +519 339 m +gs 1 -1 sc (proargtypes) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +189 819 m +gs 1 -1 sc (indicates these key values are alternate primary keys) col-1 show gr +/Times-Roman findfont 14.00 scalefont setfont +189 839 m +gs 1 -1 sc (\(i.e., this class is generally identified by oid but may be) col-1 show gr +$F2psEnd +restore +%%EndDocument +end PEND/F0 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(Figur)177.701 595.278 Q 2.75(e3)-.198 G +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 5.5(.T)-2.75 G(he major)-5.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(system catalogs.)2.75 E 77.5 +608.478 72 608.478 DL 80.5 608.478 75 608.478 DL 86 608.478 80.5 608.478 +DL 91.5 608.478 86 608.478 DL 97 608.478 91.5 608.478 DL 102.5 608.478 +97 608.478 DL 108 608.478 102.5 608.478 DL 113.5 608.478 108 608.478 DL +119 608.478 113.5 608.478 DL 124.5 608.478 119 608.478 DL 130 608.478 +124.5 608.478 DL 135.5 608.478 130 608.478 DL 141 608.478 135.5 608.478 +DL 146.5 608.478 141 608.478 DL 152 608.478 146.5 608.478 DL 157.5 +608.478 152 608.478 DL 163 608.478 157.5 608.478 DL 168.5 608.478 163 +608.478 DL 174 608.478 168.5 608.478 DL 179.5 608.478 174 608.478 DL 185 +608.478 179.5 608.478 DL 190.5 608.478 185 608.478 DL 196 608.478 190.5 +608.478 DL 201.5 608.478 196 608.478 DL 207 608.478 201.5 608.478 DL +212.5 608.478 207 608.478 DL 218 608.478 212.5 608.478 DL 223.5 608.478 +218 608.478 DL 229 608.478 223.5 608.478 DL 234.5 608.478 229 608.478 DL +240 608.478 234.5 608.478 DL 245.5 608.478 240 608.478 DL 251 608.478 +245.5 608.478 DL 256.5 608.478 251 608.478 DL 262 608.478 256.5 608.478 +DL 267.5 608.478 262 608.478 DL 273 608.478 267.5 608.478 DL 278.5 +608.478 273 608.478 DL 284 608.478 278.5 608.478 DL 289.5 608.478 284 +608.478 DL 295 608.478 289.5 608.478 DL 300.5 608.478 295 608.478 DL 306 +608.478 300.5 608.478 DL 311.5 608.478 306 608.478 DL 317 608.478 311.5 +608.478 DL 322.5 608.478 317 608.478 DL 328 608.478 322.5 608.478 DL +333.5 608.478 328 608.478 DL 339 608.478 333.5 608.478 DL 344.5 608.478 +339 608.478 DL 350 608.478 344.5 608.478 DL 355.5 608.478 350 608.478 DL +361 608.478 355.5 608.478 DL 366.5 608.478 361 608.478 DL 372 608.478 +366.5 608.478 DL 377.5 608.478 372 608.478 DL 383 608.478 377.5 608.478 +DL 388.5 608.478 383 608.478 DL 394 608.478 388.5 608.478 DL 399.5 +608.478 394 608.478 DL 405 608.478 399.5 608.478 DL 410.5 608.478 405 +608.478 DL 416 608.478 410.5 608.478 DL 421.5 608.478 416 608.478 DL 427 +608.478 421.5 608.478 DL 432.5 608.478 427 608.478 DL 438 608.478 432.5 +608.478 DL 443.5 608.478 438 608.478 DL 449 608.478 443.5 608.478 DL +454.5 608.478 449 608.478 DL 460 608.478 454.5 608.478 DL 465.5 608.478 +460 608.478 DL 471 608.478 465.5 608.478 DL 476.5 608.478 471 608.478 DL +482 608.478 476.5 608.478 DL 487.5 608.478 482 608.478 DL 493 608.478 +487.5 608.478 DL 498.5 608.478 493 608.478 DL 504 608.478 498.5 608.478 +DL 13.75(\(3\) T)113.5 649.078 R .962(ypes and procedures)-.88 F/F3 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(6)-4.4 I F1 .961(are central to the schema.)3.712 4.4 +N .961(Nearly e)6.461 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .961(ry catalog contains).165 F +.739(some reference to instances in one or both of these classes.) +142.826 662.278 R -.165(Fo)6.239 G 3.489(re).165 G(xample,)-3.654 E F2 +(POST)3.489 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)142.826 675.478 Q F1 .182(frequently uses t\ +ype signatures \(e.g., of functions and operators\) to identify)2.933 F +.32 LW 76 685.078 72 685.078 DL 80 685.078 76 685.078 DL 84 685.078 80 +685.078 DL 88 685.078 84 685.078 DL 92 685.078 88 685.078 DL 96 685.078 +92 685.078 DL 100 685.078 96 685.078 DL 104 685.078 100 685.078 DL 108 +685.078 104 685.078 DL 112 685.078 108 685.078 DL 116 685.078 112 +685.078 DL 120 685.078 116 685.078 DL 124 685.078 120 685.078 DL 128 +685.078 124 685.078 DL 132 685.078 128 685.078 DL 136 685.078 132 +685.078 DL 140 685.078 136 685.078 DL 144 685.078 140 685.078 DL 148 +685.078 144 685.078 DL 152 685.078 148 685.078 DL 156 685.078 152 +685.078 DL 160 685.078 156 685.078 DL 164 685.078 160 685.078 DL 168 +685.078 164 685.078 DL 172 685.078 168 685.078 DL 176 685.078 172 +685.078 DL 180 685.078 176 685.078 DL 184 685.078 180 685.078 DL 188 +685.078 184 685.078 DL 192 685.078 188 685.078 DL 196 685.078 192 +685.078 DL 200 685.078 196 685.078 DL 204 685.078 200 685.078 DL 208 +685.078 204 685.078 DL 212 685.078 208 685.078 DL 216 685.078 212 +685.078 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(6)93.6 695.478 Q F3 1.28 -.64(We u)2 +3.2 P(se the w).64 E(ords)-.08 E/F5 8/Times-Italic@0 SF(pr)2 E(ocedur) +-.36 E(e)-.296 E F3(and)2 E F5(function)2 E F3(more or less interchang)2 +E(ably)-.04 E(.)-.52 E F0(23)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 24 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(unique instances of other catalogs.)142.826 97.2 +Q 13.75(\(4\) There)113.5 114.3 R .222(are man)2.972 F 2.972(ya)-.165 G +(ttrib)-2.972 E .222(utes and relationships that ha)-.22 F .552 -.165 +(ve o)-.22 H -.165(bv).165 G .222(ious meanings, b).165 F .222(ut there) +-.22 F 1.599(are man)142.826 127.5 R 4.349(y\()-.165 G 1.599 +(particularly those that ha)-4.349 F 1.928 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 4.348(od) +.165 G 4.348(ow)-4.348 G 1.598(ith access methods\) that do not.)-4.348 +F 1.899(The relationships between)142.826 140.7 R/F1 11/Courier@0 SF +(pg_am)4.649 E F0(,)A F1(pg_amop)4.649 E F0(,)A F1 -1.95 +(pg_amproc, pg_operator)4.65 F F0(and)142.826 153.9 Q F1(pg_opclass) +4.062 E F0 1.312 +(are particularly hard to understand and will be described in)4.062 F +.679(depth \(in the section on interf)142.826 167.1 R .68 +(acing types and operators to indices\) after we ha)-.11 F -.165(ve)-.22 +G(discussed basic e)142.826 180.3 Q(xtensions.)-.165 E/F2 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(24)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 25 25 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(7. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R +(SQL: FUNCTIONS)4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 +178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 +178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 +178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL +135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 +DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 +178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 +174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 +190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 +178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 +178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL +245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 +DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 +178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 +284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 +300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 +178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 +178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL +355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 +DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 +178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 +394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 +410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 +178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 +178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL +465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 +DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 +178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .665(As it turns out, part of de\214ning a ne)108 +208.9 R 3.415(wt)-.275 G .664 +(ype is the de\214nition of functions that describe its)-3.415 F(beha) +108 222.1 Q(vior)-.22 E 6.346(.C)-.605 G(onsequently)-6.346 E 3.596(,w) +-.715 G .846(hile it is possible to de\214ne a ne)-3.596 F 3.596(wf) +-.275 G .847(unction without de\214ning a)-3.596 F(ne)108 235.3 Q 4.407 +(wt)-.275 G 1.657(ype, the re)-4.407 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.657 +(rse is not true.).165 F 3.417 -.88(We t)7.157 H 1.657 +(herefore describe ho).88 F 4.406(wt)-.275 G 4.406(oa)-4.406 G 1.656 +(dd ne)-4.406 F 4.406(wf)-.275 G 1.656(unctions to)-4.406 F/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 248.5 Q F1(before describing ho)2.75 E +2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(oa)-2.75 G(dd ne)-2.75 E 2.75(wt)-.275 G(ypes.) +-2.75 E F2(POSTGRES)108 265.6 Q F1 1.65(SQL pro)4.4 F 1.65(vides tw) +-.165 F 4.401(ot)-.11 G 1.651(ypes of functions:)-4.401 F/F3 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.651(query langua)4.401 F 1.871 -.11(ge f)-.11 H +(unctions).11 E F1(\(functions)4.401 E 1.675(written in SQL and)108 +278.8 R F3(pr)4.425 E -.11(og)-.495 G -.165(ra).11 G 1.675(mming langua) +.165 F 1.895 -.11(ge f)-.11 H(unctions).11 E F1 1.675 +(\(functions written in a compiled)4.425 F .664 +(programming language such as C.\))108 292 R .664 +(Either kind of function can tak)6.164 F 3.415(eab)-.11 G .665 +(ase type, a com-)-3.415 F 1.166(posite type or some combination as ar) +108 305.2 R 1.166(guments \(parameters\).)-.198 F 1.166 +(In addition, both kinds of)6.666 F .371 +(functions can return a base type or a composite type.)108 318.4 R(It') +5.871 E 3.121(se)-.605 G .371(asier to de\214ne SQL functions,)-3.121 F +(so we')108 331.6 Q(ll start with those.)-.11 E +(Examples in this section can also be found in)108 348.7 Q/F4 11 +/Courier@0 SF(funcs.sql)2.75 E F1(and)2.75 E F4(C-code/funcs.c)2.75 E F1 +(.)A/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(7.1. Query)72 374.9 R +(Language \(SQL\) Functions)3 E 77.5 388.1 72 388.1 DL 80.5 388.1 75 +388.1 DL 86 388.1 80.5 388.1 DL 91.5 388.1 86 388.1 DL 97 388.1 91.5 +388.1 DL 102.5 388.1 97 388.1 DL 108 388.1 102.5 388.1 DL 113.5 388.1 +108 388.1 DL 119 388.1 113.5 388.1 DL 124.5 388.1 119 388.1 DL 130 388.1 +124.5 388.1 DL 135.5 388.1 130 388.1 DL 141 388.1 135.5 388.1 DL 146.5 +388.1 141 388.1 DL 152 388.1 146.5 388.1 DL 157.5 388.1 152 388.1 DL 163 +388.1 157.5 388.1 DL 168.5 388.1 163 388.1 DL 174 388.1 168.5 388.1 DL +179.5 388.1 174 388.1 DL 185 388.1 179.5 388.1 DL 190.5 388.1 185 388.1 +DL 196 388.1 190.5 388.1 DL 201.5 388.1 196 388.1 DL 207 388.1 201.5 +388.1 DL 212.5 388.1 207 388.1 DL 218 388.1 212.5 388.1 DL 223.5 388.1 +218 388.1 DL 229 388.1 223.5 388.1 DL 234.5 388.1 229 388.1 DL 240 388.1 +234.5 388.1 DL 245.5 388.1 240 388.1 DL 251 388.1 245.5 388.1 DL 256.5 +388.1 251 388.1 DL 262 388.1 256.5 388.1 DL 267.5 388.1 262 388.1 DL 273 +388.1 267.5 388.1 DL 278.5 388.1 273 388.1 DL 284 388.1 278.5 388.1 DL +289.5 388.1 284 388.1 DL 295 388.1 289.5 388.1 DL 300.5 388.1 295 388.1 +DL 306 388.1 300.5 388.1 DL 311.5 388.1 306 388.1 DL 317 388.1 311.5 +388.1 DL 322.5 388.1 317 388.1 DL 328 388.1 322.5 388.1 DL 333.5 388.1 +328 388.1 DL 339 388.1 333.5 388.1 DL 344.5 388.1 339 388.1 DL 350 388.1 +344.5 388.1 DL 355.5 388.1 350 388.1 DL 361 388.1 355.5 388.1 DL 366.5 +388.1 361 388.1 DL 372 388.1 366.5 388.1 DL 377.5 388.1 372 388.1 DL 383 +388.1 377.5 388.1 DL 388.5 388.1 383 388.1 DL 394 388.1 388.5 388.1 DL +399.5 388.1 394 388.1 DL 405 388.1 399.5 388.1 DL 410.5 388.1 405 388.1 +DL 416 388.1 410.5 388.1 DL 421.5 388.1 416 388.1 DL 427 388.1 421.5 +388.1 DL 432.5 388.1 427 388.1 DL 438 388.1 432.5 388.1 DL 443.5 388.1 +438 388.1 DL 449 388.1 443.5 388.1 DL 454.5 388.1 449 388.1 DL 460 388.1 +454.5 388.1 DL 465.5 388.1 460 388.1 DL 471 388.1 465.5 388.1 DL 476.5 +388.1 471 388.1 DL 482 388.1 476.5 388.1 DL 487.5 388.1 482 388.1 DL 493 +388.1 487.5 388.1 DL 498.5 388.1 493 388.1 DL 504 388.1 498.5 388.1 DL 3 +(7.1.1. SQL)72 418.4 R(Functions on Base T)3 E(ypes)-.888 E F1 1.475 +(The simplest possible SQL function has no ar)108 435.5 R 1.475 +(guments and simply returns a base type,)-.198 F(such as)108 448.7 Q F4 +(int4)2.75 E F1(:)A/F6 10/Courier@0 SF +(CREATE FUNCTION one\(\) RETURNS int4)148 473.9 Q +(AS 'SELECT 1 as RESULT' LANGUAGE 'sql';)178 486.1 Q +(SELECT one\(\) AS answer;)148 524.3 Q .4 LW 194 554.8 148 554.8 DL +(answer)153 564.5 Q 194 569 148 569 DL(1)153 578.7 Q 194 583.2 148 583.2 +DL 194 554.8 194 583.2 DL 148 554.8 148 583.2 DL F1 .376 +(Notice that we de\214ned a tar)108 604.9 R .376 +(get list for the function \(with the name)-.198 F F4(RESULT)3.126 E F1 +.376(\), b)B .376(ut the tar)-.22 F(-)-.22 E .773 +(get list of the query that in)108 618.1 R -.22(vo)-.44 G -.11(ke).22 G +3.523(dt).11 G .773(he function o)-3.523 F -.165(ve)-.165 G .773 +(rrode the function').165 F 3.523(st)-.605 G(ar)-3.523 E .774(get list.) +-.198 F(Hence,)6.274 E(the result is labelled)108 631.3 Q F4(answer)2.75 +E F1(instead of)2.75 E F4(one)2.75 E F1(.)A(It')108 648.4 Q 4.424(sa) +-.605 G 1.674(lmost as easy to de\214ne SQL functions that tak)-4.424 F +4.423(eb)-.11 G 1.673(ase types as ar)-4.423 F 4.423(guments. In)-.198 F +(the)4.423 E -.165(ex)108 661.6 S(ample belo).165 E 1.43 -.715(w, n) +-.275 H(otice ho).715 E 2.75(ww)-.275 G 2.75(er)-2.75 G(efer to the ar) +-2.75 E(guments within the function as)-.198 E F4($1)2.75 E F1(and)2.75 +E F4($2)2.75 E F1(.)A F6 +(CREATE FUNCTION add_em\(int4, int4\) RETURNS int4)148 686.8 Q +(AS 'SELECT $1 + $2;' LANGUAGE 'sql';)178 699 Q/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF +(25)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 26 26 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(SELECT add_em\(1, 2\) AS answer;)148 96.2 Q .4 LW +194 126.7 148 126.7 DL(answer)153 136.4 Q 194 140.9 148 140.9 DL(3)153 +150.6 Q 194 155.1 148 155.1 DL 194 126.7 194 155.1 DL 148 126.7 148 +155.1 DL/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(7.1.2. SQL)72 189.8 R +(Functions on Composite T)3 E(ypes)-.888 E/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.145 +(When specifying functions with ar)108 206.9 R 1.146 +(guments of composite types \(such as)-.198 F/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(EMP) +3.896 E F2 1.146(\), we must)B .317(not only specify which ar)108 220.1 +R .317(gument we w)-.198 F .316(ant \(as we did abo)-.11 F .646 -.165 +(ve w)-.165 H(ith).165 E F3($1)3.066 E F2(and)3.066 E F3($2)3.066 E F2 +3.066(\)b)C .316(ut also the)-3.286 F(attrib)108 233.3 Q .393 +(utes of that ar)-.22 F 3.143(gument. F)-.198 F .393(or e)-.165 F .393 +(xample, tak)-.165 F 3.143(et)-.11 G .393(he function)-3.143 F F3 +(double_salary)3.143 E F2 .393(that com-)3.143 F +(putes what your salary w)108 246.5 Q(ould be if it were doubled.)-.11 E +F0(CREATE FUNCTION double_salary\(EMP\) RETURNS int4)148 271.7 Q +(AS 'SELECT $1.salary * 2 AS salary;' LANGUAGE 'sql';)178 283.9 Q +(SELECT name, double_salary\(EMP\) AS dream)148 308.3 Q(FROM EMP)160 +320.5 Q(WHERE EMP.dept = 'toy';)160 332.7 Q 227 363.2 148 363.2 DL 9 +(name dream)153 372.9 R 227 377.4 148 377.4 DL 15(Sam 2400)153 387.1 R +227 391.6 148 391.6 DL 227 363.2 227 391.6 DL 148 363.2 148 391.6 DL +184.5 363.2 184.5 391.6 DL F2(Notice the use of the syntax)108 413.3 Q +F3($1.salary)2.75 E F2(.)A .755(Before launching into the subject of fu\ +nctions that return composite types, we must \214rst)108 430.4 R .063 +(introduce the)108 443.6 R/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(function)2.813 E F2 +.063(notation for projecting attrib)2.813 F 2.813(utes. The)-.22 F .064 +(simple w)2.814 F .064(ay to e)-.11 F .064(xplain this is)-.165 F 1.137 +(that we can usually use the notation)108 456.8 R F3(attribute\(class\)) +3.886 E F2(and)3.886 E F3(class.attribute)3.886 E F2(interchang)108 470 +Q(ably)-.055 E(.)-.715 E F0(--)148 495.2 Q(-- this is the same as:)148 +507.4 Q 11(-- SELECT)148 519.6 R +(EMP.name AS youngster FROM EMP WHERE EMP.age < 30)6 E(--)148 531.8 Q +(SELECT name\(EMP\) AS youngster)148 544 Q(FROM EMP)148 556.2 Q +(WHERE age\(EMP\) < 30;)148 568.4 Q 212 598.9 148 598.9 DL(youngster)153 +608.6 Q 212 613.1 148 613.1 DL(Sam)153 622.8 Q 212 627.3 148 627.3 DL +212 598.9 212 627.3 DL 148 598.9 148 627.3 DL F2(As we shall see, ho)108 +649 Q(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G .88 -.44(r, t).165 H(his is not al).44 +E -.11(wa)-.11 G(ys the case.).11 E .763 +(This function notation is important when we w)108 666.1 R .764 +(ant to use a function that returns a single)-.11 F 3.825(instance. W) +108 679.3 R 3.825(ed)-.88 G 3.825(ot)-3.825 G 1.075 +(his by assembling the entire instance within the function, attrib) +-3.825 F 1.074(ute by)-.22 F(attrib)108 692.5 Q 2.75(ute. This)-.22 F +(is an e)2.75 E(xample of a function that returns a single)-.165 E F3 +(EMP)2.75 E F2(instance:)2.75 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(26)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 27 27 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(CREATE FUNCTION new_emp\(\) RETURNS EMP)148 96.2 Q +(AS 'SELECT \\'None\\'::text AS name,)166 108.4 Q(1000 AS salary,)232 +120.6 Q(25 AS age,)232 132.8 Q(\\'none\\'::char16 AS dept;')232 145 Q +(LANGUAGE 'sql';)166 157.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .103 +(In this case we ha)108 183.4 R .433 -.165(ve s)-.22 H .103 +(peci\214ed each of the attrib).165 F .103(utes with a constant v)-.22 F +.103(alue, b)-.275 F .104(ut an)-.22 F 2.854(yc)-.165 G(ompu-)-2.854 E +(tation or e)108 196.6 Q(xpression could ha)-.165 E .33 -.165(ve b)-.22 +H(een substituted for these constants.).165 E .014 +(De\214ning a function lik)108 213.7 R 2.764(et)-.11 G .014 +(his can be trick)-2.764 F 4.194 -.715(y. S)-.165 H .014 +(ome of the more important ca).715 F -.165(ve)-.22 G .013 +(ats are as fol-).165 F(lo)108 226.9 Q(ws:)-.275 E 5.5<8354>113.5 244 S +.286(he tar)-5.5 F .286(get list order must be)-.198 F/F2 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(exactly)3.036 E F1 .286 +(the same as that in which the attrib)3.036 F .286(utes appear in)-.22 F +(the)122.85 257.2 Q F2(CREA)2.75 E(TE T)-1.045 E(ABLE)-.99 E F1 +(statement \(or when you e)2.75 E -.165(xe)-.165 G(cute a).165 E/F3 11 +/Courier@0 SF(.*)2.75 E F1(query\).)5.5 E 5.5<8359>113.5 270.4 S .556 +(ou must be careful to typecast the e)-6.71 F .555(xpressions \(using) +-.165 F F3(::)3.305 E F1 3.305(\)v)C .555(ery carefully or you will) +-3.47 F(see the follo)122.85 283.6 Q(wing error:)-.275 E F0 +(WARN::function declared to return type EMP does not retrieve \(EMP.*\)) +162.85 308.8 Q F1 5.5<8357>113.5 338.9 S 3.364 +(hen calling a function that returns an instance, we cannot retrie)-5.5 +F 3.695 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 3.365(he entire).165 F 4.436(instance. W) +122.85 352.1 R 4.436(em)-.88 G 1.686(ust either project an attrib)-4.436 +F 1.685(ute out of the instance or pass the entire)-.22 F +(instance into another function.)122.85 365.3 Q F0 +(SELECT name\(new_emp\(\)\) AS nobody;)162.85 390.5 Q .4 LW 208.85 421 +162.85 421 DL(nobody)167.85 430.7 Q 208.85 435.2 162.85 435.2 DL(None) +167.85 444.9 Q 208.85 449.4 162.85 449.4 DL 208.85 421 208.85 449.4 DL +162.85 421 162.85 449.4 DL F1 5.5<8354>113.5 471.1 S .701(he reason wh) +-5.5 F 2.131 -.715(y, i)-.055 H 3.451(ng).715 G .702 +(eneral, we must use the function syntax for projecting attrib)-3.451 F +(utes)-.22 E .418(of function return v)122.85 484.3 R .418 +(alues is that the parser just doesn')-.275 F 3.168(tu)-.198 G .418 +(nderstand the other \(dot\) syn-)-3.168 F +(tax for projection when combined with function calls.)122.85 497.5 Q F0 +(SELECT new_emp\(\).name AS nobody;)162.85 522.7 Q +(WARN:parser: syntax error at or near ".")162.85 534.9 Q F1(An)108 565 Q +3.873(yc)-.165 G 1.124(ollection of commands in the SQL query language \ +can be packaged together and)-3.873 F 2.551(de\214ned as a function.)108 +578.2 R 2.551(The commands can include updates \(i.e.,)8.051 F F2 +(insert)5.301 E F1(,)A F2(update)5.301 E F1(and)5.301 E F2(delete)108 +591.4 Q F1 4.825(\)a)C 4.825(sw)-4.825 G 2.075(ell as)-4.825 F F2 +(select)4.825 E F1 4.825(queries. Ho)4.825 F(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G +2.955 -.44(r, t).165 H 2.075(he \214nal command must be a).44 F F2 +(select)4.825 E F1(that)4.826 E(returns whate)108 604.6 Q -.165(ve)-.275 +G 2.75(ri).165 G 2.75(ss)-2.75 G(peci\214ed as the function')-2.75 E(s) +-.605 E F3(returntype)2.75 E F1(.)A F0 +(CREATE FUNCTION clean_EMP \(\) RETURNS int4)148 629.8 Q +(AS 'DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMP.salary <= 0;)166 642 Q +(SELECT 1 AS ignore_this')190 654.2 Q(LANGUAGE 'sql';)166 666.4 Q +(SELECT clean_EMP\(\);)148 690.8 Q F2(27)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 28 28 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.4 LW 164 88.5 148 88.5 DL/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(x)153 98.2 Q 164 102.7 148 +102.7 DL(1)153 112.4 Q 164 116.9 148 116.9 DL 164 88.5 164 116.9 DL 148 +88.5 148 116.9 DL/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(7.2. Pr)72 151.6 R +(ogramming Language Functions)-.216 E .44 LW 77.5 164.8 72 164.8 DL 80.5 +164.8 75 164.8 DL 86 164.8 80.5 164.8 DL 91.5 164.8 86 164.8 DL 97 164.8 +91.5 164.8 DL 102.5 164.8 97 164.8 DL 108 164.8 102.5 164.8 DL 113.5 +164.8 108 164.8 DL 119 164.8 113.5 164.8 DL 124.5 164.8 119 164.8 DL 130 +164.8 124.5 164.8 DL 135.5 164.8 130 164.8 DL 141 164.8 135.5 164.8 DL +146.5 164.8 141 164.8 DL 152 164.8 146.5 164.8 DL 157.5 164.8 152 164.8 +DL 163 164.8 157.5 164.8 DL 168.5 164.8 163 164.8 DL 174 164.8 168.5 +164.8 DL 179.5 164.8 174 164.8 DL 185 164.8 179.5 164.8 DL 190.5 164.8 +185 164.8 DL 196 164.8 190.5 164.8 DL 201.5 164.8 196 164.8 DL 207 164.8 +201.5 164.8 DL 212.5 164.8 207 164.8 DL 218 164.8 212.5 164.8 DL 223.5 +164.8 218 164.8 DL 229 164.8 223.5 164.8 DL 234.5 164.8 229 164.8 DL 240 +164.8 234.5 164.8 DL 245.5 164.8 240 164.8 DL 251 164.8 245.5 164.8 DL +256.5 164.8 251 164.8 DL 262 164.8 256.5 164.8 DL 267.5 164.8 262 164.8 +DL 273 164.8 267.5 164.8 DL 278.5 164.8 273 164.8 DL 284 164.8 278.5 +164.8 DL 289.5 164.8 284 164.8 DL 295 164.8 289.5 164.8 DL 300.5 164.8 +295 164.8 DL 306 164.8 300.5 164.8 DL 311.5 164.8 306 164.8 DL 317 164.8 +311.5 164.8 DL 322.5 164.8 317 164.8 DL 328 164.8 322.5 164.8 DL 333.5 +164.8 328 164.8 DL 339 164.8 333.5 164.8 DL 344.5 164.8 339 164.8 DL 350 +164.8 344.5 164.8 DL 355.5 164.8 350 164.8 DL 361 164.8 355.5 164.8 DL +366.5 164.8 361 164.8 DL 372 164.8 366.5 164.8 DL 377.5 164.8 372 164.8 +DL 383 164.8 377.5 164.8 DL 388.5 164.8 383 164.8 DL 394 164.8 388.5 +164.8 DL 399.5 164.8 394 164.8 DL 405 164.8 399.5 164.8 DL 410.5 164.8 +405 164.8 DL 416 164.8 410.5 164.8 DL 421.5 164.8 416 164.8 DL 427 164.8 +421.5 164.8 DL 432.5 164.8 427 164.8 DL 438 164.8 432.5 164.8 DL 443.5 +164.8 438 164.8 DL 449 164.8 443.5 164.8 DL 454.5 164.8 449 164.8 DL 460 +164.8 454.5 164.8 DL 465.5 164.8 460 164.8 DL 471 164.8 465.5 164.8 DL +476.5 164.8 471 164.8 DL 482 164.8 476.5 164.8 DL 487.5 164.8 482 164.8 +DL 493 164.8 487.5 164.8 DL 498.5 164.8 493 164.8 DL 504 164.8 498.5 +164.8 DL 3(7.2.1. Pr)72 204.2 R(ogramming Language Functions on Base T) +-.216 E(ypes)-.888 E/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(Internally)108 221.3 Q(,) +-.715 E/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.921 E F2(re)2.921 E -.055(ga) +-.165 G .171(rds a base type as a \231blob of memory).055 F 4.462 -.77 +(.\232 T)-.715 H .172(he user).77 F .172(-de\214ned func-)-.22 F .359 +(tions that you de\214ne o)108 234.5 R -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.108(rat).165 G +.358(ype in turn de\214ne the w)-3.108 F .358(ay that)-.11 F F3 +(POSTGRES)3.108 E F2 .358(can operate on it.)3.108 F 1.561(That is,)108 +247.7 R F3(POSTGRES)4.311 E F2 1.562(will only store and retrie)4.311 F +1.892 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 1.562(he data from disk and use your user).165 +F(-)-.22 E(de\214ned functions to input, process, and output the data.) +108 260.9 Q(Base types can ha)108 278 Q .33 -.165(ve o)-.22 H +(ne of three internal formats:).165 E 5.5<8370>113.5 295.1 S(ass by v) +-5.5 E(alue, \214x)-.275 E(ed-length)-.165 E 5.5<8370>113.5 308.3 S +(ass by reference, \214x)-5.5 E(ed-length)-.165 E 5.5<8370>113.5 321.5 S +(ass by reference, v)-5.5 E(ariable-length)-.275 E(By-v)108 338.6 Q .513 +(alue types can only be 1, 2 or 4 bytes in length \(e)-.275 F -.165(ve) +-.275 G 3.262(ni).165 G 3.262(fy)-3.262 G .512 +(our computer supports by-)-3.262 F -.275(va)108 351.8 S 1.546 +(lue types of other sizes\).).275 F F3(POSTGRES)7.046 E F2 1.547 +(itself only passes inte)4.296 F 1.547(ger types by v)-.165 F 4.297 +(alue. Y)-.275 F(ou)-1.21 E .012 +(should be careful to de\214ne your types such that the)108 365 R 2.762 +(yw)-.165 G .012(ill be the same size \(in bytes\) on all)-2.762 F 4.056 +(architectures. F)108 378.2 R 1.306(or e)-.165 F 1.306(xample, the)-.165 +F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF(long)4.056 E F2 1.307 +(type is dangerous because it is 4 bytes on some)4.056 F 1.213 +(machines and 8 bytes on others, whereas)108 391.4 R F4(int)3.963 E F2 +1.213(type is 4 bytes on most)3.963 F F3(UNIX)3.963 E F2(machines)3.963 +E 1.798(\(though not on most personal computers\).)108 404.6 R 4.548(Ar) +7.298 G 1.798(easonable implementation of the)-4.548 F F4(int4)4.548 E +F2(type on)108 417.8 Q F3(UNIX)2.75 E F2(machines might be:)2.75 E F0 +(/* 4-byte integer, passed by value */)148 443 Q(typedef int int4;)148 +455.2 Q F2 .251(On the other hand, \214x)108 481.4 R .251 +(ed-length types of an)-.165 F 3.001(ys)-.165 G .25 +(ize may be passed by-reference.)-3.001 F -.165(Fo)5.75 G 3(re).165 G +(xam-)-3.165 E(ple, here is a sample implementation of the)108 494.6 Q +F3(POSTGRES)2.75 E F4(char16)2.75 E F2(type:)2.75 E F0 +(/* 16-byte structure, passed by reference */)148 519.8 Q +(typedef struct {)148 532 Q(char data[16];)172 544.2 Q 6(}c)148 556.4 S +(har16;)-6 E F2 1.537(Only pointers to such types can be used when pass\ +ing them in and out of)108 582.6 R F3(POSTGRES)4.287 E F2(functions.)108 +595.8 Q(Finally)108 612.9 Q 4.149(,a)-.715 G 1.399(ll v)-4.149 F 1.399 +(ariable-length types must also be passed by reference.)-.275 F 1.399 +(All v)6.899 F(ariable-length)-.275 E 1.027(types must be)108 626.1 R +1.027(gin with a length \214eld of e)-.165 F 1.028 +(xactly 4 bytes, and all data to be stored within)-.165 F 1.456 +(that type must be located in the memory immediately follo)108 639.3 R +1.456(wing that length \214eld.)-.275 F(The)6.956 E .613(length \214eld\ + is the total length of the structure \(i.e., it includes the size of t\ +he length \214eld)108 652.5 R 2.75(itself\). W)108 665.7 R 2.75(ec)-.88 +G(an de\214ne the)-2.75 E F4(text)2.75 E F2(type as follo)2.75 E(ws:) +-.275 E F0(typedef struct {)148 690.9 Q(int4 length;)172 703.1 Q/F5 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(28)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 29 29 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(char data[1];)172 96.2 Q 6(}t)148 108.4 S(ext;)-6 E +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(Ob)108 134.6 Q(viously)-.165 E 3.247(,t)-.715 G +(he)-3.247 E/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(data)3.247 E F1 .496 +(\214eld is not long enough to hold all possible strings \212 it')3.247 +F 3.246(si)-.605 G(mpossi-)-3.246 E .825 +(ble to declare such a structure in C.)108 147.8 R .825 +(When manipulating v)6.325 F .825(ariable-length types, we must)-.275 F +1.108(be careful to allocate the correct amount of memory and initializ\ +e the length \214eld.)108 161 R -.165(Fo)6.607 G(r).165 E -.165(ex)108 +174.2 S .75(ample, if we w).165 F .75(anted to store 40 bytes in a)-.11 +F F2(text)3.501 E F1 .751(structure, we might use a code frag-)3.501 F +(ment lik)108 187.4 Q 2.75(et)-.11 G(his:)-2.75 E F0 +(#include "postgres.h")148 212.6 Q(#include "utils/palloc.h")148 224.8 Q +(...)148 249.2 Q(char buffer[40]; /* our source data */)148 273.6 Q(...) +148 298 Q(text *destination = \(text *\) palloc\(VARHDRSZ + 40\);)148 +322.4 Q(destination->length = VARHDRSZ + 40;)148 334.6 Q +(memmove\(destination->data, buffer, 40\);)148 346.8 Q(...)148 371.2 Q +F1(No)108 401.3 Q 2.913(wt)-.275 G .163(hat we')-2.913 F .493 -.165 +(ve g)-.55 H .163(one o).165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.912(ra).165 G .162 +(ll of the possible structures for base types, we can sho)-2.912 F 2.912 +(ws)-.275 G(ome)-2.912 E -.165(ex)108 414.5 S +(amples of real functions. Suppose).165 E F2(funcs.c)2.75 E F1(look lik) +2.75 E(e:)-.11 E F0(#include <string.h>)148 439.7 Q +(#include "postgres.h")148 451.9 Q(/* for char16, etc. */)12 E +(#include "utils/palloc.h" /* for palloc */)148 464.1 Q(int)148 488.5 Q +(add_one\(int arg\))148 500.7 Q({)148 512.9 Q(return\(arg + 1\);)172 +525.1 Q(})148 537.3 Q(char16 *)148 561.7 Q +(concat16\(char16 *arg1, char16 *arg2\))148 573.9 Q({)148 586.1 Q +(char16 *new_c16 = \(char16 *\) palloc\(sizeof\(char16\)\);)172 598.3 Q +(memset\(\(void *\) new_c16, 0, sizeof\(char16\)\);)172 622.7 Q +(\(void\) strncpy\(new_c16, arg1, 16\);)172 634.9 Q +(return \(char16 *\)\(strncat\(new_c16, arg2, 16\)\);)172 647.1 Q(})148 +659.3 Q(text *)148 683.7 Q(copytext\(text *t\))148 695.9 Q({)148 708.1 Q +(/*)172 720.3 Q/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(29)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 30 30 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*V)178 96.2 S +(ARSIZE is the total size of the struct in bytes.)-6 E(*/)178 108.4 Q +(text *new_t = \(text *\) palloc\(VARSIZE\(t\)\);)172 120.6 Q +(memset\(new_t, 0, VARSIZE\(t\)\);)172 145 Q +(VARSIZE\(new_t\) = VARSIZE\(t\);)172 169.4 Q(/*)172 181.6 Q 6(*V)178 +193.8 S(ARDATA is a pointer to the data region of the struct.)-6 E(*/) +178 206 Q(memcpy\(\(void *\) VARDATA\(new_t\), /* destination */)172 +218.2 Q(\(void *\) VARDATA\(t\),)214 230.4 Q(/* source */)30 E 78 +(VARSIZE\(t\)-VARHDRSZ\); /*)214 242.6 R(how many bytes */)6 E +(return\(new_t\);)172 267 Q(})148 279.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(On)108 +305.4 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(OSF/1)2.75 E F1(we w)2.75 E(ould type:) +-.11 E F0(CREATE FUNCTION add_one\(int4\) RETURNS int4)148 330.6 Q +(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)178 +342.8 Q(CREATE FUNCTION concat16\(char16, char16\) RETURNS char16)148 +367.2 Q(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';) +178 379.4 Q(CREATE FUNCTION copytext\(text\) RETURNS text)148 403.8 Q +(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)178 416 +Q F1 .412(On other systems, we might ha)108 442.2 R .742 -.165(ve t)-.22 +H 3.162(om).165 G(ak)-3.162 E 3.162(et)-.11 G .412(he \214lename end in) +-3.162 F/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(.sl)3.162 E F1 .413(\(to indicate that it') +3.162 F 3.163(sa)-.605 G(shared library\).)108 455.4 Q/F4 12 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(7.2.2. Pr)72 481.6 R +(ogramming Language Functions on Composite T)-.216 E(ypes)-.888 E F1 +1.054(Composite types do not ha)108 498.7 R 1.384 -.165(ve a \214)-.22 H +-.165(xe).165 G 3.804(dl).165 G 1.054(ayout lik)-3.804 F 3.804(eC)-.11 G +3.803(structures. Instances)-.001 F 1.053(of a composite)3.803 F .636 +(type may contain null \214elds.)108 511.9 R .637 +(In addition, composite types that are part of an inheritance)6.136 F +(hierarch)108 525.1 Q 2.858(ym)-.055 G .108(ay ha)-2.858 F .438 -.165 +(ve d)-.22 H(if).165 E .107 +(ferent \214elds than other members of the same inheritance hierarch) +-.275 F -.715(y.)-.055 G(Therefore,)108 538.3 Q F2(POSTGRES)3.867 E F1 +(pro)3.867 E 1.117(vides a procedural interf)-.165 F 1.117 +(ace for accessing \214elds of composite)-.11 F(types from C.)108 551.5 +Q(As)108 568.6 Q F2(POSTGRES)3.483 E F1 .733(processes a set of instanc\ +es, each instance will be passed into your func-)3.483 F +(tion as an opaque structure of type TUPLE.)108 581.8 Q(Suppose we w)108 +598.9 Q(ant to write a function to answer the query)-.11 E F0 6(*S)148 +624.1 S(ELECT name, c_overpaid\(EMP, 1500\) AS overpaid)-6 E(FROM EMP) +160 636.3 Q(WHERE name = 'Bill' or name = 'Sam';)160 648.5 Q F1 +(In the query abo)108 674.7 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(,w).165 G 2.75(ec) +-2.75 G(an de\214ne)-2.75 E F3(c_overpaid)2.75 E F1(as:)2.75 E F0 +(#include "postgres.h")148 699.9 Q(/* for char16, etc. */)12 E +(#include "libpq-fe.h" /* for TUPLE */)148 712.1 Q/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF +(30)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 31 31 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(bool)148 96.2 Q +(c_overpaid\(TUPLE t,/* the current instance of EMP */)148 108.4 Q +(int4 limit\))214 120.6 Q({)148 132.8 Q(bool isnull = false;)172 145 Q +(int4 salary;)172 157.2 Q +(salary = \(int4\) GetAttributeByName\(t, "salary", &isnull\);)172 181.6 +Q(if \(isnull\))172 206 Q(return \(false\);)196 218.2 Q +(return\(salary > limit\);)172 230.4 Q(})148 242.6 Q/F1 11/Courier@0 SF +(GetAttributeByName)108 268.8 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .07(is the)2.82 F +/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.82 E F2 .07 +(system function that returns attrib)2.82 F .07(utes out of)-.22 F .165 +(the current instance.)108 282 R .164(It has three ar)5.665 F .164 +(guments: the ar)-.198 F .164(gument of type TUPLE passed into the)-.198 +F .471(function, the name of the desired attrib)108 295.2 R .472 +(ute, and a return parameter that describes whether)-.22 F .917 +(the attrib)108 308.4 R .917(ute is null.)-.22 F F1(GetAttributeByName) +6.417 E F2 .916(will align data properly so you can cast)3.667 F .472 +(its return v)108 321.6 R .472(alue to the desired type.)-.275 F -.165 +(Fo)5.972 G 3.222(re).165 G .472(xample, if you ha)-3.387 F .803 -.165 +(ve a)-.22 H 3.223(na).165 G(ttrib)-3.223 E(ute)-.22 E F1(name)3.223 E +F2 .473(which is)3.223 F(of the type)108 334.8 Q F1(char16)2.75 E F2 +2.75(,t)C(he)-2.75 E F1(GetAttributeByName)2.75 E F2(call w)2.75 E +(ould look lik)-.11 E(e:)-.11 E F0(char *str;)148 360 Q(...)148 372.2 Q +(str = \(char *\) GetAttributeByName\(t, "name", &isnull\))148 384.4 Q +F2(The follo)108 414.5 Q(wing query lets)-.275 E F3(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2 +(kno)2.75 E 2.75(wa)-.275 G(bout the)-2.75 E F1(c_overpaid)2.75 E F2 +(function:)2.75 E F0 6(*C)148 439.7 S +(REATE FUNCTION c_overpaid\(EMP, int4\) RETURNS bool)-6 E +(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';)178 +451.9 Q F2 .212(While there are w)108 482 R .212(ays to construct ne) +-.11 F 2.962(wi)-.275 G .211(nstances or modify e)-2.962 F .211 +(xisting instances from within)-.165 F 2.75(aCf)108 495.2 S +(unction, these are f)-2.75 E(ar too comple)-.11 E 2.75(xt)-.165 G 2.75 +(od)-2.75 G(iscuss in this manual.)-2.75 E/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3 +(7.2.3. Ca)72 521.4 R -.12(ve)-.3 G(ats).12 E F2 2.789 -.88(We n)108 +538.5 T 1.579 -.275(ow t).88 H 1.03(urn to the more dif).275 F 1.03 +(\214cult task of writing programming language functions.)-.275 F(Be) +6.53 E -.11(wa)108 551.7 S 1.163 +(rned: this section of the manual will not mak).11 F 3.913(ey)-.11 G +1.163(ou a programmer)-3.913 F 6.663(.Y)-.605 G 1.163(ou must ha)-7.873 +F 1.493 -.165(ve a)-.22 H 1.023 +(good understanding of C \(including the use of pointers and the)108 +564.9 R F1(malloc)3.773 E F2 1.023(memory man-)3.773 F +(ager\) before trying to write C functions for use with)108 578.1 Q F3 +(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2(.)A .757(While it may be possible to load functions\ + written in languages other than C into)108 595.2 R F3(POST)3.506 E(-) +-.92 E(GRES)108 608.4 Q F2 3.613(,t)C .863(his is often dif)-3.613 F +.864(\214cult \(when it is possible at all\) because other languages, s\ +uch as)-.275 F F3(FOR)108 621.6 Q(TRAN)-.6 E F2 1.087(and P)3.837 F +1.087(ascal often do not follo)-.165 F 3.837(wt)-.275 G 1.086 +(he same \231calling con)-3.837 F -.165(ve)-.44 G 1.086(ntion\232 as C.) +.165 F 1.086(That is,)6.586 F 1.24(other languages do not pass ar)108 +634.8 R 1.24(gument and return v)-.198 F 1.241 +(alues between functions in the same)-.275 F -.11(wa)108 648 S 4.214 +-.715(y. F).11 H .034(or this reason, we will assume that your programm\ +ing language functions are writ-).55 F(ten in C.)108 661.2 Q +(The basic rules for b)108 678.3 Q(uilding C functions are as follo)-.22 +E(ws:)-.275 E 13.75(\(1\) Most)113.5 695.4 R 1.235 +(of the header \(include\) \214les for)3.985 F F3(POSTGRES)3.985 E F2 +1.236(should already be installed in)3.985 F F1 +(/usr/local/postgres95/include)142.826 708.6 Q F2 2.464 +(\(see Figure 2\).)5.214 F -1.21(Yo)7.964 G 5.214(us)1.21 G 2.464 +(hould al)-5.214 F -.11(wa)-.11 G(ys).11 E(include)142.826 721.8 Q/F5 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(31)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 32 32 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(-I/usr/local/postgres95/include)182.826 96.2 Q/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.373(on your)142.826 122.4 R/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(cc) +4.123 E F1 1.373(command lines.)4.123 F 1.373 +(Sometimes, you may \214nd that you require header)6.873 F .198 +(\214les that are in the serv)142.826 135.6 R .197 +(er source itself \(i.e., you need a \214le we ne)-.165 F .197 +(glected to install)-.165 F(in)142.826 148.8 Q F2(include)2.75 E F1 2.75 +(\). In)B(those cases you may need to add one or more of)2.75 E F0 +(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend)182.826 174 Q +(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/include)182.826 186.2 Q +(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/port/<PORTNAME>)182.826 198.4 Q +(-I/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/obj)182.826 210.6 Q F1(\(where) +142.826 236.8 Q F2(<PORTNAME>)2.75 E F1(is the name of the port, e.g.,) +2.75 E F2(alpha)2.75 E F1(or)2.75 E F2(sparc\).)2.75 E F1 13.75 +(\(2\) When)113.5 253.9 R 2.892(allocating memory)5.642 F 5.642(,u)-.715 +G 2.892(se the)-5.642 F/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)5.643 E F1 +(routines)5.643 E F2(palloc)5.643 E F1(and)5.643 E F2(pfree)5.643 E F1 +.088(instead of the corresponding C library routines)142.826 267.1 R F2 +(malloc)2.838 E F1(and)2.838 E F2(free)2.838 E F1 5.588(.T)C .088 +(he memory)-5.588 F .857(allocated by)142.826 280.3 R F2(palloc)3.607 E +F1 .857(will be freed automatically at the end of each transaction,) +3.607 F(pre)142.826 293.5 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(nting memory leaks.).165 E +13.75(\(3\) Al)113.5 310.6 R -.11(wa)-.11 G .427 +(ys zero the bytes of your structures using).11 F F2(memset)3.177 E F1 +(or)3.177 E F2(bzero)3.177 E F1 5.927(.S)C -2.365 -.275(ev e)-5.927 H +.427(ral rou-).275 F .521(tines \(such as the hash access method, hash \ +join and the sort algorithm\) compute)142.826 323.8 R 1.463 +(functions of the ra)142.826 337 R 4.213(wb)-.165 G 1.463 +(its contained in your structure.)-4.213 F(Ev)6.963 E 1.463 +(en if you initialize all)-.165 F .133 +(\214elds of your structure, there may be se)142.826 350.2 R -.165(ve) +-.275 G .133(ral bytes of alignment padding \(holes in).165 F +(the structure\) that may contain g)142.826 363.4 Q(arbage v)-.055 E +(alues.)-.275 E 13.75(\(4\) Most)113.5 380.5 R .496(of the internal) +3.246 F F3(POSTGRES)3.246 E F1 .496(types are declared in)3.246 F F2 +(postgres.h)3.245 E F1 3.245(,s)C 3.245(oi)-3.245 G(t')-3.245 E 3.245 +(su)-.605 G(su-)-3.245 E +(ally a good idea to include that \214le as well.)142.826 393.7 Q 13.75 +(\(5\) Compiling)113.5 410.8 R .214 +(and loading your object code so that it can be dynamically loaded into) +2.964 F F3(POSTGRES)142.826 424 Q F1(al)2.83 E -.11(wa)-.11 G .08 +(ys requires special \215ags.).11 F .079 +(See Appendix A for a detailed e)5.58 F(xplana-)-.165 E(tion of ho) +142.826 437.2 Q 2.75(wt)-.275 G 2.75(od)-2.75 G 2.75(oi)-2.75 G 2.75(tf) +-2.75 G(or your particular operating system.)-2.75 E/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 +SF(32)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(8. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: TYPES) +4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 +DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL +108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 +DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 +178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 +146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 +178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 +178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL +201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 +DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 +178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 +240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 +256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 +178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 +178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL +311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 +DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 +178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 +350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 +366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 +178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 +178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL +421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 +DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 +178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 +460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 +476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 +178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .275 +(As pre)108 208.9 R .275(viously mentioned, there are tw)-.275 F 3.025 +(ok)-.11 G .276(inds of types in)-3.025 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)3.026 E F1(:)A/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(base)3.026 E F1 .276 +(types \(de\214ned)3.026 F(in a programming language\) and)108 222.1 Q +F3(composite)2.75 E F1(types \(instances\).)2.75 E 1.449 +(Examples in this section up to interf)108 239.2 R 1.448 +(acing indices can be found in)-.11 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF(complex.sql) +4.198 E F1(and)A F4(complex.c)108 252.4 Q F1 5.5(.C)C(omposite e)-5.5 E +(xamples are in)-.165 E F4(funcs.sql)2.75 E F1(.)A/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF +3(8.1. User)72 278.6 R(-De\214ned T)-.444 E(ypes)-.888 E 77.5 291.8 72 +291.8 DL 80.5 291.8 75 291.8 DL 86 291.8 80.5 291.8 DL 91.5 291.8 86 +291.8 DL 97 291.8 91.5 291.8 DL 102.5 291.8 97 291.8 DL 108 291.8 102.5 +291.8 DL 113.5 291.8 108 291.8 DL 119 291.8 113.5 291.8 DL 124.5 291.8 +119 291.8 DL 130 291.8 124.5 291.8 DL 135.5 291.8 130 291.8 DL 141 291.8 +135.5 291.8 DL 146.5 291.8 141 291.8 DL 152 291.8 146.5 291.8 DL 157.5 +291.8 152 291.8 DL 163 291.8 157.5 291.8 DL 168.5 291.8 163 291.8 DL 174 +291.8 168.5 291.8 DL 179.5 291.8 174 291.8 DL 185 291.8 179.5 291.8 DL +190.5 291.8 185 291.8 DL 196 291.8 190.5 291.8 DL 201.5 291.8 196 291.8 +DL 207 291.8 201.5 291.8 DL 212.5 291.8 207 291.8 DL 218 291.8 212.5 +291.8 DL 223.5 291.8 218 291.8 DL 229 291.8 223.5 291.8 DL 234.5 291.8 +229 291.8 DL 240 291.8 234.5 291.8 DL 245.5 291.8 240 291.8 DL 251 291.8 +245.5 291.8 DL 256.5 291.8 251 291.8 DL 262 291.8 256.5 291.8 DL 267.5 +291.8 262 291.8 DL 273 291.8 267.5 291.8 DL 278.5 291.8 273 291.8 DL 284 +291.8 278.5 291.8 DL 289.5 291.8 284 291.8 DL 295 291.8 289.5 291.8 DL +300.5 291.8 295 291.8 DL 306 291.8 300.5 291.8 DL 311.5 291.8 306 291.8 +DL 317 291.8 311.5 291.8 DL 322.5 291.8 317 291.8 DL 328 291.8 322.5 +291.8 DL 333.5 291.8 328 291.8 DL 339 291.8 333.5 291.8 DL 344.5 291.8 +339 291.8 DL 350 291.8 344.5 291.8 DL 355.5 291.8 350 291.8 DL 361 291.8 +355.5 291.8 DL 366.5 291.8 361 291.8 DL 372 291.8 366.5 291.8 DL 377.5 +291.8 372 291.8 DL 383 291.8 377.5 291.8 DL 388.5 291.8 383 291.8 DL 394 +291.8 388.5 291.8 DL 399.5 291.8 394 291.8 DL 405 291.8 399.5 291.8 DL +410.5 291.8 405 291.8 DL 416 291.8 410.5 291.8 DL 421.5 291.8 416 291.8 +DL 427 291.8 421.5 291.8 DL 432.5 291.8 427 291.8 DL 438 291.8 432.5 +291.8 DL 443.5 291.8 438 291.8 DL 449 291.8 443.5 291.8 DL 454.5 291.8 +449 291.8 DL 460 291.8 454.5 291.8 DL 465.5 291.8 460 291.8 DL 471 291.8 +465.5 291.8 DL 476.5 291.8 471 291.8 DL 482 291.8 476.5 291.8 DL 487.5 +291.8 482 291.8 DL 493 291.8 487.5 291.8 DL 498.5 291.8 493 291.8 DL 504 +291.8 498.5 291.8 DL 3(8.1.1. Functions)72 322.1 R(Needed f)3 E +(or a User)-.3 E(-De\214ned T)-.444 E(ype)-.888 E F1 3.097(Au)108 339.2 +S(ser)-3.097 E .347(-de\214ned type must al)-.22 F -.11(wa)-.11 G .347 +(ys ha).11 F -.165(ve)-.22 G F3(input)3.262 E F1(and)3.096 E F3(output) +3.096 E F1 3.096(functions. These)3.096 F .346(functions deter)3.096 F +(-)-.22 E 1.115(mine ho)108 352.4 R 3.865(wt)-.275 G 1.116(he type appe\ +ars in strings \(for input by the user and output to the user\) and) +-3.865 F(ho)108 365.6 Q 2.93(wt)-.275 G .18(he type is or)-2.93 F -.055 +(ga)-.198 G .18(nized in memory).055 F 5.679(.T)-.715 G .179 +(he input function tak)-5.679 F .179(es a null-delimited character)-.11 +F 1.27(string as its input and returns the internal \(in memory\) repre\ +sentation of the type.)108 378.8 R(The)6.77 E .931(output function tak) +108 392 R .93(es the internal representation of the type and returns a \ +null-delimited)-.11 F(character string.)108 405.2 Q .939(Suppose we w) +108 422.3 R .939(ant to de\214ne a)-.11 F F4(complex)3.69 E F1 .94 +(type which represents comple)3.69 F 3.69(xn)-.165 G .94(umbers. Natu-) +-3.69 F(rally)108 435.5 Q 2.75(,w)-.715 G 2.75(ec)-2.75 G +(hoose to represent a comple)-2.75 E 2.75(xi)-.165 G 2.75(nm)-2.75 G +(emory as the follo)-2.75 E(wing C structure:)-.275 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF +(typedef struct Complex {)148 460.7 Q 30(double x;)172 472.9 R 30 +(double y;)172 485.1 R 6(}C)148 497.3 S(omplex;)-6 E F1 +(and a string of the form)108 523.5 Q F4(\(x,y\))2.75 E F1(as the e)2.75 +E(xternal string representation.)-.165 E 1.12(These functions are usual\ +ly not hard to write, especially the output function.)108 540.6 R(Ho) +6.62 E(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G -.44(r,).165 G +(there are a number of points to remember)108 553.8 Q(.)-.605 E 13.75 +(\(1\) When)113.5 570.9 R 2.47(de\214ning your e)5.22 F 2.47 +(xternal \(string\) representation, remember that you must)-.165 F +-2.365 -.275(ev e)142.826 584.1 T .113(ntually write a complete and rob) +.275 F .113(ust parser for that representation as your input)-.22 F +(function!)142.826 597.3 Q F6(Complex *)182.826 622.5 Q +(complex_in\(char *str\))182.826 634.7 Q({)182.826 646.9 Q(double x, y;) +206.826 659.1 Q(Complex *result;)206.826 671.3 Q +(if \(sscanf\(str, " \( %lf , %lf \)", &x, &y\) != 2\) {)206.826 695.7 Q +(elog\(WARN, "complex_in: error in parsing)230.826 707.9 Q(return NULL;) +230.826 720.1 Q/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(33)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(})206.826 96.2 Q +(result = \(Complex *\)palloc\(sizeof\(Complex\)\);)206.826 108.4 Q +(result->x = x;)206.826 120.6 Q(result->y = y;)206.826 132.8 Q +(return \(result\);)206.826 145 Q(})182.826 157.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 +SF(The output function can simply be:)142.826 183.4 Q F0(char *)182.826 +208.6 Q(complex_out\(Complex *complex\))182.826 220.8 Q({)182.826 233 Q +(char *result;)206.826 245.2 Q(if \(complex == NULL\))206.826 269.6 Q +(return\(NULL\);)230.826 281.8 Q(result = \(char *\) palloc\(60\);) +206.826 306.2 Q(sprintf\(result, "\(%g,%g\)", complex->x, complex->y\);) +206.826 318.4 Q(return\(result\);)206.826 330.6 Q(})182.826 342.8 Q F1 +13.75(\(2\) Y)113.5 372.9 R .752(ou should try to mak)-1.21 F 3.502(et) +-.11 G .752(he input and output functions in)-3.502 F -.165(ve)-.44 G +.752(rses of each other).165 F 6.252(.I)-.605 G(f)-6.252 E .181 +(you do not, you will ha)142.826 386.1 R .511 -.165(ve s)-.22 H -2.365 +-.275(ev e).165 H .18(re problems when you need to dump your data into) +.275 F 3.169<618c>142.826 399.3 S .419 +(le and then read it back in \(say)-3.169 F 3.17(,i)-.715 G .42 +(nto someone else')-3.17 F 3.17(sd)-.605 G .42(atabase on another com-) +-3.17 F 3.672(puter\). This)142.826 412.5 R .922 +(is a particularly common problem when \215oating-point numbers are) +3.672 F(in)142.826 425.7 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lv).22 E(ed.)-.165 E 3.371 +-.88(To d)108 442.8 T 1.612(e\214ne the).88 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF +(complex)4.362 E F1 1.612(type, we need to create the tw)4.362 F 4.362 +(ou)-.11 G(ser)-4.362 E 1.612(-de\214ned functions)-.22 F F2(com-)4.362 +E(plex_in)108 456 Q F1(and)2.75 E F2(complex_out)2.75 E F1 +(before creating the type:)2.75 E F0 +(CREATE FUNCTION complex_in\(opaque\))148 481.2 Q(RETURNS complex)166 +493.4 Q(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')166 505.6 Q +(LANGUAGE 'c';)166 517.8 Q(CREATE FUNCTION complex_out\(opaque\))148 +542.2 Q(RETURNS opaque)166 554.4 Q +(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')166 566.6 Q +(LANGUAGE 'c';)166 578.8 Q(CREATE TYPE complex \()148 603.2 Q +(internallength = 16,)166 615.4 Q(input = complex_in,)166 627.6 Q +(output = complex_out)166 639.8 Q(\);)148 652 Q F1 .371 +(As discussed earlier)108 682.1 R(,)-.44 E/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)3.121 E F1 .371(fully supports arrays of base types.)3.121 F +(Additionally)5.87 E(,)-.715 E F3(POST)3.12 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 695.3 Q +F1 .32(supports arrays of user)3.069 F .32(-de\214ned types as well.) +-.22 F .32(When you de\214ne a type,)5.82 F F3(POSTGRES)3.07 E F1 1.231 +(automatically pro)108 708.5 R 1.23 +(vides support for arrays of that type.)-.165 F -.165(Fo)6.73 G 3.98(rh) +.165 G 1.23(istorical reasons, the array)-3.98 F 3.301 +(type has the same name as the user)108 721.7 R 3.301 +(-de\214ned type with the underscore character)-.22 F F2(_)6.051 E/F4 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(34)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 35 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(prepended.)108 97.2 Q 1.849 +(Composite types do not need an)108 114.3 R 4.599(yf)-.165 G 1.849 +(unction de\214ned on them, since the system already)-4.599 F +(understands what the)108 127.5 Q 2.75(yl)-.165 G(ook lik)-2.75 E 2.75 +(ei)-.11 G(nside.)-2.75 E/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(8.1.2. Lar)72 153.7 R +(ge Objects)-.12 E F0 .758(The types discussed to this point are all \ +\231small\232 objects \212 that is, the)108 170.8 R 3.508(ya)-.165 G +.758(re smaller than)-3.508 F(8KB)108 186.2 Q/F2 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(7) +-4.4 I F0 .304(in size.)3.054 4.4 N .304(If you require a lar)5.804 F +.305(ger type for something lik)-.198 F 3.055(ead)-.11 G .305 +(ocument retrie)-3.055 F -.275(va)-.275 G 3.055(ls).275 G(ystem)-3.055 E +(or for storing bitmaps, you will need to use the)108 199.4 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.75 E/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(lar)2.75 E .22 +-.11(ge o)-.407 H(bject).11 E F0(interf)2.75 E(ace.)-.11 E .32 LW 76 +667.4 72 667.4 DL 80 667.4 76 667.4 DL 84 667.4 80 667.4 DL 88 667.4 84 +667.4 DL 92 667.4 88 667.4 DL 96 667.4 92 667.4 DL 100 667.4 96 667.4 DL +104 667.4 100 667.4 DL 108 667.4 104 667.4 DL 112 667.4 108 667.4 DL 116 +667.4 112 667.4 DL 120 667.4 116 667.4 DL 124 667.4 120 667.4 DL 128 +667.4 124 667.4 DL 132 667.4 128 667.4 DL 136 667.4 132 667.4 DL 140 +667.4 136 667.4 DL 144 667.4 140 667.4 DL 148 667.4 144 667.4 DL 152 +667.4 148 667.4 DL 156 667.4 152 667.4 DL 160 667.4 156 667.4 DL 164 +667.4 160 667.4 DL 168 667.4 164 667.4 DL 172 667.4 168 667.4 DL 176 +667.4 172 667.4 DL 180 667.4 176 667.4 DL 184 667.4 180 667.4 DL 188 +667.4 184 667.4 DL 192 667.4 188 667.4 DL 196 667.4 192 667.4 DL 200 +667.4 196 667.4 DL 204 667.4 200 667.4 DL 208 667.4 204 667.4 DL 212 +667.4 208 667.4 DL 216 667.4 212 667.4 DL/F5 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(7)93.6 +677.8 Q F2 2.338(8*1)2.338 3.2 O .338(024 == 8192 bytes.)-2.338 F .338 +(In f)4.338 F .338 +(act, the type must be considerably smaller than 8192 bytes, since the) +-.08 F/F6 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.338 E F2 .338(tuple and page) +2.338 F -.12(ove)72 690.6 S +(rhead must also \214t into this 8KB limitation.).12 E(The actual v)4 E +(alue that \214ts depends on the machine architecture.)-.2 E/F7 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(35)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(9. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: OPERA) +4.75 E -.342(TO)-1.805 G(RS).342 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 +178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 +178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 +108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 +124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 +178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 +178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL +179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 +DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 +178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 +218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 +234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 +178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 +178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL +289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 +DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 +178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 +328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 +344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 +178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 +178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL +399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 +DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 +178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 +438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 +454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 +178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 +178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL +/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 208.9 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .485 +(supports left unary)3.235 F 3.235(,r)-.715 G .485 +(ight unary and binary operators.)-3.235 F .484(Operators can be)5.984 F +/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF -.11(ov)3.234 G(er).11 E(-)-.22 E(loaded)108 +222.1 Q F2 3.116(,o)C 3.117(rr)-3.116 G .367(e-used with dif)-3.117 F +.367(ferent numbers and types of ar)-.275 F 3.117(guments. If)-.198 F +.367(there is an ambigu-)3.117 F .126(ous situation and the system cann\ +ot determine the correct operator to use, it will return an)108 235.3 R +1.232(error and you may ha)108 248.5 R 1.562 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 3.982(ot) +.165 G 1.232 +(ypecast the left and/or right operands to help it understand)-3.982 F +(which operator you meant to use.)108 261.7 Q 2.289 -.88(To c)108 278.8 +T .529(reate an operator for adding tw).88 F 3.279(oc)-.11 G(omple) +-3.279 E 3.279(xn)-.165 G .529(umbers can be done as follo)-3.279 F +3.278(ws. First)-.275 F(we)3.278 E .436 +(need to create a function to add the ne)108 292 R 3.186(wt)-.275 G .436 +(ypes. Then, we can create the operator with the)-3.186 F(function.)108 +305.2 Q/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +(CREATE FUNCTION complex_add\(complex, complex\))148 330.4 Q +(RETURNS complex)166 342.6 Q(AS '$PWD/obj/complex.so')166 354.8 Q +(LANGUAGE 'c';)166 367 Q(CREATE OPERATOR + \()148 403.6 Q +(leftarg = complex,)166 415.8 Q(rightarg = complex,)166 428 Q +(procedure = complex_add,)166 440.2 Q(commutator = +)166 452.4 Q(\);)148 +464.6 Q F2 -.88(We)108 506.9 S -1.815 -.55('v e).88 H(sho)4.31 E 1.01 +(wn ho)-.275 F 3.76(wt)-.275 G 3.76(oc)-3.76 G 1.01 +(reate a binary operator here. T)-3.76 F 3.759(oc)-.88 G 1.009 +(reate unary operators, just omit)-3.759 F(one of)108 520.1 Q/F5 11 +/Courier@0 SF(leftarg)2.75 E F2(\(for left unary\) or)2.75 E F5 +(rightarg)2.75 E F2(\(for right unary\).)2.75 E 1.823(If we gi)108 537.2 +R 2.153 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 1.824(he system enough type information, it \ +can automatically \214gure out which).165 F(operators to use.)108 550.4 +Q F4(SELECT \(a + b\) AS c FROM test_complex;)148 575.6 Q .4 LW 248 +606.1 148 606.1 DL(c)153 615.8 Q 248 620.3 148 620.3 DL(\(5.2,6.05\))153 +630 Q 248 634.5 148 634.5 DL(\(133.42,144.95\))153 644.2 Q 248 648.7 148 +648.7 DL 248 606.1 248 648.7 DL 148 606.1 148 648.7 DL/F6 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(36)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(10. EXTENDING)72 165.4 R(SQL: A)4.75 +E(GGREGA)-1.045 E(TES)-1.805 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 +178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 +178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 +108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 +124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 +178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 +178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL +179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 +DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 +178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 +218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 +234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 +178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 +178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL +289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 +DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 +178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 +328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 +344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 +178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 +178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL +399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 +DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 +178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 +438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 +454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 +178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 +178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(Aggre)108 208.9 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G .241(tes in) +.055 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.991 E F1 .241(are e)2.991 F +.241(xpressed in terms of)-.165 F/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF .241(state tr) +2.991 F .241(ansition functions)-.165 F F1 5.741(.T)C .24(hat is, an) +-5.741 F(aggre)108 222.1 Q -.055(ga)-.165 G .924 +(te can be de\214ned in terms of).055 F F3(state)3.675 E F1 .925 +(that is modi\214ed whene)3.675 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.675(ra).165 G 3.675 +(ni)-3.675 G .925(nstance is pro-)-3.675 F 3.74(cessed. Some)108 235.3 R +.989(state functions look at a particular v)3.74 F .989 +(alue in the instance when computing)-.275 F 1.59(the ne)108 248.5 R +4.34(ws)-.275 G 1.59(tate \()-4.34 F F3(sfunc1)A F1 1.59(in the)4.34 F +/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)4.34 E 1.59(eate aggr)-.198 F(egate)-.198 E F1 +1.59(syntax\) while others only k)4.34 F 1.591(eep track of)-.11 F +(their o)108 261.7 Q(wn internal state \()-.275 E F3(sfunc2)A F1(\).)A +.085(If we de\214ne an aggre)108 278.8 R -.055(ga)-.165 G .084 +(te that uses only).055 F/F5 11/Courier@0 SF(sfunc1)2.834 E F1 2.834(,w) +C 2.834(ed)-2.834 G .084(e\214ne an aggre)-2.834 F -.055(ga)-.165 G .084 +(te that computes a).055 F .488(running function of the attrib)108 292 R +.488(ute v)-.22 F .488(alues from each instance.)-.275 F .488 +(\231Sum\232 is an e)5.988 F .488(xample of this)-.165 F .074 +(kind of aggre)108 305.2 R -.055(ga)-.165 G 2.824(te. \231Sum\232).055 F +.073(starts at zero and al)2.824 F -.11(wa)-.11 G .073 +(ys adds the current instance').11 F 2.823(sv)-.605 G .073(alue to its) +-3.098 F .19(running total.)108 318.4 R 1.95 -.88(We w)5.69 H .19 +(ill use the).88 F F5(int4pl)2.94 E F1 .19(that is b)2.94 F .191 +(uilt into)-.22 F F2(POSTGRES)2.941 E F1 .191(to perform this addi-) +2.941 F(tion.)108 331.6 Q/F6 10/Courier@0 SF +(CREATE AGGREGATE complex_sum \()148 356.8 Q(sfunc1 = complex_add,)178 +369 Q(basetype = complex,)178 381.2 Q(stype1 = complex,)178 393.4 Q +(initcond1 = '\(0,0\)')178 405.6 Q(\);)160 417.8 Q +(SELECT complex_sum\(a\) FROM test_complex;)148 454.4 Q .4 LW 224 484.9 +148 484.9 DL(complex_sum)153 494.6 Q 224 499.1 148 499.1 DL(\(34,53.9\)) +153 508.8 Q 224 513.3 148 513.3 DL 224 484.9 224 513.3 DL 148 484.9 148 +513.3 DL F1 .184(If we de\214ne only)108 535 R F5(sfunc2)2.934 E F1 +2.934(,w)C 2.934(ea)-2.934 G .184(re specifying an aggre)-2.934 F -.055 +(ga)-.165 G .184(te that computes a running func-).055 F .998 +(tion that is independent of the attrib)108 548.2 R .999(ute v)-.22 F +.999(alues from each instance.)-.275 F .999(\231Count\232 is the most) +6.499 F 1.313(common e)108 561.4 R 1.313(xample of this kind of aggre) +-.165 F -.055(ga)-.165 G 4.063(te. \231Count\232).055 F 1.312 +(starts at zero and adds one to its)4.063 F 1.665 +(running total for each instance, ignoring the instance v)108 574.6 R +4.415(alue. Here,)-.275 F 1.666(we use the b)4.415 F(uilt-in)-.22 E F5 +(int4inc)108 587.8 Q F1 .631(routine to do the w)3.381 F .631 +(ork for us.)-.11 F .63(This routine increments \(adds one to\) its ar) +6.131 F(gu-)-.198 E(ment.)108 601 Q F6 +(CREATE AGGREGATE my_count \(sfunc2 = int4inc, -- add one)148 626.2 Q +(basetype = int4, stype2 = int4,)322 638.4 Q(initcond2 = '0'\))322 650.6 +Q(SELECT my_count\(*\) as emp_count from EMP;)148 675 Q F4(37)282.5 756 +Q EP +%%Page: 38 38 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.4 LW 212 88.5 148 88.5 DL/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(emp_count)153 98.2 Q 212 +102.7 148 102.7 DL(5)153 112.4 Q 212 116.9 148 116.9 DL 212 88.5 212 +116.9 DL 148 88.5 148 116.9 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF -1.804 -.88 +(\231A v)108 138.6 T .095(erage\232 is an e).715 F .095 +(xample of an aggre)-.165 F -.055(ga)-.165 G .096 +(te that requires both a function to compute the run-).055 F .987 +(ning sum and a function to compute the running count.)108 151.8 R .986 +(When all of the instances ha)6.486 F -.165(ve)-.22 G .405 +(been processed, the \214nal answer for the aggre)108 165 R -.055(ga) +-.165 G .405(te is the running sum di).055 F .405(vided by the run-) +-.275 F .923(ning count.)108 178.2 R 2.683 -.88(We u)6.423 H .923 +(se the).88 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(int4pl)3.673 E F1(and)3.673 E F2 +(int4inc)3.673 E F1 .922(routines we used before as well as the)3.673 F +/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 191.4 Q F1(inte)2.855 E .105 +(ger di)-.165 F .105(vision routine,)-.275 F F2(int4div)2.855 E F1 2.855 +(,t)C 2.855(oc)-2.855 G .105(ompute the di)-2.855 F .106 +(vision of the sum by the)-.275 F(count.)108 204.6 Q F0 +(CREATE AGGREGATE my_average \(sfunc1 = int4pl, --)148 229.8 Q(sum)12 E +(basetype = int4,)334 242 Q(stype1 = int4,)334 254.2 Q +(sfunc2 = int4inc, -- count)334 266.4 Q(stype2 = int4,)334 278.6 Q +(finalfunc = int4div, -- division)334 290.8 Q(initcond1 = '0',)334 303 Q +(initcond2 = '0'\))334 315.2 Q +(SELECT my_average\(salary\) as emp_average FROM EMP;)148 339.6 Q 224 +370.1 148 370.1 DL(emp_average)153 379.8 Q 224 384.3 148 384.3 DL(1640) +153 394 Q 224 398.5 148 398.5 DL 224 370.1 224 398.5 DL 148 370.1 148 +398.5 DL/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(38)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 39 39 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(11. INTERF)72 165.4 R -1.045(AC)-1.71 +G(ING EXTENSIONS T)1.045 E 4.75(OI)-.342 G(NDICES)-4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72 +178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 +178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 +178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 +119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 +135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 +178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 +178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL +190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 +DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 +178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 +229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 +245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 +178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 +178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL +300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 +DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 +178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 +339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 +355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 +178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 +178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL +410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 +DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 +178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 +449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 +465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 +178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 +178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .125 +(The procedures described thus f)108 208.9 R .125 +(ar let you de\214ne a ne)-.11 F 2.875(wt)-.275 G .124(ype, ne)-2.875 F +2.874(wf)-.275 G .124(unctions and ne)-2.874 F 2.874(wo)-.275 G(per) +-2.874 E(-)-.22 E 3.069(ators. Ho)108 222.1 R(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 +G 1.199 -.44(r, w).165 H 3.069(ec).44 G .32 +(annot yet de\214ne a secondary inde)-3.069 F 3.07(x\()-.165 G .32 +(such as a B-tree, R-tree or hash)-3.07 F(access method\) o)108 235.3 Q +-.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(ran).165 G .55 -.275(ew t)-2.75 H +(ype or its operators.).275 E .181(Look back at Figure 3.)108 252.4 R +.181(The right half sho)5.681 F .18 +(ws the catalogs that we must modify in order to)-.275 F(tell)108 265.6 +Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.911 E F1(ho)4.911 E 4.911(wt)-.275 G +4.911(ou)-4.911 G 2.161(se a user)-4.911 F 2.161 +(-de\214ned type and/or user)-.22 F 2.162(-de\214ned operators with an) +-.22 F(inde)108 278.8 Q 3.874(x\()-.165 G(i.e.,)-3.874 E/F3 11/Courier@0 +SF(pg_am)3.874 E F1(,)A F3(pg_amop)3.874 E F1(,)A F3(pg_amproc)3.873 E +F1(and)3.873 E F3(pg_opclass)3.873 E F1 3.873(\). Unfortunately)B 3.873 +(,t)-.715 G(here)-3.873 E 1.611(is no simple command to do this.)108 292 +R 3.372 -.88(We w)7.111 H 1.612(ill demonstrate ho).88 F 4.362(wt)-.275 +G 4.362(om)-4.362 G 1.612(odify these catalogs)-4.362 F .78 +(through a running e)108 305.2 R .78(xample: a ne)-.165 F 3.53(wo)-.275 +G .779(perator class for the B-tree access method that sorts)-3.53 F +(inte)108 318.4 Q(gers in ascending absolute v)-.165 E(alue order)-.275 +E(.)-.605 E(The)108 335.5 Q F3(pg_am)3.956 E F1 1.206 +(class contains one instance for e)3.956 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.206 +(ry user).165 F 1.206(-de\214ned access method.)-.22 F(Support)6.706 E +1.667(for the heap access method is b)108 348.7 R 1.667(uilt into)-.22 F +F2(POSTGRES)4.417 E F1 4.417(,b)C 1.667(ut e)-4.637 F -.165(ve)-.275 G +1.667(ry other access method is).165 F(described here.)108 361.9 Q +(The schema is)5.5 E 496.228 379.65 115.771 379.65 DL F3(amname)121.271 +390.1 Q F1(name of the access method)56.1 E 496.228 394.85 115.771 +394.85 DL F3(amowner)121.271 405.3 Q F1(object id of the o)49.5 E(wner') +-.275 E 2.75(si)-.605 G(nstance in pg_user)-2.75 E 496.228 410.05 +115.771 410.05 DL F3(amkind)121.271 420.5 Q F1(not used at present, b) +56.1 E(ut set to 'o' as a place holder)-.22 E 496.228 425.25 115.771 +425.25 DL F3(amstrategies)121.271 435.7 Q F1(number of strate)16.5 E +(gies for this access method \(see belo)-.165 E(w\))-.275 E 496.228 +440.45 115.771 440.45 DL F3(amsupport)121.271 450.9 Q F1 +(number of support routines for this access method \(see belo)36.3 E +(w\))-.275 E 496.228 455.65 115.771 455.65 DL F3(amgettuple)121.271 +466.1 Q(aminsert)121.271 479.3 Q(...)121.271 492.5 Q F1 4.257 +(procedure identi\214ers for interf)216.971 466.1 R 4.257 +(ace routines to the access)-.11 F 5.101(method. F)216.971 479.3 R 2.351 +(or e)-.165 F(xample,)-.165 E F3(regproc)5.101 E F1 2.351 +(ids for opening, closing,)5.101 F +(and getting instances from the access method appear here.)216.971 492.5 +Q 496.228 497.25 115.771 497.25 DL 208.721 379.65 208.721 497.25 DL +496.228 379.65 496.228 497.25 DL 115.771 379.65 115.771 497.25 DL .68 +(The object ID of the instance in)108 518.7 R F3(pg_am)3.431 E F1 .681 +(is used as a foreign k)3.431 F 1.011 -.165(ey i)-.11 H 3.431(nl).165 G +.681(ots of other classes.)-3.431 F -1.21(Yo)108 531.9 S 2.912(ud)1.21 G +(on')-2.912 E 2.912(tn)-.198 G .162(eed to add a ne)-2.912 F 2.911(wi) +-.275 G .161(nstance to this class; all you')-2.911 F .161 +(re interested in is the object ID)-.55 F +(of the access method instance you w)108 545.1 Q(ant to e)-.11 E(xtend:) +-.165 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(SELECT oid FROM pg_am WHERE amname = 'btree') +148 570.3 Q .4 LW 176 587.8 148 587.8 DL(oid)153 597.5 Q 176 602 148 602 +DL(403)153 611.7 Q 176 616.2 148 616.2 DL 176 587.8 176 616.2 DL 148 +587.8 148 616.2 DL F1(The)108 650.9 Q F3(amstrategies)3.445 E F1(attrib) +3.445 E .695(ute e)-.22 F .695 +(xists to standardize comparisons across data types.)-.165 F -.165(Fo) +6.196 G(r).165 E -.165(ex)108 664.1 S 1.527 +(ample, B-trees impose a strict ordering on k).165 F -.165(ey)-.11 G +1.527(s, lesser to greater).165 F 7.026(.S)-.605 G(ince)-7.026 E F2 +(POSTGRES)4.276 E F1(allo)108 677.3 Q 1.144 +(ws the user to de\214ne operators,)-.275 F F2(POSTGRES)3.894 E F1 1.145 +(cannot look at the)3.894 F/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(name)3.895 E F1 1.145 +(of an operator)3.895 F(\(e)108 690.5 Q(g,)-.165 E F3(>)3.713 E F1(or) +3.713 E F3(<)3.713 E F1 3.712(\)a)C .962 +(nd tell what kind of comparison it is.)-3.712 F .962(In f)6.462 F .962 +(act, some access methods don')-.11 F(t)-.198 E 3.648(impose an)108 +703.7 R 6.398(yo)-.165 G 3.648(rdering at all.)-6.398 F -.165(Fo)9.149 G +6.399(re).165 G 3.649(xample, R-trees e)-6.564 F 3.649 +(xpress a rectangle-containment)-.165 F F5(39)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 40 40 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.021 +(relationship, whereas a hashed data structure e)108 97.2 R 1.021 +(xpresses only bitwise similarity based on)-.165 F .039(the v)108 110.4 +R .039(alue of a hash function.)-.275 F/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES) +5.539 E F0 .039(needs some consistent w)2.789 F .039 +(ay of taking a quali\214ca-)-.11 F .049(tion in your query)108 123.6 R +2.799(,l)-.715 G .049 +(ooking at the operator and then deciding if a usable inde)-2.799 F +2.798(xe)-.165 G 2.798(xists. This)-2.963 F .162(implies that)108 136.8 +R F1(POSTGRES)2.912 E F0 .162(needs to kno)2.912 F 1.592 -.715(w, f) +-.275 H .162(or e).715 F .162(xample, that the)-.165 F/F2 11/Courier@0 +SF(<=)2.913 E F0(and)2.913 E F2(>)2.913 E F0 .163(operators partition) +2.913 F 3.102(aB)108 150 S(-tree.)-3.102 E F1(POSTGRES)5.852 E F0 .352 +(uses strate)3.102 F .352(gies to e)-.165 F .351 +(xpress these relationships between operators and)-.165 F(the w)108 +163.2 Q(ay the)-.11 E 2.75(yc)-.165 G(an be used to scan indices.)-2.75 +E .687(De\214ning a ne)108 180.3 R 3.437(ws)-.275 G .687(et of strate) +-3.437 F .687(gies is be)-.165 F .687 +(yond the scope of this discussion, b)-.165 F .688(ut we')-.22 F .688 +(ll e)-.11 F(xplain)-.165 E(ho)108 193.5 Q 3.122(wB)-.275 G .372 +(-tree strate)-3.122 F .372(gies w)-.165 F .372(ork because you')-.11 F +.372(ll need to kno)-.11 F 3.122(wt)-.275 G .372(hat to add a ne)-3.122 +F 3.121(wo)-.275 G .371(perator class.)-3.121 F .099(In the)108 206.7 R +F2(pg_am)2.849 E F0 .099(class, the)2.849 F F2(amstrategies)2.849 E F0 +(attrib)2.849 E .099(ute is the number of strate)-.22 F .099 +(gies de\214ned for)-.165 F(this access method.)108 219.9 Q -.165(Fo)5.5 +G 2.75(rB).165 G(-trees, this number is 5.)-2.75 E(These strate)5.5 E +(gies correspond to)-.165 E .44 LW 367.858 237.65 244.141 237.65 DL +(less than)249.641 248.1 Q(1)69.025 E 367.858 252.85 244.141 252.85 DL +(less than or equal)249.641 263.3 Q(2)30.536 E 367.858 268.05 244.141 +268.05 DL 80.641(equal 3)249.641 278.5 R 367.858 283.25 244.141 283.25 +DL(greater than or equal)249.641 293.7 Q(4)16.5 E 367.858 298.45 244.141 +298.45 DL(greater than)249.641 308.9 Q(5)54.989 E 367.858 313.65 244.141 +313.65 DL 367.858 237.65 367.858 313.65 DL 244.141 237.65 244.141 313.65 +DL 348.608 237.65 348.608 313.65 DL .255(The idea is that you')108 335.1 +R .254(ll need to add procedures corresponding to the comparisons abo) +-.11 F .584 -.165(ve t)-.165 H(o).165 E(the)108 348.3 Q F2(pg_amop)3.068 +E F0 .318(relation \(see belo)3.068 F 3.068(w\). The)-.275 F .318 +(access method code can use these strate)3.068 F .319(gy num-)-.165 F +.11(bers, re)108 361.5 R -.055(ga)-.165 G .11 +(rdless of data type, to \214gure out ho).055 F 2.86(wt)-.275 G 2.86(op) +-2.86 G .11(artition the B-tree, compute selecti)-2.86 F(vity)-.275 E(,) +-.715 E .898(and so on.)108 374.7 R(Don')6.399 E 3.649(tw)-.198 G .899 +(orry about the details of adding procedures yet; just understand that) +-3.759 F .48(there must be a set of these procedures for)108 387.9 R F2 +(int2)3.23 E F0(,)A F2(int4)3.23 E F0(,)A F2(oid)3.23 E F0 3.23(,a)C .48 +(nd e)-3.23 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .479(ry other data type).165 F +(on which a B-tree can operate.)108 401.1 Q .803(Sometimes, strate)108 +418.2 R .803(gies aren')-.165 F 3.554(te)-.198 G .804 +(nough information for the system to \214gure out ho)-3.554 F 3.554(wt) +-.275 G 3.554(ou)-3.554 G(se)-3.554 E 1.848(an inde)108 431.4 R 4.598 +(x. Some)-.165 F 1.848 +(access methods require other support routines in order to w)4.598 F +4.598(ork. F)-.11 F(or)-.165 E -.165(ex)108 444.6 S 1.976 +(ample, the B-tree access method must be able to compare tw).165 F 4.726 +(ok)-.11 G -.165(ey)-4.836 G 4.726(sa).165 G 1.976(nd determine)-4.726 F +.745(whether one is greater than, equal to, or less than the other)108 +457.8 R 6.245(.S)-.605 G(imilarly)-6.245 E 3.495(,t)-.715 G .745 +(he R-tree access)-3.495 F 1.685(method must be able to compute interse\ +ctions, unions, and sizes of rectangles.)108 471 R(These)7.185 E .884(o\ +perations do not correspond to user quali\214cations in SQL queries; th\ +e)108 484.2 R 3.633(ya)-.165 G .883(re administra-)-3.633 F(ti)108 497.4 +Q .33 -.165(ve r)-.275 H(outines used by the access methods, internally) +.165 E(.)-.715 E 1.971(In order to manage di)108 514.5 R -.165(ve)-.275 +G 1.972(rse support routines consistently across all).165 F F1(POSTGRES) +4.722 E F0(access)4.722 E(methods,)108 527.7 Q F2(pg_am)4.65 E F0 1.9 +(includes an attrib)4.65 F 1.9(ute called)-.22 F F2(amsupport)4.65 E F0 +7.4(.T)C 1.899(his attrib)-7.4 F 1.899(ute records the)-.22 F .136 +(number of support routines used by an access method.)108 540.9 R -.165 +(Fo)5.636 G 2.887(rB).165 G .137(-trees, this number is one \212)-2.887 +F .173(the routine to tak)108 554.1 R 2.923(et)-.11 G .393 -.11(wo ke) +-2.923 H .173(ys and return)-.055 F/F3 11/Symbol SF(-)2.923 E F0 .173 +(1, 0, or).916 F F3(+)2.923 E F0 .172 +(1, depending on whether the \214rst k).916 F .502 -.165(ey i)-.11 H(s) +.165 E(less than, equal to, or greater than the second.)108 569.5 Q/F4 8 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(8)-4.4 I F0(The)108 586.6 Q F2(amstrategies)4.312 E F0 +1.562(entry in)4.312 F F2(pg_am)4.312 E F0 1.562(is just the)4.312 F/F5 +11/Times-Italic@0 SF(number)4.312 E F0 1.562(of strate)4.312 F 1.562 +(gies de\214ned for the)-.165 F 1.852(access method in question.)108 +599.8 R 1.852(The procedures for less than, less equal, and so on don') +7.352 F(t)-.198 E 3.555(appear in)108 613 R F2(pg_am)6.305 E F0 9.055 +(.S)C(imilarly)-9.055 E(,)-.715 E F2(amsupport)6.305 E F0 3.555 +(is just the number of support routines)6.305 F +(required by the access method.)108 626.2 Q +(The actual routines are listed else)5.5 E(where.)-.275 E .974(The ne) +108 643.3 R .974(xt class of interest is)-.165 F F2(pg_opclass.)3.724 E +F0 .973(This class e)6.474 F .973(xists only to associate a name)-.165 F +1.914(with an)108 656.5 R F2(oid)4.664 E F0 7.414(.I)C(n)-7.414 E F2 +(pg_amop)4.665 E F0 4.665(,e)C -.165(ve)-4.94 G 1.915 +(ry B-tree operator class has a set of procedures, one).165 F 4.98 +(through \214v)108 669.7 R 4.98(e, abo)-.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 10.48 +(.S).165 G 4.979(ome e)-10.48 F 4.979(xisting opclasses are)-.165 F F2 +(int2_ops)7.729 E F0(,)A F2(int4_ops)7.729 E F0 7.729(,a)C(nd)-7.729 E +.32 LW 76 679.3 72 679.3 DL 80 679.3 76 679.3 DL 84 679.3 80 679.3 DL 88 +679.3 84 679.3 DL 92 679.3 88 679.3 DL 96 679.3 92 679.3 DL 100 679.3 96 +679.3 DL 104 679.3 100 679.3 DL 108 679.3 104 679.3 DL 112 679.3 108 +679.3 DL 116 679.3 112 679.3 DL 120 679.3 116 679.3 DL 124 679.3 120 +679.3 DL 128 679.3 124 679.3 DL 132 679.3 128 679.3 DL 136 679.3 132 +679.3 DL 140 679.3 136 679.3 DL 144 679.3 140 679.3 DL 148 679.3 144 +679.3 DL 152 679.3 148 679.3 DL 156 679.3 152 679.3 DL 160 679.3 156 +679.3 DL 164 679.3 160 679.3 DL 168 679.3 164 679.3 DL 172 679.3 168 +679.3 DL 176 679.3 172 679.3 DL 180 679.3 176 679.3 DL 184 679.3 180 +679.3 DL 188 679.3 184 679.3 DL 192 679.3 188 679.3 DL 196 679.3 192 +679.3 DL 200 679.3 196 679.3 DL 204 679.3 200 679.3 DL 208 679.3 204 +679.3 DL 212 679.3 208 679.3 DL 216 679.3 212 679.3 DL/F6 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(8)93.6 689.7 Q F4 +(Strictly speaking, this routine can return a ne)2 3.2 M -.04(ga)-.12 G +(ti).04 E .24 -.12(ve n)-.2 H(umber \(< 0\), 0, or a non-zero positi).12 +E .24 -.12(ve n)-.2 H(umber \(> 0\).).12 E/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(40) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 41 41 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Courier@0 SF(oid_ops)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 7.077(.Y)C +1.577(ou need to add an instance with your opclass name \(for e)-8.287 F +(xample,)-.165 E F0(com-)4.328 E(plex_abs_ops)108 110.4 Q F1 3.409(\)t)C +(o)-3.409 E F0(pg_opclass)3.409 E F1 6.159(.T)C(he)-6.159 E F0(oid)3.409 +E F1 .658(of this instance is a foreign k)3.408 F .988 -.165(ey i)-.11 H +3.408(no).165 G(ther)-3.408 E(classes.)108 123.6 Q/F2 10/Courier@0 SF +(INSERT INTO pg_opclass \(opcname\) VALUES \('complex_abs_ops'\);)148 +148.8 Q(SELECT oid, opcname)148 173.2 Q(FROM pg_opclass)160 185.4 Q +(WHERE opcname = 'complex_abs_ops';)160 197.6 Q .4 LW 275 215.1 148 +215.1 DL 21(oid opcname)153 224.8 R 275 229.3 148 229.3 DL 9 +(17314 int4_abs_ops)153 239 R 275 243.5 148 243.5 DL 275 215.1 275 243.5 +DL 148 215.1 148 243.5 DL 190.5 215.1 190.5 243.5 DL F1 .186 +(Note that the)108 278.2 R F0(oid)2.936 E F1 .186(for your)2.936 F F0 +(pg_opclass)2.936 E F1(instance)2.936 E/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF .186 +(will be differ)2.936 F(ent)-.198 E F1 5.686(!Y)C .187 +(ou should substi-)-6.896 F(tute your v)108 291.4 Q +(alue for 17314 where)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ri).165 G 2.75(ta) +-2.75 G(ppears in this discussion.)-2.75 E .151(So no)108 308.5 R 2.901 +(ww)-.275 G 2.9(eh)-2.901 G -2.475 -.22(av e)-2.9 H .15 +(an access method and an operator class.)3.12 F 1.91 -.88(We s)5.65 H +.15(till need a set of operators;).88 F .651 +(the procedure for de\214ning operators w)108 321.7 R .652 +(as discussed earlier in this manual.)-.11 F -.165(Fo)6.152 G 3.402(rt) +.165 G(he)-3.402 E F0(com-)3.402 E(plex_abs_ops)108 334.9 Q F1 +(operator class on B-trees, the operators we require are:)2.75 E +(absolute v)148 361.1 Q(alue less-than)-.275 E(absolute v)148 374.3 Q +(alue less-than-or)-.275 E(-equal)-.22 E(absolute v)148 387.5 Q +(alue equal)-.275 E(absolute v)148 400.7 Q(alue greater)-.275 E +(-than-or)-.22 E(-equal)-.22 E(absolute v)148 413.9 Q(alue greater)-.275 +E(-than)-.22 E(Suppose the code that implements the functions de\214ned\ + is stored in the \214le)108 440.1 Q F2 +(/usr/local/postgres95/src/tutorial/complex.c)148 465.3 Q F1 -.165(Pa) +108 491.5 S .592(rt of the code look lik).165 F 3.342(et)-.11 G .592 +(his: \(note that we will only sho)-3.342 F 3.342(wt)-.275 G .592 +(he equality operator for the)-3.342 F .631(rest of the e)108 504.7 R +.632(xamples. The other four operators are v)-.165 F .632(ery similar) +-.165 F 3.382(.R)-.605 G .632(efer to)-3.382 F F0(complex.c)3.382 E F1 +(or)3.382 E F0(complex.sql)108 517.9 Q F1(for the details.\))2.75 E F2 +(#define Mag\(c\))148 543.1 Q(\(\(c\)->x*\(c\)->x + \(c\)->y*\(c\)->y\)) +24 E(bool)148 567.5 Q(complex_abs_eq\(Complex *a, Complex *b\))148 579.7 +Q({)148 591.9 Q(double amag = Mag\(a\), bmag = Mag\(b\);)172 604.1 Q +(return \(amag==bmag\);)172 616.3 Q(})148 628.5 Q F1 +(There are a couple of important things that are happening belo)108 +654.7 Q -.715(w.)-.275 G 1.966 +(First, note that operators for less-than, less-than-or)108 671.8 R +1.966(-equal, equal, greater)-.22 F(-than-or)-.22 E(-equal,)-.22 E .885 +(and greater)108 685 R .886(-than for)-.22 F F0(int4)3.636 E F1 .886 +(are being de\214ned.)3.636 F .886 +(All of these operators are already de\214ned)6.386 F(for)108 698.2 Q F0 +(int4)2.962 E F1 .212(under the names)2.962 F F0(<)2.962 E F1(,)A F0(<=) +2.962 E F1(,)A F0(=)2.962 E F1(,)A F0(>=)2.962 E F1 2.962(,a)C(nd)-2.962 +E F0(>)2.962 E F1 5.712(.T)C .212(he ne)-5.712 F 2.961(wo)-.275 G .211 +(perators beha)-2.961 F .541 -.165(ve d)-.22 H(if).165 E(ferently)-.275 +E 2.961(,o)-.715 G(f)-2.961 E 2.783(course. In)108 711.4 R .033 +(order to guarantee that)2.783 F/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.783 E +F1 .034(uses these ne)2.783 F 2.784(wo)-.275 G .034 +(perators rather than the old)-2.784 F F3(41)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .765(ones, the)108 97.2 R 3.515(yn)-.165 G .764 +(eed to be named dif)-3.515 F .764(ferently from the old ones.)-.275 F +.764(This is a k)6.264 F 1.094 -.165(ey p)-.11 H .764(oint: you can).165 +F -.165(ove)108 110.4 S 1.48(rload operators in).165 F/F1 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.23 E F0 4.23(,b)C 1.48 +(ut only if the operator isn')-4.45 F 4.231(ta)-.198 G 1.481 +(lready de\214ned for the)-4.231 F(ar)108 123.6 Q 1.474(gument types.) +-.198 F 1.474(That is, if you ha)6.974 F -.165(ve)-.22 G/F2 11/Courier@0 +SF(<)4.388 E F0 1.473(de\214ned for \()4.223 F F2(int4)A F0(,)A F2(int4) +4.223 E F0 1.473(\), you can')B 4.223(td)-.198 G 1.473(e\214ne it)-4.223 +F(ag)108 136.8 Q(ain.)-.055 E F1(POSTGRES)5.893 E/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF +.393(does not check)3.143 F F0 .393 +(this when you de\214ne your operator)3.143 F 3.144(,s)-.44 G 3.144(ob) +-3.144 G 3.144(ec)-3.144 G 3.144(areful. T)-3.144 F(o)-.88 E -.22(avo) +108 150 S .642 +(id this problem, odd names will be used for the operators.).22 F .641 +(If you get this wrong, the)6.141 F(access methods are lik)108 163.2 Q +(ely to crash when you try to do scans.)-.11 E 1.223 +(The other important point is that all the operator functions return)108 +180.3 R/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(Boolean)3.974 E F0 -.275(va)3.974 G +3.974(lues. The).275 F .733(access methods rely on this f)108 193.5 R +3.483(act. \(On)-.11 F .733 +(the other hand, the support function returns what-)3.483 F -2.365 -.275 +(ev e)108 206.7 T 2.75(rt).275 G(he particular access method e)-2.75 E +(xpects \212 in this case, a signed inte)-.165 E(ger)-.165 E(.\))-.605 E +1.443(The \214nal routine in the \214le is the \231support routine\232 \ +mentioned when we discussed the)108 223.8 R F2(amsupport)108 237 Q F0 +(attrib)2.75 E(ute of the)-.22 E F2(pg_am)2.75 E F0 2.75(class. W)2.75 F +2.75(ew)-.88 G(ill use this later on.)-2.75 E -.165(Fo)5.5 G 2.75(rn) +.165 G -.275(ow)-2.75 G 2.75(,i)-.44 G(gnore it.)-2.75 E/F5 10/Courier@0 +SF(CREATE FUNCTION complex_abs_eq\(complex, complex\))148 262.2 Q +(RETURNS bool)178 274.4 Q +(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')178 286.6 Q +(LANGUAGE 'c';)178 298.8 Q F0(No)108 337.2 Q 3.975(wd)-.275 G 1.224 +(e\214ne the operators that use them.)-3.975 F 1.224 +(As noted, the operator names must be unique)6.724 F .684 +(among all operators that tak)108 350.4 R 3.434(et)-.11 G -.11(wo)-3.434 +G F2(int4)3.544 E F0 3.434(operands. In)3.434 F .684 +(order to see if the operator names)3.434 F(listed belo)108 363.6 Q 2.75 +(wa)-.275 G(re tak)-2.75 E(en, we can do a query on)-.11 E F2 +(pg_operator)2.75 E F0(:)A F5(/*)148 388.8 Q 6(*t)154 401 S +(his query uses the regular expression operator \(~\))-6 E 6(*t)154 +413.2 S 6(of)-6 G(ind three-character operator names that end in)-6 E 6 +(*t)154 425.4 S(he character &)-6 E(*/)154 437.6 Q(SELECT *)148 449.8 Q +(FROM pg_operator)148 462 Q(WHERE oprname ~ '^..&$'::text;)148 474.2 Q +F0 1.15(to see if your name is tak)108 500.4 R 1.149 +(en for the types you w)-.11 F 3.899(ant. The)-.11 F 1.149 +(important things here are the)3.899 F .359 +(procedure \(which are the C functions de\214ned abo)108 513.6 R -.165 +(ve)-.165 G 3.109(\)a).165 G .359(nd the restriction and join selecti) +-3.109 F(v-)-.275 E .13(ity functions.)108 526.8 R -1.21(Yo)5.63 G 2.88 +(us)1.21 G .13(hould just use the ones used belo)-2.88 F .129 +(w\212note that there are dif)-.275 F .129(ferent such)-.275 F .54 +(functions for the less-than, equal, and greater)108 540 R .541 +(-than cases.)-.22 F(These)6.041 E F4(must)3.291 E F0 .541 +(be supplied, or the)3.291 F .048 +(access method will crash when it tries to use the operator)108 553.2 R +5.548(.Y)-.605 G .048(ou should cop)-6.758 F 2.798(yt)-.11 G .048 +(he names for)-2.798 F F2(restrict)108 566.4 Q F0(and)2.75 E F2(join) +2.75 E F0 2.75(,b)C +(ut use the procedure names you de\214ned in the last step.)-2.97 E F5 +(CREATE OPERATOR = \()148 591.6 Q +(leftarg = complex, rightarg = complex, procedure = complex_abs_eq,)166 +603.8 Q(restrict = eqsel, join = eqjoinsel)166 616 Q(\))148 628.2 Q F0 +1.687(Notice that \214v)108 654.4 R 4.437(eo)-.165 G 1.688 +(perators corresponding to less, less equal, equal, greater)-4.437 F +4.438(,a)-.44 G 1.688(nd greater)-4.438 F(equal are de\214ned.)108 667.6 +Q -.88(We)108 684.7 S -.55('r).88 G 2.896(ej).55 G .145 +(ust about \214nished. the last thing we need to do is to update the) +-2.896 F F2(pg_amop)2.895 E F0(relation.)2.895 E 1.76 -.88(To d)108 +697.9 T 2.75(ot).88 G(his, we need the follo)-2.75 E(wing attrib)-.275 E +(utes:)-.22 E F3(42)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 43 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 428.05 88.75 183.95 88.75 DL/F0 11/Courier@0 SF(amopid)189.45 +99.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(the)278.55 99.2 Q F0(oid)3.821 E F1 1.071 +(of the)3.821 F F0(pg_am)3.821 E F1(instance)3.822 E +(for B-tree \(== 403, see abo)278.55 112.4 Q -.165(ve)-.165 G(\)).165 E +428.05 117.15 183.95 117.15 DL F0(amopclaid)189.45 127.6 Q F1(the)278.55 +127.6 Q F0(oid)5.539 E F1 2.788(of the)5.538 F F0(pg_opclass)5.538 E F1 +5.213(instance for)278.55 140.8 R F0(int4_abs_ops)7.964 E F1 .684 +(\(== whate)278.55 154 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.434(ry).165 G .684 +(ou got instead of)-3.434 F(17314, see abo)278.55 167.2 Q -.165(ve)-.165 +G(\)).165 E 428.05 171.95 183.95 171.95 DL F0(amopopr)189.45 182.4 Q F1 +(the)278.55 182.4 Q F0(oid)2.779 E F1 2.779(so)C 2.779(ft)-2.779 G .029 +(he operators for the)-2.779 F 1.386(opclass \(which we')278.55 195.6 R +1.386(ll get in just)-.11 F 2.75(am)278.55 208.8 S(inute\))-2.75 E +428.05 213.55 183.95 213.55 DL(cost functions.)278.55 224 Q F0 +(amopselect,)189.45 224 Q(amopnpages)189.45 237.2 Q 428.05 241.95 183.95 +241.95 DL 428.05 88.75 428.05 241.95 DL 183.95 88.75 183.95 241.95 DL +270.3 88.75 270.3 241.95 DL F1 .012(The cost functions are used by the \ +query optimizer to decide whether or not to use a gi)108 263.4 R -.165 +(ve)-.275 G(n).165 E(inde)108 276.6 Q 5.733(xi)-.165 G 5.733(nas)-5.733 +G 5.733(can. F)-5.733 F(ortunately)-.165 E 5.733(,t)-.715 G 2.983 +(hese already e)-5.733 F 5.733(xist. The)-.165 F(tw)5.733 E 5.732(of) +-.11 G 2.982(unctions we')-5.732 F 2.982(ll use are)-.11 F F0(btreesel,) +108 289.8 Q F1 1.467(which estimates the selecti)4.217 F 1.467 +(vity of the B-tree, and)-.275 F F0(btreenpage,)4.218 E F1(which)4.218 E +(estimates the number of pages a search will touch in the tree.)108 303 +Q .215(So we need the)108 320.1 R F0(oid)2.965 E F1 2.965(so)C 2.965(ft) +-2.965 G .215(he operators we just de\214ned.)-2.965 F -.88(We)5.714 G +-.11('l).88 G 2.964(ll).11 G .214(ook up the names of all the)-2.964 F +(operators that tak)108 333.3 Q 2.75(et)-.11 G -.11(wo)-2.75 G F0(int4) +2.86 E F1(s, and pick ours out:)A/F2 10/Courier@0 SF +(SELECT o.oid AS opoid, o.oprname)148 358.5 Q +(INTO TABLE complex_ops_tmp)148 370.7 Q(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type t) +148 382.9 Q(WHERE o.oprleft = t.oid and o.oprright = t.oid)148 395.1 Q +(and t.typname = 'complex';)178 407.3 Q F1(which returns:)108 432.5 Q .4 +LW 245 450 148 450 DL F2 21(oid oprname)153 459.7 R 245 464.2 148 464.2 +DL 9(17321 <)153 473.9 R 245 478.4 148 478.4 DL 9(17322 <=)153 488.1 R +245 492.6 148 492.6 DL 15(17323 =)153 502.3 R 245 506.8 148 506.8 DL 9 +(17324 >=)153 516.5 R 245 521 148 521 DL 9(17325 >)153 530.7 R 245 535.2 +148 535.2 DL 245 450 245 535.2 DL 148 450 148 535.2 DL 190.5 450 190.5 +535.2 DL F1(\(Ag)108 556.9 Q .294(ain, some of your)-.055 F F0(oid)3.044 +E F1 .295(numbers will almost certainly be dif)3.044 F 3.045 +(ferent.\) The)-.275 F .295(operators we)3.045 F 1.839 +(are interested in are those with)108 570.1 R F0(oid)4.589 E F1 4.589 +(s1)C 1.839(7321 through 17325.)-4.589 F 1.838(The v)7.338 F 1.838 +(alues you get will)-.275 F .504(probably be dif)108 583.3 R .504 +(ferent, and you should substitute them for the v)-.275 F .505 +(alues belo)-.275 F 4.685 -.715(w. W)-.275 H 3.255(ec)-.165 G .505 +(an look)-3.255 F +(at the operator names and pick out the ones we just added.)108 596.5 Q +(No)108 613.6 Q 3.447(ww)-.275 G(e')-3.447 E .697(re ready to update) +-.55 F F0(pg_amop)3.447 E F1 .696(with our ne)3.446 F 3.446(wo)-.275 G +.696(perator class.)-3.446 F .696(The most important)6.196 F 1.116(thin\ +g in this entire discussion is that the operators are ordered, from les\ +s equal through)108 626.8 R(greater equal, in)108 640 Q F0(pg_amop)2.75 +E F1 5.5(.W)C 2.75(ea)-6.38 G(dd the instances we need:)-2.75 E F2 +(INSERT INTO pg_amop \(amopid, amopclaid, amopopr, amopstrategy,)154 +665.2 Q(amopselect, amopnpages\))274 677.4 Q +(SELECT am.oid, opcl.oid, c.opoid, 3,)178 689.6 Q +('btreesel'::regproc, 'btreenpage'::regproc)195 701.8 Q/F3 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(43)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 44 44 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(FROM pg_am am, pg_opclass opcl, complex_ops_tmp c) +178 96.2 Q(WHERE amname = 'btree' and opcname = 'complex_abs_ops')178 +108.4 Q(and c.oprname = '=';)196 120.6 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.007(N\ +ote the order: \231less than\232 is 1, \231less than or equal\232 is 2,\ + \231equal\232 is 3, \231greater than or)108 159 R +(equal\232 is 4, and \231greater than\232 is 5.)108 172.2 Q .437 +(The last step \(\214nally!\) is re)108 189.3 R .438 +(gistration of the \231support routine\232 pre)-.165 F .438 +(viously described in our)-.275 F 1.924(discussion of)108 202.5 R/F2 11 +/Courier@0 SF(pg_am)4.674 E F1 7.424(.T)C(he)-7.424 E F2(oid)4.674 E F1 +1.923(of this support routine is stored in the)4.673 F F2(pg_amproc) +4.673 E F1 .078(class, k)108 215.7 R -.165(ey)-.11 G .078 +(ed by the access method).165 F F2(oid)2.828 E F1 .078 +(and the operator class)2.828 F F2(oid)2.829 E F1 5.579(.F)C .079 +(irst, we need to re)-5.579 F(g-)-.165 E .804(ister the function in)108 +228.9 R/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.554 E F1 .803 +(\(recall that we put the C code that implements this rou-)3.554 F(tine\ + in the bottom of the \214le in which we implemented the operator routi\ +nes\):)108 242.1 Q F0(CREATE FUNCTION int4_abs_cmp\(int4, int4\))148 +267.3 Q(RETURNS int4)184 279.5 Q +(AS '/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/obj/complex.so')184 291.7 Q +(LANGUAGE 'c';)184 303.9 Q +(SELECT oid, proname FROM pg_proc WHERE prname = 'int4_abs_cmp';)148 +340.5 Q .4 LW 275 358 148 358 DL 21(oid proname)153 367.7 R 275 372.2 +148 372.2 DL 9(17328 int4_abs_cmp)153 381.9 R 275 386.4 148 386.4 DL 275 +358 275 386.4 DL 148 358 148 386.4 DL 190.5 358 190.5 386.4 DL F1(\(Ag) +108 421.1 Q .642(ain, your)-.055 F F2(oid)3.392 E F1 .642 +(number will probably be dif)3.392 F .642 +(ferent and you should substitute the v)-.275 F(alue)-.275 E .526 +(you see for the v)108 434.3 R .526(alue belo)-.275 F -.715(w.)-.275 G +6.026(\)R).715 G .526(ecalling that the B-tree instance')-6.026 F(s) +-.605 E F2(oid)3.276 E F1 .526(is 403 and that of)3.276 F F2 +(int4_abs_ops)108 447.5 Q F1(is 17314, we can add the ne)2.75 E 2.75(wi) +-.275 G(nstance as follo)-2.75 E(ws:)-.275 E F0 +(INSERT INTO pg_amproc \(amid, amopclaid, amproc, amprocnum\))148 472.7 +Q(VALUES \('403'::oid,)178 484.9 Q(-- btree oid)48 E 30 +('17314'::oid, --)226 497.1 R(pg_opclass tuple)12 E 30('17328'::oid, --) +226 509.3 R(new pg_proc oid)6 E('1'::int2\);)226 521.5 Q/F4 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(44)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 45 45 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(12. LIBPQ)72 165.4 R 77.5 178.6 72 +178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 +178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 +178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 +119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 +135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 +178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 +178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL +190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 +DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 +178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 +229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 +245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 +178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 +178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL +300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 +DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 +178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 +339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 +355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 +178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 +178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL +410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 +DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 +178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 +449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 +465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 +178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 +178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)108 208.9 Q/F2 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF .581(is the application programming interf)3.331 F +.581(ace to)-.11 F F1(POSTGRES)3.331 E F2(.)A F1(LIBPQ)6.081 E F2 .582 +(is a set of library)3.331 F .976(routines which allo)108 222.1 R .976 +(ws client programs to pass queries to the)-.275 F F1(POSTGRES)3.726 E +F2(back)3.726 E .975(end serv)-.11 F(er)-.165 E(and to recei)108 235.3 Q +.33 -.165(ve t)-.275 H(he results of these queries.).165 E 1.922(This v) +108 252.4 R 1.922(ersion of the documentation describes the C interf) +-.165 F 1.922(ace library)-.11 F 7.423(.T)-.715 G 1.923(hree short pro-) +-7.423 F 1.642(grams are included at the end of this section to sho)108 +265.6 R 4.392(wh)-.275 G 2.192 -.275(ow t)-4.392 H 4.391(ow).275 G 1.641 +(rite programs that use)-4.391 F F1(LIBPQ)108 278.8 Q F2(.)A +(There are se)108 295.9 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G(ral e).165 E(xamples of)-.165 +E F1(LIBPQ)2.75 E F2(applications in the follo)2.75 E(wing directories:) +-.275 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(../src/test/regress)148 321.1 Q +(../src/test/examples)148 333.3 Q(../src/bin/psql)148 345.5 Q F2 1.96 +(Frontend programs which use)108 375.6 R F1(LIBPQ)4.71 E F2 1.961 +(must include the header \214le)4.711 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF(libpq-fe.h) +4.711 E F2(and)4.711 E(must link with the)108 388.8 Q F4(libpq)2.75 E F2 +(library)2.75 E(.)-.715 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.1. Contr)72 428.2 R +(ol and Initialization)-.216 E F2 .497(The follo)108 445.3 R .497 +(wing en)-.275 F .497(vironment v)-.44 F .497 +(ariables can be used to set up def)-.275 F .496(ault en)-.11 F .496 +(vironment v)-.44 F .496(alues to)-.275 F -.22(avo)108 458.5 S +(id hard-coding database names into an application program:).22 E<83> +113.5 475.6 Q/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PGHOST)5.5 E F2(sets the def)2.75 E +(ault serv)-.11 E(er name.)-.165 E<83>113.5 488.8 Q F6(PGOPTIONS)5.5 E +F2(sets additional runtime options for the)2.75 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2 +(back)2.75 E(end.)-.11 E<83>113.5 502 Q F6(PGPOR)5.5 E(T)-.44 E F2 +(sets the def)2.75 E(ault port for communicating with the)-.11 E F1 +(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2(back)2.75 E(end.)-.11 E<83>113.5 515.2 Q F6(PGTTY) +5.5 E F2 .201(sets the \214le or tty on which deb)2.951 F .201 +(ugging messages from the back)-.22 F .202(end serv)-.11 F .202(er are) +-.165 F(displayed.)122.85 528.4 Q<83>113.5 541.6 Q F6(PGD)5.5 E -1.65 +-1.045(AT A)-.385 H -.33(BA)1.045 G(SE).33 E F2(sets the def)2.75 E +(ault)-.11 E F1(POSTGRES)2.75 E F2(database name.)2.75 E<83>113.5 554.8 +Q F6(PGREALM)5.5 E F2 .232(sets the)2.982 F/F7 11/Times-Italic@0 SF +-.385(Ke)2.982 G(rber).385 E(os)-.495 E F2 .232(realm to use with)2.982 +F F1(POSTGRES)2.981 E F2 2.981(,i)C 2.981(fi)-2.981 G 2.981(ti)-2.981 G +2.981(sd)-2.981 G(if)-2.981 E .231(ferent from the)-.275 F 1.027 +(local realm.)122.85 568 R(If)6.527 E F4(PGREALM)3.777 E F2 1.027 +(is set,)3.777 F F1(POSTGRES)3.777 E F2 1.027 +(applications will attempt authentication)3.777 F 1.308(with serv)122.85 +581.2 R 1.308(ers for this realm and use separate tick)-.165 F 1.307 +(et \214les to a)-.11 F -.22(vo)-.22 G 1.307(id con\215icts with local) +.22 F(tick)122.85 594.4 Q 2.668(et \214les.)-.11 F 2.668(This en)8.168 F +2.668(vironment v)-.44 F 2.668(ariable is only used if)-.275 F F7 -.385 +(Ke)5.418 G(rber).385 E(os)-.495 E F2 2.668(authentication is)5.418 F +(enabled.)122.85 607.6 Q F5 3(12.2. Database)72 633.8 R +(Connection Functions)3 E F2(The follo)108 650.9 Q +(wing routines deal with making a connection to a back)-.275 E +(end from a C program.)-.11 E F6(PQsetdb)108 668 Q F2(Mak)133 685.1 Q +(es a ne)-.11 E 2.75(wc)-.275 G(onnection to a back)-2.75 E(end.)-.11 E +F3(PGconn *PQsetdb\(char *pghost,)173 710.3 Q(char *pgport,)269 722.5 Q +F6(45)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 46 46 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(char *pgoptions,)269 96.2 Q(char *pgtty,)269 108.4 Q +(char *dbName\);)269 120.6 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .482(If an)133 146.8 +R 3.232(ya)-.165 G -.198(rg)-3.232 G .481 +(ument is NULL, then the corresponding en).198 F .481(vironment v)-.44 F +.481(ariable is check)-.275 F(ed.)-.11 E(If the en)133 160 Q +(vironment v)-.44 E(ariable is also not set, then hardwired def)-.275 E +(aults are used.)-.11 E/F2 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQsetdb)133 177.1 Q F1 +(al)4.191 E -.11(wa)-.11 G 1.441(ys returns a v).11 F 1.441 +(alid PGconn pointer)-.275 F 6.941(.T)-.605 G(he)-6.941 E F2(PQstatus) +4.191 E F1 1.442(\(see belo)4.192 F 1.442(w\) com-)-.275 F 2.872 +(mand should be called to ensure that a connection w)133 190.3 R 2.872 +(as properly made before)-.11 F .2(queries are sent via the connection.) +133 203.5 R/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)5.701 E F1 .201 +(programmers should be careful to main-)2.951 F .054 +(tain the PGconn abstraction.)133 216.7 R .054 +(Use the accessor functions belo)5.554 F 2.803(wt)-.275 G 2.803(og) +-2.803 G .053(et at the contents)-2.803 F 1.332(of PGconn.)133 229.9 R +-1.342 -.814(Av o)6.832 H 1.332 +(id directly referencing the \214elds of the PGconn structure as the) +.814 F(y)-.165 E(are subject to change in the future.)133 243.1 Q/F4 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQdb)133 260.2 Q F1 +(returns the database name of the connection.)2.75 E F0 +(char *PQdb\(PGconn *conn\))173 285.4 Q F4(PQhost)133 311.6 Q F1 +(returns the host name of the connection.)2.75 E F0 +(char *PQhost\(PGconn *conn\))173 336.8 Q F4(PQoptions)133 363 Q F1 +(returns the pgoptions used in the connection.)2.75 E F0 +(char *PQoptions\(PGconn *conn\))173 388.2 Q F4(PQport)133 414.4 Q F1 +(returns the pgport of the connection.)2.75 E F0 +(char *PQport\(PGconn *conn\))173 439.6 Q F4(PQtty)133 465.8 Q F1 +(returns the pgtty of the connection.)2.75 E F0 +(char *PQtty\(PGconn *conn\))173 491 Q F4(PQstatus)133 517.2 Q F1 3.175 +(Returns the status of the connection. The status can be CONNEC-)5.926 F +(TION_OK or CONNECTION_B)133 530.4 Q(AD.)-.385 E F0 +(ConnStatusType *PQstatus\(PGconn *conn\))173 555.6 Q F4(PQerr)133 581.8 +Q(orMessage)-.198 E F1 +(returns the error message associated with the connection)2.75 E F0 +(char *PQerrorMessage\(PGconn* conn\);)173 607 Q F4(PQ\214nish)108 637.1 +Q F1 .041(Close the connection to the back)133 654.2 R 2.791(end. Also) +-.11 F .041(frees memory used by the PGconn struc-)2.791 F 2.75 +(ture. The)133 667.4 R +(PGconn pointer should not be used after PQ\214nish has been called.) +2.75 E F0(void PQfinish\(PGconn *conn\))173 692.6 Q F4(46)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 47 47 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQr)108 97.2 Q(eset)-.198 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 +SF 1.035(Reset the communication port with the back)133 114.3 R 3.784 +(end. This)-.11 F 1.034(function will close the IPC)3.784 F(sock)133 +127.5 Q .211(et connection to the back)-.11 F .212 +(end and attempt to reestablish a ne)-.11 F 2.962(wc)-.275 G .212 +(onnection to the)-2.962 F(same back)133 140.7 Q(end.)-.11 E/F2 10 +/Courier@0 SF(void PQreset\(PGconn *conn\))173 165.9 Q F0(PQtrace)108 +196 Q F1 1.773 +(Enables tracing of messages passed between the frontend and the back) +133 213.1 R 4.523(end. The)-.11 F(messages are echoed to the deb)133 +226.3 Q(ug_port \214le stream.)-.22 E F2(void PQtrace\(PGconn *conn,)173 +251.5 Q(FILE* debug_port\);)251 263.7 Q F0(PQuntrace)108 293.8 Q F1 +(Disables tracing of messages passed between the frontend and the back) +133 310.9 Q(end.)-.11 E F2(void PQuntrace\(PGconn *conn\);)173 336.1 Q +/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.3. Query)72 366.2 R(Execution Functions)3 E +F0(PQexec)108 383.3 Q F1 .141(Submit a query to)133 400.4 R/F4 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.891 E F1 5.641(.R)C .141 +(eturns a PGresult pointer if the query w)-5.641 F .142(as success-)-.11 +F .738(ful or a NULL otherwise.)133 413.6 R .738(If a NULL is returned,) +6.238 F/F5 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQerr)3.488 E(orMessa)-.495 E -.11(ge) +-.11 G F1 .738(can be used to)3.598 F +(get more information about the error)133 426.8 Q(.)-.605 E F2 +(PGresult *PQexec\(PGconn *conn,)173 452 Q(char *query\);)275 464.2 Q F1 +3.049(The PGresult structure encapsulates the query result returned by \ +the back)133 490.4 R(end.)-.11 E F4(LIBPQ)133 503.6 Q F1 .217(programme\ +rs should be careful to maintain the PGresult abstraction. Use the)2.967 +F 2.819(accessor functions described belo)133 516.8 R 5.569(wt)-.275 G +5.569(or)-5.569 G(etrie)-5.569 E 3.149 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 2.819 +(he results of the query).165 F 8.32(.A)-.715 G -.22(vo)-9.134 G(id).22 +E .188 +(directly referencing the \214elds of the PGresult structure as the)133 +530 R 2.938(ya)-.165 G .188(re subject to change)-2.938 F +(in the future.)133 543.2 Q F0(PQr)108 560.3 Q(esultStatus)-.198 E F1 +.562(Returns the result status of the query)133 577.4 R(.)-.715 E F5 +(PQr)6.062 E(esultStatus)-.407 E F1 .562(can return one of the follo) +3.312 F(w-)-.275 E(ing v)133 590.6 Q(alues:)-.275 E F2 +(PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY,)173 615.8 Q 6(PGRES_COMMAND_OK, /*)173 628 R +(the query was a command */)6 E 6(PGRES_TUPLES_OK, /*)173 640.2 R +(the query successfully returned tuples */)6 E(PGRES_COPY_OUT,)173 652.4 +Q(PGRES_COPY_IN,)173 664.6 Q +(PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE, /* an unexpected response was received */)173 676.8 +Q(PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR,)173 689 Q(PGRES_FATAL_ERROR)173 701.2 Q F0(47) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 48 48 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .004 +(If the result status is PGRES_TUPLES_OK, then the follo)133 97.2 R .004 +(wing routines can be used)-.275 F(to retrie)133 110.4 Q .33 -.165(ve t) +-.275 H(he tuples returned by the query).165 E(.)-.715 E/F1 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQntuples)133 127.5 Q F0 +(returns the number of tuples \(instances\) in the query result.)2.75 E +/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(int PQntuples\(PGresult *res\);)173 152.7 Q F1 +(PQn\214elds)133 178.9 Q F0(returns the number of \214elds \(attrib)2.75 +E(utes\) in the query result.)-.22 E F2(int PQnfields\(PGresult *res\);) +173 204.1 Q F1(PQfname)133 230.3 Q F0 1.473 +(returns the \214eld \(attrib)4.223 F 1.473 +(ute\) name associated with the gi)-.22 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.224<6e8c> +.165 G 1.474(eld inde)-4.224 F(x.)-.165 E(Field indices start at 0.)133 +243.5 Q F2(char *PQfname\(PGresult *res,)173 268.7 Q(int field_index\);) +251 280.9 Q F1(PQfnumber)133 307.1 Q F0 .418 +(returns the \214eld \(attrib)3.168 F .417(ute\) inde)-.22 F 3.167(xa) +-.165 G .417(ssociated with the gi)-3.167 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.167<6e8c> +.165 G .417(eld name.)-3.167 F F2(int PQfnumber\(PGresult *res,)173 +332.3 Q(char* field_name\);)251 344.5 Q F1(PQftype)133 370.7 Q F0 1.677 +(returns the \214eld type associated with the gi)4.426 F -.165(ve)-.275 +G 4.427<6e8c>.165 G 1.677(eld inde)-4.427 F 1.677(x. The inte)-.165 F +(ger)-.165 E(returned is an internal coding of the type.)133 383.9 Q +(Field indices start at 0.)5.5 E F2(Oid PQftype\(PGresult *res,)173 +409.1 Q(int field_num\);)245 421.3 Q F1(PQfsize)133 447.5 Q F0 .17 +(returns the size in bytes of the \214eld associated with the gi)2.92 F +-.165(ve)-.275 G 2.919<6e8c>.165 G .169(eld inde)-2.919 F .169(x. If) +-.165 F(the size returned is -1, the \214eld is a v)133 460.7 Q +(ariable length \214eld.)-.275 E(Field indices start at 0.)5.5 E F2 +(int2 PQfsize\(PGresult *res,)173 485.9 Q(int field_index\);)251 498.1 Q +F1(PQgetv)133 524.3 Q(alue)-.11 E F0 .494(returns the \214eld \(attrib) +3.244 F .494(ute\) v)-.22 F 3.244(alue. F)-.275 F .494 +(or most queries, the v)-.165 F .495(alue returned)-.275 F(by)133 537.5 +Q/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQg)5.299 E(etvalue)-.11 E F0 2.549 +(is a null-terminated ASCII string representation of the attrib)5.299 F +(ute)-.22 E -.275(va)133 550.7 S 3.973(lue. If).275 F 1.223(the query w) +3.973 F 1.223(as a result of a)-.11 F F1(BIN)3.973 E(AR)-.22 E(Y)-.385 E +F0(cursor)3.974 E 3.974(,t)-.44 G 1.224(hen the v)-3.974 F 1.224 +(alue returned by)-.275 F F3(PQg)133 563.9 Q(etvalue)-.11 E F0 1.781 +(is the binary representation of the type in the internal format of the) +4.531 F(back)133 577.1 Q .287(end serv)-.11 F(er)-.165 E 5.788(.I)-.605 +G 3.038(ti)-5.788 G 3.038(st)-3.038 G .288(he programmer')-3.038 F 3.038 +(sr)-.605 G .288(esponsibility to cast and con)-3.038 F -.165(ve)-.44 G +.288(rt the data to).165 F .604(the correct C type.)133 590.3 R .604 +(The v)6.104 F .604(alue returned by)-.275 F F3(PQg)3.354 E(etvalue)-.11 +E F0 .603(points to storage that is part)3.354 F .264 +(of the PGresult structure.)133 603.5 R .264(One must e)5.764 F .264 +(xplicitly cop)-.165 F 3.014(yt)-.11 G .264(he v)-3.014 F .265 +(alue into other storage if it)-.275 F +(is to be used past the lifetime of the PGresult structure itself.)133 +616.7 Q F2(char* PQgetvalue\(PGresult *res,)173 641.9 Q(int tup_num,)275 +654.1 Q(int field_num\);)275 666.3 Q F1(PQgetlength)133 692.5 Q F0 .49 +(returns the length of a \214eld \(attrib)3.24 F .489(ute\) in bytes.) +-.22 F .489(If the \214eld is a)5.989 F F3(struct)3.239 E(varlena)133 +705.7 Q F0 3.324(,t)C .574(he length returned here does)-3.324 F F1(not) +3.324 E F0 .575(include the size \214eld of the v)3.325 F .575 +(arlena, i.e.,)-.275 F(it is 4 bytes less.)133 718.9 Q F1(48)282.5 756 Q +EP +%%Page: 49 49 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(int PQgetlength\(PGresult *res,)173 96.2 Q +(int tup_num,)269 108.4 Q(int field_num\);)269 120.6 Q/F1 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQcmdStatus)108 150.7 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF +(Returns the command status associated with the last query command.)133 +167.8 Q F0(char *PQcmdStatus\(PGresult *res\);)173 193 Q F1(PQoidStatus) +108 223.1 Q F2 2.297(Returns a string with the object id of the tuple i\ +nserted if the last query is an)133 240.2 R(INSER)133 253.4 Q 2.75(Tc) +-.66 G 2.75(ommand. Otherwise,)-2.75 F(returns an empty string.)2.75 E +F0(char* PQoidStatus\(PGresult *res\);)173 278.6 Q F1(PQdisplayT)108 +308.7 Q(uples)-1.012 E F2 .946 +(Prints out all the tuples and, optionally)133 325.8 R 3.696(,t)-.715 G +.946(he attrib)-3.696 F .947(ute names to the speci\214ed output)-.22 F +2.75(stream. The)133 339 R(programs)2.75 E F1(psql)2.75 E F2(and)2.75 E +F1(monitor)2.75 E F2(both use)2.75 E/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQdisplayT) +2.75 E(uples)-.605 E F2(for output.)2.75 E F0(void PQdisplayTuples\()173 +364.2 Q(PGresult* res,)215 376.4 Q(FILE* fout,)215 388.6 Q +(/* output stream */)36 E(int fillAlign,)215 400.8 Q +(/* pad the fields with spaces? */)18 E(char *fieldSep,)215 413 Q +(/* string to use as the field separator */)12 E +(int printHeader, /* display attribute headers */)215 425.2 Q +(int quiet,)215 437.4 Q(/* print the number of rows returned ? */)42 E +(\);)215 449.6 Q F1(PQclear)108 479.7 Q F2 .635 +(Frees the storage associated with the PGresult.)133 496.8 R(Ev)6.135 E +.634(ery query result should be prop-)-.165 F .588 +(erly freed when it is no longer used.)133 510 R -.165(Fa)6.089 G .589 +(ilure to do this will result in memory leaks).165 F +(in the frontend application.)133 523.2 Q F0 +(void PQclear\(PQresult *res\);)173 548.4 Q/F4 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3 +(12.4. F)72 578.5 R(ast P)-.3 E(ath)-.12 E/F5 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)108 595.6 Q F2(pro)3.011 E .26(vides a)-.165 F F1 .26 +(fast path)3.01 F F2(interf)3.01 E .26 +(ace to send function calls to the back)-.11 F 3.01(end. This)-.11 F .26 +(is a)3.01 F 1.006 +(trapdoor into system internals and can be a potential security hole.) +108 608.8 R 1.007(Most users will not)6.507 F(need this feature.)108 622 +Q F0(PGresult* PQfn\(PGconn* conn,)148 647.2 Q(int fnid,)226 659.4 Q +(int *result_buf,)226 671.6 Q(int *result_len,)226 683.8 Q +(int result_is_int,)226 696 Q(PQArgBlock *args,)226 708.2 Q +(int nargs\);)226 720.4 Q F1(49)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 50 50 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(fnid) +3.054 E F0(ar)3.054 E .304 +(gument is the object identi\214er of the function to be e)-.198 F -.165 +(xe)-.165 G(cuted.).165 E F1 -.407(re)5.803 G(sult_b).407 E(uf)-.22 E F0 +.303(is the)3.053 F -.22(bu)108 110.4 S -.275(ff).22 G .807 +(er in which to load the return v).275 F 3.557(alue. The)-.275 F .807 +(caller must ha)3.557 F 1.137 -.165(ve a)-.22 H .807(llocated suf).165 F +.807(\214cient space)-.275 F .861(to store the return v)108 123.6 R +3.611(alue. The)-.275 F .861 +(result length will be returned in the storage pointed to by)3.611 F F1 +-.407(re)108 136.8 S(sult_len.).407 E F0 .075 +(If the result is to be an inte)5.575 F .075(ger v)-.165 F .075 +(alue, than)-.275 F F1 -.407(re)2.825 G(sult_is_int).407 E F0 .075 +(should be set to 1; oth-)2.825 F(erwise it should be set to 0.)108 150 +Q F1(ar)5.5 E(gs)-.407 E F0(and)2.75 E F1(nar)2.75 E(gs)-.407 E F0 +(specify the ar)2.75 E(guments to the function.)-.198 E/F2 10/Courier@0 +SF(typedef struct {)148 175.2 Q(int len;)172 187.4 Q(int isint;)172 +199.6 Q(union {)172 211.8 Q(int *ptr;)196 224 Q(int integer;)184 236.2 Q +6(}u)172 248.4 S(;)-6 E 6(}P)148 260.6 S(QArgBlock;)-6 E F1(PQfn)108 +290.7 Q F0(al)4.181 E -.11(wa)-.11 G 1.431(ys returns a v).11 F 1.431 +(alid PGresult*.)-.275 F 1.431(The resultStatus should be check)6.931 F +1.431(ed before the)-.11 F .37(result is used.)108 303.9 R .37 +(The caller is responsible for freeing the PGresult with)8.62 F F1 +(PQclear)3.121 E F0 .371(when it is)3.121 F(not longer needed.)108 317.1 +Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.5. Asynchr)72 334.2 R(onous Noti\214cation) +-.216 E/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 351.3 Q F0 .808 +(supports asynchronous noti\214cation via the)3.558 F F1(LISTEN)3.557 E +F0(and)3.557 E F1(NO)3.557 E(TIFY)-.44 E F0(commands.)3.557 E 3.739(Ab) +108 364.5 S(ack)-3.739 E .989(end re)-.11 F .989 +(gisters its interest in a particular relation with the LISTEN command.) +-.165 F(All)6.49 E(back)108 377.7 Q 3.32(ends listening on a particular\ + relation will be noti\214ed asynchronously when a)-.11 F(NO)108 390.9 Q +.996(TIFY of that relation name is e)-.44 F -.165(xe)-.165 G .997 +(cuted by another back).165 F 3.747(end. No)-.11 F .997 +(additional informa-)3.747 F .53 +(tion is passed from the noti\214er to the listener)108 404.1 R 6.029 +(.T)-.605 G .529(hus, typically)-6.029 F 3.279(,a)-.715 G .859 -.165 +(ny a)-3.279 H .529(ctual data that needs).165 F +(to be communicated is transferred through the relation.)108 417.3 Q F4 +(LIBPQ)108 434.4 Q F0 2.056(applications are noti\214ed whene)4.806 F +-.165(ve)-.275 G 4.807(rac).165 G 2.057(onnected back)-4.807 F 2.057 +(end has recei)-.11 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.807(da).165 G 4.807(na)-4.807 G +(syn-)-4.807 E .731(chronous noti\214cation.)108 447.6 R(Ho)6.231 E(we) +-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.611 -.44(r, t).165 H .731 +(he communication from the back).44 F .731(end to the frontend is)-.11 F +2.002(not asynchronous.)108 460.8 R 2.002 +(Noti\214cation comes piggy-back)7.502 F 2.002 +(ed on other query results.)-.11 F 2.002(Thus, an)7.502 F .81 +(application must submit queries, e)108 474 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.56(ne) +.165 G .81(mpty ones, in order to recei)-3.56 F 1.139 -.165(ve n)-.275 H +.809(otice of back).165 F(end)-.11 E 3.308(noti\214cation. In)108 487.2 +R(ef)3.308 E .558(fect, the)-.275 F F4(LIBPQ)3.308 E F0 .558 +(application must poll the back)3.308 F .559(end to see if there is an) +-.11 F(y)-.165 E 1.901(pending noti\214cation information.)108 500.4 R +1.9(After the e)7.401 F -.165(xe)-.165 G 1.9(cution of a query).165 F +4.65(,af)-.715 G 1.9(rontend may call)-4.65 F F1(PQNoti\214es)108 513.6 +Q F0(to see if an)2.75 E 2.75(yn)-.165 G(oti\214cation data is a)-2.75 E +-.275(va)-.22 G(ilable from the back).275 E(end.)-.11 E/F5 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQNoti\214es)108 530.7 Q F0 2.129(returns the noti\214\ +cation from a list of unhandled noti\214cations from the back)133 547.8 +R(end.)-.11 E .825 +(Returns NULL if there are no pending noti\214cations from the back)133 +561 R(end.)-.11 E F1(PQNoti\214es)6.325 E F0(beha)133 574.2 Q -.165(ve) +-.22 G 3.76(sl).165 G(ik)-3.76 E 3.76(et)-.11 G 1.01 +(he popping of a stack.)-3.76 F 1.011 +(Once a noti\214cation is returned from)6.511 F F1(PQnoti-)3.761 E +(\214es,)133 587.4 Q F0(it is considered handled and will be remo)2.75 E +-.165(ve)-.165 G 2.75(df).165 G(rom the list of noti\214cations.)-2.75 E +F2(PGnotify* PQNotifies\(PGconn *conn\);)173 612.6 Q F0 +(The second sample program gi)108 642.7 Q -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(sa).165 +G 2.75(ne)-2.75 G(xample of the use of asynchronous noti\214cation.) +-2.915 E F3 3(12.6. Functions)72 659.8 R +(Associated with the COPY Command)3 E F0(The)108 676.9 Q F1(copy)3.4 E +F0 .65(command in)3.4 F F4(POSTGRES)3.4 E F0 .649 +(has options to read from or write to the netw)3.4 F .649(ork con-)-.11 +F 1.149(nection used by)108 690.1 R F4(LIBPQ)3.899 E F0 6.649(.T)C 1.149 +(herefore, functions are necessary to access this netw)-6.649 F 1.15 +(ork con-)-.11 F(nection directly so applications may tak)108 703.3 Q +2.75(ef)-.11 G(ull adv)-2.75 E(antage of this capability)-.275 E(.)-.715 +E F5(50)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 51 51 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQgetline)108 97.2 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.171 +(Reads a ne)133 114.3 R 1.171 +(wline-terminated line of characters \(transmitted by the back)-.275 F +1.17(end serv)-.11 F(er\))-.165 E .821(into a b)133 127.5 R(uf)-.22 E +(fer)-.275 E/F2 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)3.571 E F1 .821(of size) +3.571 F F2(length)3.571 E F1 6.321(.L)C(ik)-6.321 E(e)-.11 E F2(fg)3.571 +E(ets)-.11 E F1 .822(\(3\), this routine copies up to)B F2(length)3.572 +E F1(-1)A .56(characters into)133 140.7 R F2(string)3.31 E F1 6.06(.I)C +3.31(ti)-6.06 G 3.31(sl)-3.31 G(ik)-3.31 E(e)-.11 E F2 -.11(ge)3.31 G +(ts).11 E F1 .56(\(3\), ho)B(we)-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 1.439 -.44 +(r, i).165 H 3.309(nt).44 G .559(hat it con)-3.309 F -.165(ve)-.44 G +.559(rts the terminating).165 F(ne)133 153.9 Q +(wline into a null character)-.275 E(.)-.605 E F2(PQg)133 171 Q(etline) +-.11 E F1 .329(returns EOF at EOF)3.078 F 3.079(,0i)-.88 G 3.079(ft) +-3.079 G .329(he entire line has been read, and 1 if the b)-3.079 F(uf) +-.22 E(fer)-.275 E(is full b)133 184.2 Q(ut the terminating ne)-.22 E +(wline has not yet been read.)-.275 E 1.471 +(Notice that the application must check to see if a ne)133 201.3 R 4.221 +(wl)-.275 G 1.471(ine consists of the single)-4.221 F 2.691 +(character \231.)133 214.5 R 2.691(\232, which indicates that the back) +-.77 F 2.691(end serv)-.11 F 2.692(er has \214nished sending the)-.165 F +.89(results of the)133 227.7 R F2(copy)3.64 E F1 3.64 +(command. Therefore,)3.64 F .889(if the application e)3.639 F -.165(ve) +-.275 G 3.639(re).165 G .889(xpects to recei)-3.804 F -.165(ve)-.275 G +1.419(lines that are more than)133 240.9 R F2(length)4.169 E F1 1.419 +(-1 characters long, the application must be sure to)B +(check the return v)133 254.1 Q(alue of)-.275 E F2(PQg)2.75 E(etline) +-.11 E F1 -.165(ve)2.75 G(ry carefully).165 E(.)-.715 E(The code in)133 +271.2 Q/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(../src/bin/psql/psql.c)173 296.4 Q F1 +(contains routines that correctly handle the cop)133 322.6 Q 2.75(yp) +-.11 G(rotocol.)-2.75 E F3(int PQgetline\(PGconn *conn,)173 347.8 Q +(char *string,)257 360 Q(int length\))257 372.2 Q F0(PQputline)108 402.3 +Q F1(Sends a null-terminated)133 419.4 Q F2(string)2.75 E F1 +(to the back)2.75 E(end serv)-.11 E(er)-.165 E(.)-.605 E .152 +(The application must e)133 436.5 R .152 +(xplicitly send the single character \231.)-.165 F 5.652<9a74>-.77 G +2.901(oi)-5.652 G .151(ndicate to the back-)-2.901 F +(end that it has \214nished sending its data.)133 449.7 Q F3 +(void PQputline\(PGconn *conn,)173 474.9 Q(char *string\);)263 487.1 Q +F0(PQendcopy)108 517.2 Q F1 2.02(Syncs with the back)133 534.3 R 4.77 +(end. This)-.11 F 2.021(function w)4.77 F 2.021(aits until the back)-.11 +F 2.021(end has \214nished the)-.11 F(cop)133 547.5 Q 5.207 -.715(y. I) +-.11 H 3.777(ts).715 G 1.027 +(hould either be issued when the last string has been sent to the back) +-3.777 F(end)-.11 E(using)133 560.7 Q F2(PQputline)3.67 E F1 .921 +(or when the last string has been recei)3.67 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.671 +(df).165 G .921(rom the back)-3.671 F .921(end using)-.11 F F2(PGg)133 +573.9 Q(etline)-.11 E F1 6.439(.I)C 3.689(tm)-6.439 G .939 +(ust be issued or the back)-3.689 F .939 +(end may get \231out of sync\232 with the fron-)-.11 F 5.023(tend. Upon) +133 587.1 R 2.274(return from this function, the back)5.023 F 2.274 +(end is ready to recei)-.11 F 2.604 -.165(ve t)-.275 H 2.274(he ne).165 +F(xt)-.165 E(query)133 600.3 Q(.)-.715 E(The return v)133 617.4 Q +(alue is 0 on successful completion, nonzero otherwise.)-.275 E F3 +(int PQendcopy\(PGconn *conn\);)173 642.6 Q F1(As an e)133 668.8 Q +(xample:)-.165 E F3 +(PQexec\(conn, "create table foo \(a int4, b char16, d float8\)"\);)173 +694 Q(PQexec\(conn, "copy foo from stdin"\);)173 706.2 Q +(PQputline\(conn, "3<TAB>hello world<TAB>4.5\\n"\);)173 718.4 Q F0(51) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 52 52 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF +(PQputline\(conn,"4<TAB>goodbye world<TAB>7.11\\n"\);)173 96.2 Q(...)173 +108.4 Q(PQputline\(conn,".\\n"\);)173 120.6 Q(PQendcopy\(conn\);)173 +132.8 Q/F1 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.7. LIBPQ)72 162.9 R -.888(Tr)3 G +(acing Functions).888 E/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(PQtrace)108 180 Q/F3 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(Enable tracing of the frontend/back)133 197.1 Q +(end communication to a deb)-.11 E(ugging \214le stream.)-.22 E F0 +(void PQtrace\(PGconn *conn)173 222.3 Q(FILE *debug_port\))251 234.5 Q +F2(PQuntrace)108 264.6 Q F3(Disable tracing started by)133 281.7 Q/F4 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(PQtr)2.75 E(ace)-.165 E F0 +(void PQuntrace\(PGconn *conn\))173 306.9 Q F1 3(12.8. User)72 337 R -.6 +(Au)3 G(thentication Functions).6 E F3 1.119(If the user has generated \ +the appropriate authentication credentials \(e.g., obtaining)108 354.1 R +F4 -.385(Ke)3.869 G -.22(r-).385 G(ber)108 367.3 Q(os)-.495 E F3(tick) +3.064 E .314(ets\), the frontend/back)-.11 F .315 +(end authentication process is handled by)-.11 F F4(PQe)3.065 E(xec)-.22 +E F3(without)3.065 E(an)108 380.5 Q 2.812(yf)-.165 G .062(urther interv) +-2.812 F 2.812(ention. The)-.165 F(follo)2.812 E .061 +(wing routines may be called by)-.275 F/F5 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ) +2.811 E F3 .061(programs to tai-)2.811 F(lor the beha)108 393.7 Q +(vior of the authentication process.)-.22 E F2(fe_getauthname)108 410.8 +Q F3 1.32(Returns a pointer to static space containing whate)133 427.9 R +-.165(ve)-.275 G 4.07(rn).165 G 1.321(ame the user has authenti-)-4.07 F +3.549(cated. Use)133 441.1 R .799(of this routine in place of calls to) +3.549 F F4 -.11(ge)3.548 G(ten).11 E(v)-.44 E F3 .798(\(3\) or)B F4 -.11 +(ge)3.548 G(tpwuid).11 E F3 .798(\(3\) by applica-)B 1.407(tions is hig\ +hly recommended, as it is entirely possible that the authenticated user) +133 454.3 R .29(name is)133 467.5 R F2(not)3.04 E F3 .29(the same as v) +3.04 F .29(alue of the)-.275 F/F6 11/Courier@0 SF(USER)3.04 E F3(en)3.04 +E .29(vironment v)-.44 F .29(ariable or the user')-.275 F 3.039(se)-.605 +G(ntry)-3.039 E(in)133 480.7 Q F4(/etc/passwd)2.75 E F3(.)A F0 +(char *fe_getauthname\(char* errorMessage\))173 505.9 Q F2 +(fe_setauthsvc)108 536 Q F3 1.521(Speci\214es that)133 553.1 R F5(LIBPQ) +4.272 E F3 1.522(should use authentication service)4.272 F F4(name)4.272 +E F3 1.522(rather than its com-)4.272 F(piled-in def)133 566.3 Q 2.75 +(ault. This)-.11 F -.275(va)2.75 G(lue is typically tak).275 E +(en from a command-line switch.)-.11 E F0 +(void fe_setauthsvc\(char *name,)173 591.5 Q(char* errorMessage\))287 +603.7 Q F3(An)133 629.9 Q 3.529(ye)-.165 G .778(rror messages from the \ +authentication attempts are returned in the errorMes-)-3.529 F(sage ar) +133 643.1 Q(gument.)-.198 E F1 3(12.9. B)72 660.2 R(UGS)-.12 E F3 1.28 +(The query b)108 677.3 R(uf)-.22 E 1.28 +(fer is 8192 bytes long, and queries o)-.275 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 4.031 +(rt).165 G 1.281(hat length will be silently trun-)-4.031 F(cated.)108 +690.5 Q F2(52)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 53 53 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ograms)-.216 E +/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(53)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 54 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10.1. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram 1)-.216 +E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(/*)148 113.3 Q 6(*t)154 125.5 S(estlibpq.c)-6 E 24 +(*T)154 137.7 S(est the C version of)-24 E/F2 9/Courier@0 SF(LIBPQ)6 E +F1 6(,t)C(he)-6 E F2(POSTGRES)6 E F1(frontend library.)6 E(*)154 149.9 Q +(*)154 162.1 Q(*/)154 174.3 Q(#include <stdio.h>)148 186.5 Q +(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 198.7 Q(void)148 223.1 Q +(exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 235.3 Q({)148 247.5 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 259.7 Q(exit\(1\);)160 271.9 Q(})148 284.1 Q +(main\(\))148 308.5 Q({)148 320.7 Q +(char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty;)160 332.9 Q(char* dbName;) +160 345.1 Q(int nFields;)160 357.3 Q(int i,j;)160 369.5 Q 6(/* FILE)148 +393.9 R(*debug; */)6 E(PGconn* conn;)160 418.3 Q(PGresult* res;)160 +430.5 Q(/* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection)160 +454.9 Q(if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use)178 +467.1 Q(reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables)178 +479.3 Q(or, failing that, using hardwired constants */)178 491.5 Q +(pghost = NULL;)160 503.7 Q(/* host name of the backend server */)12 E +(pgport = NULL;)160 515.9 Q(/* port of the backend server */)12 E +(pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */) +160 528.1 Q(pgtty = NULL;)160 540.3 Q +(/* debugging tty for the backend server */)30 E(dbName = "template1";) +160 552.5 Q(/* make a connection to the database */)160 576.9 Q +(conn = PQsetdb\(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName\);)160 589.1 Q +(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */) +160 613.5 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)160 625.7 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, dbName\);)172 +637.9 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)172 650.1 Q +(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 662.3 Q(})160 674.5 Q 6(/* debug)148 698.9 R 6 +(=f)6 G 6(open\("/tmp/trace.out","w"\); */)-6 F 12(/* PQtrace\(conn,)148 +711.1 R 6(debug\); */)6 F/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(54)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 55 55 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(/* start a transaction block */)160 96.2 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn,"BEGIN"\);)160 108.4 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 120.6 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"BEGIN command failed0\);)172 132.8 Q(PQclear\(res\);) +172 145 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 157.2 Q(})160 169.4 Q +(/* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid)160 +181.6 Q(memory leaks */)178 193.8 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 206 Q(/* fetch \ +instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of databases*/)160 +230.4 Q(res = PQexec\(conn,"DECLARE myportal CURSOR FOR select * from p\ +g_database"\);)160 242.6 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 254.8 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"DECLARE CURSOR command failed0\);)172 267 Q +(PQclear\(res\);)172 279.2 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 291.4 Q(})160 +303.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 315.8 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn,"FETCH ALL in myportal"\);)160 340.2 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK\) {)160 352.4 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"FETCH ALL command didn't return tuples properly0\);) +172 364.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 376.8 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 389 Q +(})160 401.2 Q(/* first, print out the attribute names */)160 425.6 Q +(nFields = PQnfields\(res\);)160 437.8 Q +(for \(i=0; i < nFields; i++\) {)160 450 Q +(printf\("%-15s",PQfname\(res,i\)\);)172 462.2 Q(})160 474.4 Q +(printf\("0\);)160 486.6 Q(/* next, print out the instances */)160 511 Q +(for \(i=0; i < PQntuples\(res\); i++\) {)160 523.2 Q(for \(j=0)172 +535.4 Q 6(;j<n)12 G(Fields; j++\) {)-6 E +(printf\("%-15s", PQgetvalue\(res,i,j\)\);)184 547.6 Q(})172 559.8 Q +(printf\("0\);)172 572 Q(})160 584.2 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 608.6 Q +(/* close the portal */)160 633 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, "CLOSE myportal"\);)160 645.2 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 +657.4 Q(/* end the transaction */)160 681.8 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, "END"\);)160 694 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 706.2 Q/F1 +11/Times-Bold@0 SF(55)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 56 56 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF +(/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */)160 96.2 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 108.4 Q 12(/* fclose\(debug\);)148 132.8 R(*/)6 E +(})148 145 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(56)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 57 57 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10.2. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram 2)-.216 +E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(/*)148 113.3 Q 6(*t)154 125.5 S(estlibpq2.c)-6 E 24 +(*T)154 137.7 S(est of the asynchronous notification interface)-24 E(*) +154 149.9 Q(populate a database with the following:)166 162.1 Q +(CREATE TABLE TBL1 \(i int4\);)148 186.5 Q +(CREATE TABLE TBL2 \(i int4\);)148 210.9 Q(CREATE RULE r1 AS ON INSERT \ +TO TBL1 DO [INSERT INTO TBL2 values \(new.i\); NOTIFY TBL2];)148 235.3 Q +6(*T)154 259.7 S(hen start up this program)-6 E 6(*A)154 271.9 S +(fter the program has begun, do)-6 E(INSERT INTO TBL1 values \(10\);)148 +296.3 Q(*)154 320.7 Q(*)154 332.9 Q(*/)154 345.1 Q(#include <stdio.h>) +148 357.3 Q(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 369.5 Q +(void exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 393.9 Q({)148 406.1 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 418.3 Q(exit\(1\);)160 430.5 Q(})148 442.7 Q +(main\(\))148 467.1 Q({)148 479.3 Q +(char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty;)160 491.5 Q(char* dbName;) +160 503.7 Q(int nFields;)160 515.9 Q(int i,j;)160 528.1 Q(PGconn* conn;) +160 552.5 Q(PGresult* res;)160 564.7 Q(PGnotify* notify;)160 576.9 Q +(/* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection)160 601.3 +Q(if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use)178 613.5 +Q(reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables)178 625.7 Q +(or, failing that, using hardwired constants */)178 637.9 Q +(pghost = NULL;)160 650.1 Q(/* host name of the backend server */)12 E +(pgport = NULL;)160 662.3 Q(/* port of the backend server */)12 E +(pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */) +160 674.5 Q(pgtty = NULL;)160 686.7 Q +(/* debugging tty for the backend server */)30 E(dbName = getenv\("USER\ +"\); /* change this to the name of your test database*/)160 698.9 Q +(/* make a connection to the database */)160 723.3 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 +SF(57)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 58 58 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF +(conn = PQsetdb\(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName\);)160 96.2 Q +(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */) +160 120.6 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)160 132.8 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, dbName\);)172 +145 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)172 157.2 Q +(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 169.4 Q(})160 181.6 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, "LISTEN TBL2"\);)160 206 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 218.2 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"LISTEN command failed0\);)172 230.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);) +172 242.6 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 254.8 Q(})160 267 Q +(/* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid)160 +279.2 Q(memory leaks */)178 291.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 303.6 Q +(while \(1\) {)160 328 Q +(/* async notification only come back as a result of a query*/)184 340.2 +Q(/* we can send empty queries */)184 352.4 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, " "\);)184 364.6 Q 30(/* printf\("res->status)148 +376.8 R 6(=%)6 G(s0, pgresStatus[PQresultStatus\(res\)]\); */)-6 E +(/* check for asynchronous returns */)184 389 Q +(notify = PQnotifies\(conn\);)184 401.2 Q(if \(notify\) {)184 413.4 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,)196 425.6 Q +("ASYNC NOTIFY of '%s' from backend pid '%d' received0,)232 437.8 Q +(notify->relname, notify->be_pid\);)232 450 Q(free\(notify\);)196 462.2 +Q(break;)196 474.4 Q(})184 486.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)184 498.8 Q(})160 511 +Q(/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */)160 535.4 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 547.6 Q(})148 572 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(58) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 59 59 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(12.10.3. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram 3)-.216 +E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(/*)148 113.3 Q 6(*t)154 125.5 S(estlibpq3.c)-6 E 24 +(*T)154 137.7 S(est the C version of)-24 E/F2 9/Courier@0 SF(LIBPQ)6 E +F1 6(,t)C(he)-6 E F2(POSTGRES)6 E F1(frontend library.)6 E 18(*t)154 +149.9 S(ests the binary cursor interface)-18 E(*)154 162.1 Q(*)154 174.3 +Q(*)154 186.5 Q(populate a database by doing the following:)154 198.7 Q +(CREATE TABLE test1 \(i int4, d float4, p polygon\);)148 223.1 Q(INSERT\ + INTO test1 values \(1, 3.567, '\(3.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.0\)'::polygon\);)148 +247.5 Q(INSERT INTO test1 values \(2, 89.05, '\(4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0\)'::\ +polygon\);)148 271.9 Q(the expected output is:)154 296.3 Q(tuple 0: got) +148 320.7 Q 6(i=\()154 332.9 S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 1,)-6 E 6(d=\()154 345.1 +S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 3.567000,)-6 E 6(p=\()154 357.3 S 6(4b)-6 G +(ytes\) 2 points)-6 E +(boundbox = \(hi=3.000000/4.000000, lo = 1.000000,2.000000\))54 E +(tuple 1: got)148 369.5 Q 6(i=\()154 381.7 S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 2,)-6 E 6 +(d=\()154 393.9 S 6(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 89.050003,)-6 E 6(p=\()154 406.1 S 6 +(4b)-6 G(ytes\) 2 points)-6 E +(boundbox = \(hi=4.000000/3.000000, lo = 2.000000,1.000000\))54 E(*)154 +430.5 Q(*/)154 442.7 Q(#include <stdio.h>)148 454.9 Q +(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 467.1 Q +(#include "utils/geo-decls.h" /* for the POLYGON type */)148 479.3 Q +(void exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 503.7 Q({)148 515.9 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 528.1 Q(exit\(1\);)160 540.3 Q(})148 552.5 Q +(main\(\))148 576.9 Q({)148 589.1 Q +(char *pghost, *pgport, *pgoptions, *pgtty;)160 601.3 Q(char* dbName;) +160 613.5 Q(int nFields;)160 625.7 Q(int i,j;)160 637.9 Q +(int i_fnum, d_fnum, p_fnum;)160 650.1 Q(PGconn* conn;)160 674.5 Q +(PGresult* res;)160 686.7 Q +(/* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection)160 711.1 +Q(if the parameters are null, then the system will try to use)178 723.3 +Q/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(59)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 60 60 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF +(reasonable defaults by looking up environment variables)178 96.2 Q +(or, failing that, using hardwired constants */)178 108.4 Q +(pghost = NULL;)160 120.6 Q(/* host name of the backend server */)12 E +(pgport = NULL;)160 132.8 Q(/* port of the backend server */)12 E +(pgoptions = NULL; /* special options to start up the backend server */) +160 145 Q(pgtty = NULL;)160 157.2 Q +(/* debugging tty for the backend server */)30 E +(dbName = getenv\("USER"\);)160 181.6 Q +(/* change this to the name of your test database*/)12 E +(/* make a connection to the database */)160 206 Q +(conn = PQsetdb\(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName\);)160 218.2 Q +(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */) +160 242.6 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)160 254.8 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, dbName\);)172 +267 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)172 279.2 Q +(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 291.4 Q(})160 303.6 Q +(/* start a transaction block */)160 328 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn,"BEGIN"\);)160 340.2 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 352.4 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"BEGIN command failed0\);)172 364.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);) +172 376.8 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 389 Q(})160 401.2 Q +(/* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid)160 +413.4 Q(memory leaks */)178 425.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 437.8 Q(/* fetc\ +h instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of databases*/)160 +462.2 Q(res = PQexec\(conn,"DECLARE mycursor BINARY CURSOR FOR select *\ + from test1"\);)160 474.4 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK\) {)160 486.6 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"DECLARE CURSOR command failed0\);)172 498.8 Q +(PQclear\(res\);)172 511 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 523.2 Q(})160 535.4 +Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 547.6 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn,"FETCH ALL in mycursor"\);)160 572 Q +(if \(PQresultStatus\(res\) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK\) {)160 584.2 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"FETCH ALL command didn't return tuples properly0\);) +172 596.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 608.6 Q(exit_nicely\(conn\);)172 620.8 Q +(})160 633 Q(i_fnum = PQfnumber\(res,"i"\);)160 657.4 Q +(d_fnum = PQfnumber\(res,"d"\);)160 669.6 Q +(p_fnum = PQfnumber\(res,"p"\);)160 681.8 Q(for \(i=0;i<3;i++\) {)160 +706.2 Q(printf\("type[%d] = %d, size[%d] = %d0,)184 718.4 Q/F1 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(60)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(i, PQftype\(res,i\),)214 96.2 Q +(i, PQfsize\(res,i\)\);)214 108.4 Q(})160 120.6 Q +(for \(i=0; i < PQntuples\(res\); i++\) {)160 132.8 Q(int *ival;)172 145 +Q(float *dval;)172 157.2 Q(int plen;)172 169.4 Q(POLYGON* pval;)172 +181.6 Q(/* we hard-wire this to the 3 fields we know about */)172 193.8 +Q(ival =)172 206 Q(\(int*\)PQgetvalue\(res,i,i_fnum\);)12 E(dval =)172 +218.2 Q(\(float*\)PQgetvalue\(res,i,d_fnum\);)12 E +(plen = PQgetlength\(res,i,p_fnum\);)172 230.4 Q(/* plen doesn't includ\ +e the length field so need to increment by VARHDSZ*/)172 254.8 Q +(pval = \(POLYGON*\) malloc\(plen + VARHDRSZ\);)172 267 Q +(pval->size = plen;)172 279.2 Q +(memmove\(\(char*\)&pval->npts, PQgetvalue\(res,i,p_fnum\), plen\);)172 +291.4 Q(printf\("tuple %d: got0, i\);)172 303.6 Q +(printf\(" i = \(%d bytes\) %d,0,)172 315.8 Q +(PQgetlength\(res,i,i_fnum\), *ival\);)202 328 Q +(printf\(" d = \(%d bytes\) %f,0,)172 340.2 Q +(PQgetlength\(res,i,d_fnum\), *dval\);)202 352.4 Q(printf\(" p = \(%d b\ +ytes\) %d points boundbox = \(hi=%f/%f, lo = %f,%f\)0,)172 364.6 Q +(PQgetlength\(res,i,d_fnum\),)202 376.8 Q(pval->npts,)202 389 Q +(pval->boundbox.xh,)202 401.2 Q(pval->boundbox.yh,)202 413.4 Q +(pval->boundbox.xl,)202 425.6 Q(pval->boundbox.yl\);)202 437.8 Q(})160 +450 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 474.4 Q(/* close the portal */)160 498.8 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, "CLOSE mycursor"\);)160 511 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 +523.2 Q(/* end the transaction */)160 547.6 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, "END"\);)160 559.8 Q(PQclear\(res\);)160 572 Q +(/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */)160 596.4 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 608.6 Q(})148 633 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(61) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 62 62 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(13. LARGE)72 165.4 R(OBJECTS)4.75 E +77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL +91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL +108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 +DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 +178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 +146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 +178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 +178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL +201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 +DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 +178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 +240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 +256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 +178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 +178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL +311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 +DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 +178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 +350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 +366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 +178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 +178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL +421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 +DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 +178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 +460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 +476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 +178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(In) +108 208.9 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.497 E F1 4.497(,d)C 1.746 +(ata v)-4.497 F 1.746(alues are stored in tuples and indi)-.275 F 1.746 +(vidual tuples cannot span data)-.275 F 1.017(pages. Since the size of \ +a data page is 8192 bytes, the upper limit on the size of a data)108 +222.1 R -.275(va)108 235.3 S 1.306(lue is relati).275 F -.165(ve)-.275 G +1.306(ly lo).165 F 2.736 -.715(w. T)-.275 H 4.055(os)-.165 G 1.305 +(upport the storage of lar)-4.055 F 1.305(ger atomic v)-.198 F(alues,) +-.275 E F2(POSTGRES)4.055 E F1(pro-)4.055 E .029(vides a lar)108 248.5 R +.029(ge object interf)-.198 F 2.779(ace. This)-.11 F(interf)2.78 E .03 +(ace pro)-.11 F .03(vides \214le-oriented access to user data that)-.165 +F(has been declared to be a lar)108 261.7 Q(ge type.)-.198 E 2.267(This\ + section describes the implementation and the programmatic and query la\ +nguage)108 278.8 R(interf)108 292 Q(aces to)-.11 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1 +(lar)2.75 E(ge object data.)-.198 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3 +(13.1. Historical)72 309.1 R(Note)3 E F1(Originally)108 326.2 Q(,)-.715 +E F2(POSTGRES)4.077 E F1 1.327 +(4.2 supports three standard implementations of lar)4.077 F 1.328 +(ge objects: as)-.198 F 1.471(\214les e)108 339.4 R 1.471(xternal to) +-.165 F F2(POSTGRES)4.22 E F1 4.22(,a)C(s)-4.22 E F2(UNIX)4.22 E F1 1.47 +(\214les managed by)4.22 F F2(POSTGRES)4.22 E F1 4.22(,a)C 1.47 +(nd as data stored)-4.22 F 2.431(within the)108 352.6 R F2(POSTGRES) +5.181 E F1 2.432 +(database. It causes considerable confusion among users. As a)5.181 F +1.719(result, we only support lar)108 365.8 R 1.719 +(ge objects as data stored within the)-.198 F F2(POSTGRES)4.469 E F1 +1.719(database in)4.469 F F2(POSTGRES)108 379 Q F1 1.127(95. Ev)B 1.127 +(en though is is slo)-.165 F 1.128(wer to access, it pro)-.275 F 1.128 +(vides stricter data inte)-.165 F 1.128(grity and)-.165 F 1.272 +(time tra)108 392.2 R -.165(ve)-.22 G 1.272(l. F).165 F 1.272 +(or historical reasons, the)-.165 F 4.022(ya)-.165 G 1.272(re called In) +-4.022 F -.165(ve)-.44 G 1.272(rsion lar).165 F 1.272(ge objects. \(W) +-.198 F 4.021(ew)-.88 G 1.271(ill use)-4.021 F(In)108 405.4 Q -.165(ve) +-.44 G(rsion and lar).165 E +(ge objects interchangeably to mean the same thing in this section.\)) +-.198 E F3 3(13.2. In)72 431.6 R -.12(ve)-.48 G(rsion Lar).12 E +(ge Objects)-.12 E F1 2.125(The In)108 448.7 R -.165(ve)-.44 G 2.125 +(rsion lar).165 F 2.125(ge object implementation breaks lar)-.198 F +2.125(ge objects up into \231chunks\232 and)-.198 F 1.03 +(stores the chunks in tuples in the database.)108 461.9 R 3.78(AB)6.53 G +1.03(-tree inde)-3.78 F 3.78(xg)-.165 G 1.03(uarantees f)-3.78 F 1.03 +(ast searches for)-.11 F +(the correct chunk number when doing random access reads and writes.)108 +475.1 Q F3 3(13.3. Lar)72 501.3 R(ge Object Interfaces)-.12 E F1 .643 +(The f)108 518.4 R(acilities)-.11 E F2(POSTGRES)3.393 E F1(pro)3.393 E +.643(vides to access lar)-.165 F .643(ge objects, both in the back)-.198 +F .644(end as part of)-.11 F(user)108 531.6 Q .947(-de\214ned functions\ + or the front end as part of an application using the)-.22 F(interf) +6.446 E .946(ace, are)-.11 F .561(described belo)108 544.8 R 1.991 -.715 +(w. \()-.275 H -.165(Fo).715 G 3.311(ru).165 G .561(sers f)-3.311 F .561 +(amiliar with)-.11 F F2(POSTGRES)3.311 E F1(4.2,)3.311 E F2(POSTGRES) +3.311 E F1 .561(95 has a ne)B 3.312(ws)-.275 G .562(et of)-3.312 F .27 +(functions pro)108 558 R .27(viding a more coherent interf)-.165 F .27 +(ace. The interf)-.11 F .269(ace is the same for dynamically-)-.11 F +(loaded C functions as well as for .)108 571.2 Q(The)108 588.3 Q F2 +(POSTGRES)4.358 E F1(lar)4.358 E 1.608(ge object interf)-.198 F 1.609 +(ace is modeled after the)-.11 F F2(UNIX)4.359 E F1 1.609 +(\214le system interf)4.359 F(ace,)-.11 E .45(with analogues of)108 +601.5 R/F4 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(open)3.199 E F1(\(2\),)A F4 -.407(re) +3.199 G(ad).407 E F1(\(2\),)A F4(write)3.199 E F1(\(2\),)A F4(lseek) +3.199 E F1 .449(\(2\), etc.)B .449(User functions call these rou-)5.949 +F 1.739(tines to retrie)108 614.7 R 2.069 -.165(ve o)-.275 H 1.739 +(nly the data of interest from a lar).165 F 1.74(ge object.)-.198 F +-.165(Fo)7.24 G 4.49(re).165 G 1.74(xample, if a lar)-4.655 F(ge)-.198 E +.074(object type called)108 627.9 R F4(mugshot)2.824 E F1 -.165(ex)2.824 +G .074(isted that stored photographs of f).165 F .073 +(aces, then a function called)-.11 F F4(bear)108 641.1 Q(d)-.407 E F1 +.148(could be declared on)2.898 F F4(mugshot)2.898 E F1(data.)2.898 E F4 +(Bear)5.648 E(d)-.407 E F1 .149(could look at the lo)2.898 F .149 +(wer third of a photo-)-.275 F .793 +(graph, and determine the color of the beard that appeared there, if an) +108 654.3 R 4.972 -.715(y. T)-.165 H .792(he entire lar).715 F(ge)-.198 +E(object v)108 667.5 Q(alue need not be b)-.275 E(uf)-.22 E(fered, or e) +-.275 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(ne).165 G(xamined, by the)-2.915 E F4 +(bear)2.75 E(d)-.407 E F1(function.)2.75 E(Lar)108 684.6 Q 1.165(ge obj\ +ects may be accessed from dynamically-loaded C functions or database cl\ +ient)-.198 F .831(programs that link the)108 697.8 R(library)6.331 E(.) +-.715 E F2(POSTGRES)6.331 E F1(pro)3.581 E .83 +(vides a set of routines that support open-)-.165 F +(ing, reading, writing, closing, and seeking on lar)108 711 Q +(ge objects.)-.198 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(62)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 63 63 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(13.3.1. Cr)72 97.2 R(eating a Lar)-.216 E +(ge Object)-.12 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The routine)108 114.3 Q/F2 10 +/Courier@0 SF(Oid lo_creat\(PGconn *conn, int mode\))148 139.5 Q F1 .042 +(creates a ne)108 165.7 R 2.792(wl)-.275 G(ar)-2.792 E .042 +(ge object. The)-.198 F/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)2.792 E F1 .043 +(is a bitmask describing se)2.792 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .043(ral dif).165 F +.043(ferent attrib)-.275 F .043(utes of)-.22 F(the ne)108 178.9 Q 2.75 +(wo)-.275 G 2.75(bject. The)-2.75 F +(symbolic constants listed here are de\214ned in)2.75 E F2 +(/usr/local/postgres95/src/backend/libpq/libpq-fs.h)148 204.1 Q F1 .084 +(The access type \(read, write, or both\) is controlled by)108 230.3 R +/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(OR)2.834 E F1 .084(ing together the bits)2.834 F +F4(INV_READ)2.834 E F1(and)108 243.5 Q F4(INV_WRITE)2.845 E F1 5.595(.I) +C 2.845(ft)-5.595 G .095(he lar)-2.845 F .095(ge object should be archi) +-.198 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.845(d\212t).165 G .095 +(hat is, if historical v)-2.845 F .096(ersions of)-.165 F .934 +(it should be mo)108 256.7 R -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.684(dp).165 G .933 +(eriodically to a special archi)-3.684 F 1.263 -.165(ve r)-.275 H .933 +(elation \212 then the).165 F F4(INV_ARCHIVE)3.683 E F1 .369 +(bit should be set.)108 269.9 R .369(The lo)5.869 F .37 +(w-order sixteen bits of)-.275 F F3(mask)3.12 E F1 .37 +(are the storage manager number on)3.12 F 1.894(which the lar)108 283.1 +R 1.894(ge object should reside.)-.198 F -.165(Fo)7.394 G 4.644(rs).165 +G 1.894(ites other than Berk)-4.644 F(ele)-.11 E 3.323 -.715(y, t)-.165 +H 1.893(hese bits should).715 F(al)108 296.3 Q -.11(wa)-.11 G +(ys be zero.).11 E(The commands belo)108 313.4 Q 2.75(wc)-.275 G +(reate an \(In)-2.75 E -.165(ve)-.44 G(rsion\) lar).165 E(ge object:) +-.198 E F2(inv_oid = lo_creat\(INV_READ|INV_WRITE|INV_ARCHIVE\);)148 +338.6 Q F0 3(13.3.2. Importing)72 377.8 R 3(aL)3 G(ar)-3 E(ge Object) +-.12 E F1 1.76 -.88(To i)9 H(mport a UNIX \214le as a lar).88 E +(ge object, call)-.198 E F2(Oid)148 403 Q +(lo_import\(PGconn *conn, text *filename\))148 415.2 Q F1(The)108 441.4 +Q F3(\214lename)3.168 E F1(ar)3.168 E .419(gument speci\214es the UNIX \ +pathname of the \214le to be imported as a lar)-.198 F(ge)-.198 E +(object.)108 454.6 Q F0 3(13.3.3. Exporting)72 480.8 R 3(aL)3 G(ar)-3 E +(ge Object)-.12 E F1 1.76 -.88(To e)9 H(xport a lar).715 E +(ge object into UNIX \214le, call)-.198 E F2(int)148 506 Q +(lo_export\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, text *filename\))148 518.2 Q F1 +(The)108 544.4 Q F3(lobjId)3.071 E F1(ar)3.071 E .321 +(gument speci\214es the Oid of the lar)-.198 F .32(ge object to e)-.198 +F .32(xport and the)-.165 F F3(\214lename)3.07 E F1(ar)3.07 E(gu-)-.198 +E(ment speci\214es the UNIX pathname of the \214le.)108 557.6 Q F0 3 +(13.3.4. Opening)72 583.8 R(an Existing Lar)3 E(ge Object)-.12 E F1 1.76 +-.88(To o)108 600.9 T(pen an e).88 E(xisting lar)-.165 E +(ge object, call)-.198 E F2(int)148 626.1 Q +(lo_open\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int mode, ...\))148 638.3 Q F1(The) +108 664.5 Q F3(lobjId)3.207 E F1(ar)3.207 E .457 +(gument speci\214es the Oid of the lar)-.198 F .458(ge object to open.) +-.198 F .458(The mode bits control)5.958 F +(whether the object is opened for reading)108 677.7 Q F4(INV_READ)2.75 E +F1(\), writing or both.)A 4.2(Al)108 694.8 S(ar)-4.2 E 1.45 +(ge object cannot be opened before it is created.)-.198 F/F5 11 +/Courier@0 SF(lo_open)6.949 E F1 1.449(returns a lar)4.199 F 1.449 +(ge object)-.198 F 5.198(descriptor for later use in)108 708 R F5 +(lo_read)7.948 E F1(,)A F5(lo_write)7.948 E F1(,)A F5(lo_lseek)7.948 E +F1(,)A F5(lo_tell)7.948 E F1 7.949(,a)C(nd)-7.949 E F5(lo_close)108 +721.2 Q F1(.)A/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(63)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(13.3.5. Writing)72 97.2 R(Data to a Lar)3 E +(ge Object)-.12 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The routine)108 114.3 Q/F2 10 +/Courier@0 SF(int)148 139.5 Q +(lo_write\(PGconn *conn, int fd, char *buf, int len\))148 151.7 Q F1 +(writes)108 177.9 Q/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(len)3.046 E F1 .296 +(bytes from)3.046 F F3 -.22(bu)3.046 G(f).22 E F1 .296(to lar)3.046 F +.296(ge object)-.198 F F3(fd)3.046 E F1 5.796(.T)C(he)-5.796 E F3(fd) +3.046 E F1(ar)3.045 E .295(gument must ha)-.198 F .625 -.165(ve b)-.22 H +.295(een returned by).165 F 2.75(ap)108 191.1 S(re)-2.75 E(vious)-.275 E +F3(lo_open)2.75 E F1(.)A .059 +(The number of bytes actually written is returned.)108 208.2 R .059 +(In the e)5.559 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .059(nt of an error).165 F 2.809(,t) +-.44 G .06(he return v)-2.809 F(alue)-.275 E(is ne)108 221.4 Q -.055(ga) +-.165 G(ti).055 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(.).165 E F0 3(13.3.6. Seeking)72 +247.6 R(on a Lar)3 E(ge Object)-.12 E F1 1.76 -.88(To c)108 264.7 T +(hange the current read or write location on a lar).88 E +(ge object, call)-.198 E F2(int)148 289.9 Q +(lo_lseek\(PGconn *conn, int fd, int offset, int whence\))148 302.1 Q F1 +.386(This routine mo)108 328.3 R -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.136(st).165 G .386 +(he current location pointer for the lar)-3.136 F .386 +(ge object described by)-.198 F F3(fd)3.135 E F1 .385(to the)3.135 F(ne) +108 341.5 Q 6.512(wl)-.275 G 3.762(ocation speci\214ed by)-6.512 F F3 +(of)6.512 E(fset)-.198 E F1 9.262(.T)C 3.762(he v)-9.262 F 3.762(alid v) +-.275 F 3.762(alues for .i whence are)-.275 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF +(SEEK_SET)6.512 E(SEEK_CUR)108 354.7 Q F1(and)2.75 E F4(SEEK_END.)2.75 E +F0 3(13.3.7. Closing)72 380.9 R 3(aL)3 G(ar)-3 E(ge Object Descriptor) +-.12 E F1 2.75(Al)108 398 S(ar)-2.75 E +(ge object may be closed by calling)-.198 E F2(int)148 423.2 Q +(lo_close\(PGconn *conn, int fd\))148 435.4 Q F1(where)108 461.6 Q F3 +(fd)3.9 E F1 1.15(is a lar)3.9 F 1.15(ge object descriptor returned by) +-.198 F F3(lo_open)3.9 E F1 6.65(.O)C 3.9(ns)-6.65 G(uccess,)-3.9 E F3 +(lo_close)3.9 E F1(returns)3.899 E 2.75(zero. On)108 474.8 R(error)2.75 +E 2.75(,t)-.44 G(he return v)-2.75 E(alue is ne)-.275 E -.055(ga)-.165 G +(ti).055 E -.165(ve)-.275 G(.).165 E F0 3(13.4. Built)72 491.9 R(in r)3 +E(egister)-.216 E(ed functions)-.216 E F1 .182(There are tw)108 509 R +2.932(ob)-.11 G .182(uilt-in re)-3.152 F .182(gistered functions,)-.165 +F F3(lo_import)2.932 E F1(and)2.932 E F3(lo_e)2.932 E(xport)-.22 E F1 +.182(which are con)2.932 F -.165(ve)-.44 G(nient).165 E +(for use in SQL queries.)108 522.2 Q(Here is an e)108 539.3 Q +(xample of there use)-.165 E F2(CREATE TABLE image \()148 564.5 Q 66 +(name text,)196 576.7 R 54(raster oid)196 588.9 R(\);)148 601.1 Q +(INSERT INTO image \(name, raster\))148 625.5 Q +(VALUES \('beautiful image', lo_import\('/etc/motd'\)\);)166 637.7 Q +(SELECT lo_export\(image.raster, "/tmp/motd"\) from image)148 662.1 Q +(WHERE name = 'beautiful image';)166 674.3 Q/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(64) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.583(13.5. Accessing)72 97.2 R(Lar)4.583 E 1.583 +(ge Objects fr)-.12 F 1.583(om LIBPQ)-.216 F/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF +(Belo)10.582 E 4.332(wi)-.275 G 4.332(sas)-4.332 G 1.582 +(ample program which sho)-4.332 F(ws)-.275 E(ho)108 110.4 Q 2.774(wt) +-.275 G .024(he lar)-2.774 F .024(ge object interf)-.198 F .024(ace in) +-.11 F/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LIBPQ)2.775 E F1 .025(can be used.)2.775 F +-.165(Pa)5.525 G .025(rts of the program are commented).165 F(out b)108 +123.6 Q(ut are left in the source for the readers bene\214t.)-.22 E +(This program can be found in)5.5 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF +(../src/test/examples)148 148.8 Q F1 1.29 +(Frontend applications which use the lar)108 178.9 R 1.289 +(ge object interf)-.198 F 1.289(ace in)-.11 F F2(LIBPQ)4.039 E F1 1.289 +(should include the)4.039 F(header \214le)108 192.1 Q/F4 11/Courier@0 SF +(libpq/libpq-fs.h)2.75 E F1(and link with the)2.75 E F4(libpq)2.75 E F1 +(library)2.75 E(.)-.715 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(65)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 66 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(13.6. Sample)72 97.2 R(Pr)3 E(ogram)-.216 E/F1 +10/Courier@0 SF(/*-----------------------------------------------------\ +--------------------)148 122.4 Q(*)154 134.6 Q 6(*t)154 146.8 S +(estlo.c--)-6 E 24(*t)154 159 S(est using large objects with libpq)-24 E +(*)154 171.2 Q 6(*C)154 183.4 S +(opyright \(c\) 1994, Regents of the University of California)-6 E(*)154 +195.6 Q(*)154 207.8 Q 6(*I)154 220 S(DENTIFICATION)-6 E 24(*$)154 232.2 +S(Header: /usr/local/devel/pglite/cvs/src/doc/manual.me,v 1.17 1996/02/\ +24 01:19:32 jolly Exp $)-24 E(*)154 244.4 Q(*--------------------------\ +-----------------------------------------------)154 256.6 Q(*/)154 268.8 +Q(#include <stdio.h>)148 281 Q(#include "libpq-fe.h")148 293.2 Q +(#include "libpq/libpq-fs.h")148 305.4 Q(#define BUFSIZE)148 329.8 Q +(1024)54 E(/*)148 354.2 Q 6(*i)154 366.4 S(mportFile -)-6 E 24(*i)154 +378.6 S +(mport file "in_filename" into database as large object "lobjOid")-24 E +(*)154 390.8 Q(*/)154 403 Q +(Oid importFile\(PGconn *conn, char *filename\))148 415.2 Q({)148 427.4 +Q(Oid lobjId;)172 439.6 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 451.8 Q(char buf[BUFSIZE];) +172 464 Q(int nbytes, tmp;)172 476.2 Q(int fd;)172 488.4 Q(/*)172 512.8 +Q 6(*o)178 525 S(pen the file to be read in)-6 E(*/)178 537.2 Q +(fd = open\(filename, O_RDONLY, 0666\);)172 549.4 Q(if \(fd < 0\))172 +561.6 Q 18({/)12 G 6(*e)-18 G(rror */)-6 E +(fprintf\(stderr, "can't open unix file)184 573.8 Q(})172 586 Q(/*)172 +610.4 Q 6(*c)178 622.6 S(reate the large object)-6 E(*/)178 634.8 Q +(lobjId = lo_creat\(conn, INV_READ|INV_WRITE\);)172 647 Q +(if \(lobjId == 0\) {)172 659.2 Q +(fprintf\(stderr, "can't create large object"\);)184 671.4 Q(})172 683.6 +Q(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_WRITE\);)172 708 Q(/*)172 720.2 Q +/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(66)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*r)178 96.2 S +(ead in from the Unix file and write to the inversion file)-6 E(*/)178 +108.4 Q(while \(\(nbytes = read\(fd, buf, BUFSIZE\)\) > 0\) {)172 120.6 +Q(tmp = lo_write\(conn, lobj_fd, buf, nbytes\);)184 132.8 Q +(if \(tmp < nbytes\) {)184 145 Q(fprintf\(stderr, "error while reading) +208 157.2 Q(})184 169.4 Q(})172 181.6 Q(\(void\) close\(fd\);)172 206 Q +(\(void\) lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 218.2 Q(return lobjId;)172 +242.6 Q(})148 254.8 Q +(void pickout\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len\))148 279.2 +Q({)148 291.4 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 303.6 Q(char* buf;)172 315.8 Q +(int nbytes;)172 328 Q(int nread;)172 340.2 Q +(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_READ\);)172 364.6 Q +(if \(lobj_fd < 0\) {)172 376.8 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"can't open large object %d",)184 389 Q(lobjId\);)220 +401.2 Q(})172 413.4 Q(lo_lseek\(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET\);)172 +437.8 Q(buf = malloc\(len+1\);)172 450 Q(nread = 0;)172 474.4 Q +(while \(len - nread > 0\) {)172 486.6 Q +(nbytes = lo_read\(conn, lobj_fd, buf, len - nread\);)184 498.8 Q +(buf[nbytes] = ' ';)184 511 Q(fprintf\(stderr,">>> %s", buf\);)184 523.2 +Q(nread += nbytes;)184 535.4 Q(})172 547.6 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"0\);)172 +559.8 Q(lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 572 Q(})148 584.2 Q +(void overwrite\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len\))148 +608.6 Q({)148 620.8 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 633 Q(char* buf;)172 645.2 Q +(int nbytes;)172 657.4 Q(int nwritten;)172 669.6 Q(int i;)172 681.8 Q +(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_READ\);)172 706.2 Q +(if \(lobj_fd < 0\) {)172 718.4 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(67)282.5 756 Q +EP +%%Page: 68 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(fprintf\(stderr,"can't open large object %d",)184 +96.2 Q(lobjId\);)220 108.4 Q(})172 120.6 Q +(lo_lseek\(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET\);)172 145 Q +(buf = malloc\(len+1\);)172 157.2 Q(for \(i=0;i<len;i++\))172 181.6 Q +(buf[i] = 'X';)184 193.8 Q(buf[i] = ' ';)172 206 Q(nwritten = 0;)172 +230.4 Q(while \(len - nwritten > 0\) {)172 242.6 Q +(nbytes = lo_write\(conn, lobj_fd, buf + nwritten, len - nwritten\);)184 +254.8 Q(nwritten += nbytes;)184 267 Q(})172 279.2 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"0\);)172 291.4 Q(lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 303.6 +Q(})148 315.8 Q(/*)148 352.4 Q 6(*e)154 364.6 S(xportFile -)-6 E 24(*e) +154 376.8 S(xport large object "lobjOid" to file "out_filename")-24 E(*) +154 389 Q(*/)154 401.2 Q +(void exportFile\(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, char *filename\))148 413.4 Q +({)148 425.6 Q(int lobj_fd;)172 437.8 Q(char buf[BUFSIZE];)172 450 Q +(int nbytes, tmp;)172 462.2 Q(int fd;)172 474.4 Q(/*)172 498.8 Q 6(*c) +178 511 S(reate an inversion "object")-6 E(*/)178 523.2 Q +(lobj_fd = lo_open\(conn, lobjId, INV_READ\);)172 535.4 Q +(if \(lobj_fd < 0\) {)172 547.6 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"can't open large object %d",)184 559.8 Q(lobjId\);)220 +572 Q(})172 584.2 Q(/*)172 608.6 Q 6(*o)178 620.8 S +(pen the file to be written to)-6 E(*/)178 633 Q +(fd = open\(filename, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY, 0666\);)172 645.2 Q +(if \(fd < 0\))172 657.4 Q 18({/)12 G 6(*e)-18 G(rror */)-6 E +(fprintf\(stderr, "can't open unix file)184 669.6 Q(filename\);)220 +681.8 Q(})172 694 Q(/*)172 718.4 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(68)282.5 756 Q +EP +%%Page: 69 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF 6(*r)178 96.2 S +(ead in from the Unix file and write to the inversion file)-6 E(*/)178 +108.4 Q +(while \(\(nbytes = lo_read\(conn, lobj_fd, buf, BUFSIZE\)\) > 0\) {)172 +120.6 Q(tmp = write\(fd, buf, nbytes\);)184 132.8 Q +(if \(tmp < nbytes\) {)196 145 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"error while writing) +208 157.2 Q(filename\);)244 169.4 Q(})184 181.6 Q(})172 193.8 Q +(\(void\) lo_close\(conn, lobj_fd\);)172 218.2 Q(\(void\) close\(fd\);) +172 230.4 Q(return;)172 254.8 Q(})148 267 Q(void)148 291.4 Q +(exit_nicely\(PGconn* conn\))148 303.6 Q({)148 315.8 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)160 328 Q(exit\(1\);)160 340.2 Q(})148 352.4 Q(int) +148 376.8 Q(main\(int argc, char **argv\))148 389 Q({)148 401.2 Q +(char *in_filename, *out_filename;)172 413.4 Q(char *database;)172 425.6 +Q(Oid lobjOid;)172 437.8 Q(PGconn *conn;)172 450 Q(PGresult *res;)172 +462.2 Q(if \(argc != 4\) {)172 486.6 Q +(fprintf\(stderr, "Usage: %s database_name in_filename out_filename0,) +184 498.8 Q(argv[0]\);)220 511 Q(exit\(1\);)184 523.2 Q(})172 535.4 Q +(database = argv[1];)172 559.8 Q(in_filename = argv[2];)172 572 Q +(out_filename = argv[3];)172 584.2 Q(/*)172 608.6 Q 6(*s)178 620.8 S +(et up the connection)-6 E(*/)178 633 Q +(conn = PQsetdb\(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, database\);)172 645.2 Q +(/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */) +172 669.6 Q(if \(PQstatus\(conn\) == CONNECTION_BAD\) {)172 681.8 Q +(fprintf\(stderr,"Connection to database '%s' failed.0, database\);)184 +694 Q(fprintf\(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage\(conn\)\);)184 706.2 Q +(exit_nicely\(conn\);)184 718.4 Q/F1 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(69)282.5 756 Q +EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(})172 96.2 Q(res = PQexec\(conn, "begin"\);)172 +120.6 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 132.8 Q(printf\("importing file)172 145 Q 6 +(/* lobjOid)148 157.2 R 6(=i)6 G(mportFile\(conn, in_filename\); */)-6 E +(lobjOid = lo_import\(conn, in_filename\);)172 169.4 Q(/*)148 181.6 Q +(printf\("as large object %d.0, lobjOid\);)172 193.8 Q +(printf\("picking out bytes 1000-2000 of the large object0\);)172 218.2 +Q(pickout\(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000\);)172 230.4 Q +(printf\("overwriting bytes 1000-2000 of the large object with X's0\);) +172 254.8 Q(overwrite\(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000\);)172 267 Q(*/)148 +279.2 Q(printf\("exporting large object to file)172 303.6 Q 18 +(/* exportFile\(conn,)148 315.8 R(lobjOid, out_filename\); */)6 E +(lo_export\(conn, lobjOid,out_filename\);)172 328 Q +(res = PQexec\(conn, "end"\);)172 352.4 Q(PQclear\(res\);)172 364.6 Q +(PQfinish\(conn\);)172 376.8 Q(exit\(0\);)172 389 Q(})148 401.2 Q/F1 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(70)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 71 71 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(14. THE)72 165.4 R(POSTGRES R)4.75 E +(ULE SYSTEM)-.57 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 +178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 +178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 +178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL +135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 +DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 +178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 +174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 +190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 +178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 +178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL +245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 +DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 +178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 +284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 +300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 +178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 +178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL +355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 +DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 +178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 +394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 +410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 +178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 +178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL +465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 +DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 +178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11 +/Times-Roman@0 SF 3.372 +(Production rule systems are conceptually simple, b)108 208.9 R 3.372 +(ut there are man)-.22 F 6.122(ys)-.165 G 3.372(ubtle points)-6.122 F +(in)108 222.1 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lv).22 E .603(ed in actually using them.) +-.165 F(Consequently)6.103 E 3.353(,w)-.715 G 3.352(ew)-3.353 G .602 +(ill not attempt to e)-3.352 F .602(xplain the actual)-.165 F 2.737 +(syntax and operation of the)108 235.3 R/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)5.488 E F1 2.738(rule system here.)5.488 F 2.738 +(Instead, you should read)8.238 F([ST)108 248.5 Q 1.803(ON90b] to under\ +stand some of these points and the theoretical foundations of the)-.198 +F F2(POSTGRES)108 261.7 Q F1 2.477 +(rule system before trying to use rules.)5.227 F 2.478 +(The discussion in this section is)7.977 F .205(intended to pro)108 +274.9 R .205(vide an o)-.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G(rvie).165 E 2.955(wo) +-.275 G 2.954(ft)-2.955 G(he)-2.954 E F2(POSTGRES)2.954 E F1 .204 +(rule system and point the user at help-)2.954 F(ful references and e) +108 288.1 Q(xamples.)-.165 E 1.641(The \231query re)108 305.2 R 1.642 +(write\232 rule system modi\214es queries to tak)-.275 F 4.392(er)-.11 G +1.642(ules into consideration, and)-4.392 F .518 +(then passes the modi\214ed query to the query optimizer for e)108 318.4 +R -.165(xe)-.165 G 3.268(cution. It).165 F .517(is v)3.267 F .517 +(ery po)-.165 F(werful,)-.275 E .246(and can be used for man)108 331.6 R +2.996(yt)-.165 G .246(hings such as query language procedures, vie) +-2.996 F .246(ws, and v)-.275 F(ersions.)-.165 E(The po)108 344.8 Q +(wer of this rule system is discussed in [ONG90] as well as [ST)-.275 E +(ON90b].)-.198 E/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(71)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 72 72 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(15. ADMINISTERING)72 165.4 R +(POSTGRES)4.75 E 77.5 178.6 72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 +80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 +97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 +113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 +178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 +178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL +168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 +DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL 190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 +178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 +207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 +223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 +178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 +178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL +278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 +DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL 300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 +178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 +317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 +333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 +178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 +178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL +388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 +DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL 410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 +178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 +427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 +443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 +178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 +178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL +498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF +1.395(In this section, we will discuss aspects of)108 208.9 R/F2 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)4.145 E F1 1.394 +(that are of interest to those who)4.144 F(mak)108 222.1 Q 3.096(ee)-.11 +G(xtensi)-3.261 E .676 -.165(ve u)-.275 H .346(se of).165 F F2(POSTGRES) +3.096 E F1 3.096(,o)C 3.096(rw)-3.096 G .346 +(ho are the site administrator for a group of)-3.096 F F2(POST)3.096 E +(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 235.3 Q F1(users.)2.75 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3 +(15.1. Fr)72 261.5 R(equent T)-.216 E(asks)-1.104 E 77.5 274.7 72 274.7 +DL 80.5 274.7 75 274.7 DL 86 274.7 80.5 274.7 DL 91.5 274.7 86 274.7 DL +97 274.7 91.5 274.7 DL 102.5 274.7 97 274.7 DL 108 274.7 102.5 274.7 DL +113.5 274.7 108 274.7 DL 119 274.7 113.5 274.7 DL 124.5 274.7 119 274.7 +DL 130 274.7 124.5 274.7 DL 135.5 274.7 130 274.7 DL 141 274.7 135.5 +274.7 DL 146.5 274.7 141 274.7 DL 152 274.7 146.5 274.7 DL 157.5 274.7 +152 274.7 DL 163 274.7 157.5 274.7 DL 168.5 274.7 163 274.7 DL 174 274.7 +168.5 274.7 DL 179.5 274.7 174 274.7 DL 185 274.7 179.5 274.7 DL 190.5 +274.7 185 274.7 DL 196 274.7 190.5 274.7 DL 201.5 274.7 196 274.7 DL 207 +274.7 201.5 274.7 DL 212.5 274.7 207 274.7 DL 218 274.7 212.5 274.7 DL +223.5 274.7 218 274.7 DL 229 274.7 223.5 274.7 DL 234.5 274.7 229 274.7 +DL 240 274.7 234.5 274.7 DL 245.5 274.7 240 274.7 DL 251 274.7 245.5 +274.7 DL 256.5 274.7 251 274.7 DL 262 274.7 256.5 274.7 DL 267.5 274.7 +262 274.7 DL 273 274.7 267.5 274.7 DL 278.5 274.7 273 274.7 DL 284 274.7 +278.5 274.7 DL 289.5 274.7 284 274.7 DL 295 274.7 289.5 274.7 DL 300.5 +274.7 295 274.7 DL 306 274.7 300.5 274.7 DL 311.5 274.7 306 274.7 DL 317 +274.7 311.5 274.7 DL 322.5 274.7 317 274.7 DL 328 274.7 322.5 274.7 DL +333.5 274.7 328 274.7 DL 339 274.7 333.5 274.7 DL 344.5 274.7 339 274.7 +DL 350 274.7 344.5 274.7 DL 355.5 274.7 350 274.7 DL 361 274.7 355.5 +274.7 DL 366.5 274.7 361 274.7 DL 372 274.7 366.5 274.7 DL 377.5 274.7 +372 274.7 DL 383 274.7 377.5 274.7 DL 388.5 274.7 383 274.7 DL 394 274.7 +388.5 274.7 DL 399.5 274.7 394 274.7 DL 405 274.7 399.5 274.7 DL 410.5 +274.7 405 274.7 DL 416 274.7 410.5 274.7 DL 421.5 274.7 416 274.7 DL 427 +274.7 421.5 274.7 DL 432.5 274.7 427 274.7 DL 438 274.7 432.5 274.7 DL +443.5 274.7 438 274.7 DL 449 274.7 443.5 274.7 DL 454.5 274.7 449 274.7 +DL 460 274.7 454.5 274.7 DL 465.5 274.7 460 274.7 DL 471 274.7 465.5 +274.7 DL 476.5 274.7 471 274.7 DL 482 274.7 476.5 274.7 DL 487.5 274.7 +482 274.7 DL 493 274.7 487.5 274.7 DL 498.5 274.7 493 274.7 DL 504 274.7 +498.5 274.7 DL F1 .405 +(Here we will brie\215y discuss some procedures that you should be f)108 +305 R .405(amiliar with in manag-)-.11 F(ing an)108 318.2 Q(y)-.165 E F2 +(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(installation.)2.75 E F3 3(15.1.1. Starting)72 344.4 +R(the P)3 E(ostmaster)-.24 E F1 .539(If you did not install)108 361.5 R +F2(POSTGRES)3.289 E F1 -.165(ex)3.289 G .538 +(actly as described in the installation instructions, you).165 F(may ha) +108 374.7 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.22 H 2.75(op).165 G +(erform some additional steps before starting the)-2.75 E/F4 11 +/Courier@0 SF(postmaster)2.75 E F1(process.)2.75 E 5.5<8345>113.5 391.8 +S -.165(ve)-5.5 G 3.135(ni).165 G 3.135(fy)-3.135 G .385 +(ou were not the person who installed)-3.135 F F2(POSTGRES)3.136 E F1 +3.136(,y)C .386(ou should understand the)-3.136 F 1.448 +(installation instructions.)122.85 405 R 1.448 +(The installation instructions e)6.948 F 1.448 +(xplain some important issues)-.165 F .008(with respect to where)122.85 +418.2 R F2(POSTGRES)2.759 E F1 .009 +(places some important \214les, proper settings for en)2.759 F(vi-)-.44 +E(ronment v)122.85 431.4 Q(ariables, etc. that may v)-.275 E +(ary from one v)-.275 E(ersion of)-.165 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1 +(to another)2.75 E(.)-.605 E 5.5<8359>113.5 444.6 S(ou)-6.71 E/F5 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(must)4.815 E F1 2.065(start the)4.815 F F4 +(postmaster)4.815 E F1 2.064(process with the user)4.814 F 2.064 +(-id that o)-.22 F 2.064(wns the installed)-.275 F 1.264 +(database \214les.)122.85 457.8 R 1.264(In most cases, if you ha)6.764 F +1.594 -.165(ve f)-.22 H(ollo).165 E 1.264 +(wed the installation instructions, this)-.275 F .393 +(will be the user \231postgres\232.)122.85 471 R .392 +(If you do not start the)5.893 F F4(postmaster)3.142 E F1 .392 +(with the right user)3.142 F(-)-.22 E .703(id, the back)122.85 484.2 R +.703(end serv)-.11 F .703(ers that are started by the)-.165 F F4 +(postmaster)3.453 E F1 .704(will not be able to read)3.453 F(the data.) +122.85 497.4 Q 5.5<834d>113.5 510.6 S(ak)-5.5 E 3.831(es)-.11 G 1.081 +(ure that)-3.831 F F4(/usr/local/postgres95/bin)3.831 E F1 1.08 +(is in your shell command path,)3.831 F(because the)122.85 523.8 Q F4 +(postmaster)2.75 E F1(will use your)2.75 E F4(PATH)2.75 E F1(to locate) +2.75 E F2(POSTGRES)2.75 E F1(commands.)2.75 E 5.5<8352>113.5 537 S .571 +(emember to set the en)-5.5 F .571(vironment v)-.44 F(ariable)-.275 E F4 +(PGDATA)3.321 E F1 .571(to the directory where the)3.321 F F2(POST)3.322 +E(-)-.92 E(GRES)122.85 550.2 Q F1 .043(databases are installed.)2.794 F +.043(\(This v)5.543 F .043(ariable is more fully e)-.275 F .043 +(xplained in the)-.165 F F2(POSTGRES)2.793 E F1 +(installation instructions.\))122.85 563.4 Q 5.5<8349>113.5 576.6 S +3.041(fy)-5.5 G .292(ou do start the)-3.041 F F4(postmaster)3.042 E F1 +.292(using non-standard options, such as a dif)3.042 F .292(ferent TCP) +-.275 F .052(port number)122.85 589.8 R 2.802(,r)-.44 G .052 +(emember to tell all users so that the)-2.802 F 2.802(yc)-.165 G .052 +(an set their)-2.802 F F4(PGPORT)2.801 E F1(en)2.801 E(vironment)-.44 E +-.275(va)122.85 603 S(riable correctly).275 E(.)-.715 E F3 3 +(15.1.2. Shutting)72 629.2 R(Do)3 E(wn the P)-.12 E(ostmaster)-.24 E F1 +.174(If you need to halt the)108 646.3 R F4(postmaster)2.924 E F1 .175 +(process, you can use the)2.925 F F2(UNIX)2.925 E F4(kill)2.925 E F1 +.175(\(1\) command.)B .445(Some people habitually use the)108 659.5 R F4 +(-9)3.195 E F1(or)3.195 E F4(-KILL)3.195 E F1 .445 +(option; this should ne)3.195 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.194(rb).165 G 3.194 +(en)-3.194 G .444(ecessary and)-3.194 F 1.129 +(we do not recommend that you do this, as the)108 672.7 R F4(postmaster) +3.879 E F1 1.129(will be unable to free its)3.879 F -.275(va)108 685.9 S +(rious shared resources, its child processes will be unable to e).275 E +(xit gracefully)-.165 E 2.75(,e)-.715 G(tc.)-2.75 E/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 +SF(72)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 73 73 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.1.3. Adding)72 97.2 R(and Remo)3 E +(ving Users)-.12 E/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(The)108 114.3 Q/F2 11 +/Courier@0 SF(createuser)3.748 E F1(and)3.748 E F2(destroyuser)3.748 E +F1 .998(commands enable and disable access to)3.748 F/F3 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POST)3.747 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)108 127.5 Q F1 +(by speci\214c users on the host system.)2.75 E F0 3(15.1.4. P)72 153.7 +R(eriodic Upk)-.24 E(eep)-.12 E F1(The)108 170.8 Q F2(vacuum)2.825 E F1 +.075(command should be run on each database periodically)2.825 F 5.575 +(.T)-.715 G .076(his command pro-)-5.575 F .532 +(cesses deleted instances)108 186.2 R/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(9)-4.4 I F1 +.532(and, more importantly)3.282 4.4 N 3.282(,u)-.715 G .532 +(pdates the system)-3.282 F/F5 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(statistics)3.281 E +F1(concerning)3.281 E .531(the size of each class.)108 199.4 R .531 +(If these statistics are permitted to become out-of-date and inaccu-) +6.031 F .521(rate, the)108 212.6 R F3(POSTGRES)3.271 E F1 .52 +(query optimizer may mak)3.271 F 3.27(ee)-.11 G .52 +(xtremely poor decisions with respect to)-3.435 F 1.083(query e)108 +225.8 R -.275(va)-.275 G 1.083(luation strate).275 F 3.833 +(gies. Therefore,)-.165 F 1.083(we recommend running)3.833 F F2(vacuum) +3.834 E F1 -2.365 -.275(ev e)3.834 H 1.084(ry night or).275 F +(so \(perhaps in a script that is e)108 239 Q -.165(xe)-.165 G +(cuted by the).165 E F3(UNIX)2.75 E F2(cron)2.75 E F1(\(1\) or)A F2(at) +2.75 E F1(\(1\) commands\).)A/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF .066(Do fr)108 256.1 +R .066(equent backups)-.198 F F1 5.565(.T)C .065 +(hat is, you should either back up your database directories using) +-5.565 F(the)108 269.3 Q F3(POSTGRES)4.428 E F6(copy)4.428 E F1 1.679 +(command and/or the)4.429 F F3(UNIX)4.429 E F2(dump)4.429 E F1 1.679 +(\(1\) or)B F2(tar)4.429 E F1 1.679(\(1\) commands.)B -1.21(Yo)7.179 G +(u)1.21 E .45(may think, \231Wh)108 282.5 R 3.2(ya)-.055 G 3.2(mIb)-3.2 +G .449(acking up my database?)-3.2 F .449(What about crash reco)5.949 F +-.165(ve)-.165 G 3.199(ry?\232 One).165 F(side)3.199 E(ef)108 295.7 Q +.483(fect of the)-.275 F F3(POSTGRES)3.233 E F1 .483(\231no o)3.233 F +-.165(ve)-.165 G .483 +(rwrite\232 storage manager is that it is also a \231no log\232 stor) +.165 F(-)-.22 E 1.793(age manager)108 308.9 R 7.293(.T)-.605 G 1.792(ha\ +t is, the database log stores only abort/commit data, and this is not) +-7.293 F .713(enough information to reco)108 322.1 R -.165(ve)-.165 G +3.463(rt).165 G .713 +(he database if the storage medium \(disk\) or the database)-3.463 F +1.262(\214les are corrupted!)108 335.3 R 1.261(In other w)6.761 F 1.261 +(ords, if a disk block goes bad or)-.11 F F3(POSTGRES)4.011 E F1 1.261 +(happens to)4.011 F .486(corrupt a database \214le,)108 348.5 R F6 -.275 +(yo)3.236 G 3.236(uc).275 G .486(annot r)-3.236 F(eco)-.198 E -.11(ve) +-.11 G 3.236(rt).11 G .486(hat \214le)-3.236 F F1 5.986(.T)C .486 +(his can be disastrous if the \214le is)-5.986 F +(one of the shared catalogs, such as)108 361.7 Q F2(pg_database)2.75 E +F1(.)A F0 3(15.1.5. T)72 387.9 R(uning)-1.104 E F1 .265(Once your users\ + start to load a signi\214cant amount of data, you will typically run i\ +nto per)108 405 R(-)-.22 E 1.034(formance problems.)108 418.2 R F3 +(POSTGRES)6.534 E F1 1.034(is not the f)3.784 F 1.035 +(astest DBMS in the w)-.11 F 1.035(orld, b)-.11 F 1.035(ut man)-.22 F +3.785(yo)-.165 G 3.785(ft)-3.785 G(he)-3.785 E -.11(wo)108 431.4 S .19 +(rst problems encountered by users are due to their lack of e).11 F .19 +(xperience with an)-.165 F 2.94(yD)-.165 G(BMS.)-2.94 E +(Some general tips include:)108 444.6 Q 13.75(\(1\) De\214ne)113.5 461.7 +R 2.337(indices o)5.087 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 5.087(ra).165 G(ttrib)-5.087 +E 2.338(utes that are commonly used for quali\214cations.)-.22 F -.165 +(Fo)7.838 G(r).165 E -.165(ex)142.826 474.9 S(ample, if you often e).165 +E -.165(xe)-.165 G(cute queries of the form).165 E/F7 10/Courier@0 SF +(SELECT * from EMP where salary < 5000)182.826 500.1 Q F1 1.478 +(then a B-tree inde)142.826 526.3 R 4.228(xo)-.165 G 4.228(nt)-4.228 G +(he)-4.228 E F2(salary)4.227 E F1(attrib)4.227 E 1.477 +(ute will probably be useful.)-.22 F 1.477(If scans)6.977 F(in)142.826 +539.5 Q -.22(vo)-.44 G(lving equality are more common, as in).22 E F7 +(SELECT * from EMP where salary = 5000)182.826 564.7 Q F1 2.063 +(then you should consider de\214ning a hash inde)142.826 590.9 R 4.814 +(xo)-.165 G(n)-4.814 E F2(salary)4.814 E F1 7.564(.Y)C 2.064 +(ou can de\214ne)-8.774 F .202 +(both, though it will use more disk space and may slo)142.826 604.1 R +2.951(wd)-.275 G -.275(ow)-2.951 G 2.951(nu).275 G .201(pdates a bit.) +-2.951 F(Scans)5.701 E(using indices are)142.826 617.3 Q F6(much)2.75 E +F1 -.11(fa)2.75 G(ster than sequential scans of the entire class.).11 E +13.75(\(2\) Run)113.5 634.4 R(the)3.882 E F2(vacuum)3.882 E F1 1.132 +(command a lot.)3.882 F 1.132 +(This command updates the statistics that the)6.632 F .404 +(query optimizer uses to mak)142.826 647.6 R 3.154(ei)-.11 G .404 +(ntelligent decisions; if the statistics are inaccurate,)-3.154 F .088 +(the system will mak)142.826 660.8 R 2.839(ei)-.11 G .089 +(nordinately stupid decisions with respect to the w)-2.839 F .089 +(ay it joins)-.11 F .32 LW 76 670.4 72 670.4 DL 80 670.4 76 670.4 DL 84 +670.4 80 670.4 DL 88 670.4 84 670.4 DL 92 670.4 88 670.4 DL 96 670.4 92 +670.4 DL 100 670.4 96 670.4 DL 104 670.4 100 670.4 DL 108 670.4 104 +670.4 DL 112 670.4 108 670.4 DL 116 670.4 112 670.4 DL 120 670.4 116 +670.4 DL 124 670.4 120 670.4 DL 128 670.4 124 670.4 DL 132 670.4 128 +670.4 DL 136 670.4 132 670.4 DL 140 670.4 136 670.4 DL 144 670.4 140 +670.4 DL 148 670.4 144 670.4 DL 152 670.4 148 670.4 DL 156 670.4 152 +670.4 DL 160 670.4 156 670.4 DL 164 670.4 160 670.4 DL 168 670.4 164 +670.4 DL 172 670.4 168 670.4 DL 176 670.4 172 670.4 DL 180 670.4 176 +670.4 DL 184 670.4 180 670.4 DL 188 670.4 184 670.4 DL 192 670.4 188 +670.4 DL 196 670.4 192 670.4 DL 200 670.4 196 670.4 DL 204 670.4 200 +670.4 DL 208 670.4 204 670.4 DL 212 670.4 208 670.4 DL 216 670.4 212 +670.4 DL/F8 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(9)93.6 680.8 Q F4 .195(This may mean dif) +2.195 3.2 N .195(ferent things depending on the)-.2 F/F9 8 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.195 E -.12(ch)-.296 G .195(ive mode).12 F F4 +.195(with which each class has been created.)2.195 F(Ho)4.195 E(we)-.2 E +-.12(ve)-.2 G .835 -.32(r, t).12 H .195(he current).32 F .759 +(implementation of the)72 693.6 R/F10 8/Courier@0 SF(vacuum)2.759 E F4 +.759(command does)2.759 F F9(not)2.759 E F4 .759(perform an)2.759 F +2.759(yc)-.12 G .759(ompaction or clustering of data.)-2.759 F .76 +(Therefore, the)4.76 F/F11 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.76 E F4 .76 +(\214les which)2.76 F(store each)72 703.2 Q F11(POSTGRES)2 E F4 +(class ne)2 E -.12(ve)-.2 G 2(rs).12 G +(hrink and the space \231reclaimed\232 by)-2 E F10(vacuum)2 E F4(is ne)2 +E -.12(ve)-.2 G 2(ra).12 G(ctually reused.)-2 E F6(73)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 74 74 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF(and scans classes.)142.826 97.2 Q 13.75 +(\(3\) When)113.5 114.3 R 1.381 +(specifying query qual\214cations \(i.e., the)4.131 F/F1 11/Courier@0 SF +(where)4.131 E F0 1.38(part of the query\), try to)4.13 F 2.234 +(ensure that a clause in)142.826 127.5 R -.22(vo)-.44 G 2.235 +(lving a constant can be turned into one of the form).22 F/F2 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.165(ra)142.826 140.7 S(ng).165 E(e_variable oper) +-.11 E(ator constant)-.165 E F0 2.75(,e)C(.g.,)-2.75 E/F3 10/Courier@0 +SF(EMP.salary = 5000)182.826 165.9 Q F0(The)142.826 192.1 Q/F4 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.184 E F0 .433 +(query optimizer will only use an inde)3.184 F 3.183(xw)-.165 G .433 +(ith a constant quali\214ca-)-3.183 F(tion of this form.)142.826 205.3 Q +(It doesn')5.5 E 2.75(th)-.198 G(urt to write the clause as)-2.75 E F3 +(5000 = EMP.salary)182.826 230.5 Q F0 .779 +(if the operator \(in this case,)142.826 256.7 R F1(=)3.529 E F0 3.53 +(\)h)C .78(as a)-3.53 F F2(commutator)3.53 E F0 .78 +(operator de\214ned so that)3.53 F F4(POST)3.53 E(-)-.92 E(GRES)142.826 +269.9 Q F0 .784(can re)3.534 F .784 +(write the query into the desired form.)-.275 F(Ho)6.284 E(we)-.275 E +-.165(ve)-.275 G 1.664 -.44(r, i).165 H 3.534(fs).44 G .783 +(uch an operator)-3.534 F(does not e)142.826 283.1 Q(xist,)-.165 E F4 +(POSTGRES)2.75 E F0(will ne)2.75 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.75(rc).165 G +(onsider the use of an inde)-2.75 E(x.)-.165 E 13.75(\(4\) When)113.5 +300.2 R .152(joining se)2.902 F -.165(ve)-.275 G .152 +(ral classes together in one query).165 F 2.902(,t)-.715 G .153 +(ry to write the join clauses in)-2.902 F 2.75<6199>142.826 313.4 S +(chained\232 form, e.g.,)-2.75 E F3 +(where A.a = B.b and B.b = C.c and ...)182.826 338.6 Q F0 .795 +(Notice that relati)142.826 364.8 R -.165(ve)-.275 G .795(ly fe).165 F +3.545(wc)-.275 G .795(lauses refer to a gi)-3.545 F -.165(ve)-.275 G +3.544(nc).165 G .794(lass and attrib)-3.544 F .794(ute; the clauses)-.22 +F 1.628(form a linear sequence connecting the attrib)142.826 378 R 1.628 +(utes, lik)-.22 F 4.378(el)-.11 G 1.628(inks in a chain.)-4.378 F 1.628 +(This is)7.128 F +(preferable to a query written in a \231star\232 form, such as)142.826 +391.2 Q F3(where A.a = B.b and A.a = C.c and ...)182.826 416.4 Q F0 +2.321(Here, man)142.826 442.6 R 5.071(yc)-.165 G 2.321 +(lauses refer to the same class and attrib)-5.071 F 2.321 +(ute \(in this case,)-.22 F F1(A.a)5.071 E F0(\).)A 1.108 +(When presented with a query of this form, the)142.826 455.8 R F4 +(POSTGRES)3.858 E F0 1.108(query optimizer will)3.858 F +(tend to consider f)142.826 469 Q +(ar more choices than it should and may run out of memory)-.11 E(.)-.715 +E 13.75(\(5\) If)113.5 486.1 R 1.684 +(you are really desperate to see what query plans look lik)4.434 F 1.683 +(e, you can run the)-.11 F F1(postmaster)142.826 499.3 Q F0 1.258 +(with the)4.008 F F1(-d)4.008 E F0 1.259(option and then run)4.008 F F1 +(monitor)4.009 E F0 1.259(with the)4.009 F F1(-t)4.009 E F0(option.) +4.009 E .246 +(The format in which query plans will be printed is hard to read b) +142.826 512.5 R .246(ut you should be)-.22 F(able to tell whether an) +142.826 525.7 Q 2.75(yi)-.165 G(nde)-2.75 E 2.75(xs)-.165 G +(cans are being performed.)-2.75 E/F5 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.2. Infr)72 +551.9 R(equent T)-.216 E(asks)-1.104 E .44 LW 77.5 565.1 72 565.1 DL +80.5 565.1 75 565.1 DL 86 565.1 80.5 565.1 DL 91.5 565.1 86 565.1 DL 97 +565.1 91.5 565.1 DL 102.5 565.1 97 565.1 DL 108 565.1 102.5 565.1 DL +113.5 565.1 108 565.1 DL 119 565.1 113.5 565.1 DL 124.5 565.1 119 565.1 +DL 130 565.1 124.5 565.1 DL 135.5 565.1 130 565.1 DL 141 565.1 135.5 +565.1 DL 146.5 565.1 141 565.1 DL 152 565.1 146.5 565.1 DL 157.5 565.1 +152 565.1 DL 163 565.1 157.5 565.1 DL 168.5 565.1 163 565.1 DL 174 565.1 +168.5 565.1 DL 179.5 565.1 174 565.1 DL 185 565.1 179.5 565.1 DL 190.5 +565.1 185 565.1 DL 196 565.1 190.5 565.1 DL 201.5 565.1 196 565.1 DL 207 +565.1 201.5 565.1 DL 212.5 565.1 207 565.1 DL 218 565.1 212.5 565.1 DL +223.5 565.1 218 565.1 DL 229 565.1 223.5 565.1 DL 234.5 565.1 229 565.1 +DL 240 565.1 234.5 565.1 DL 245.5 565.1 240 565.1 DL 251 565.1 245.5 +565.1 DL 256.5 565.1 251 565.1 DL 262 565.1 256.5 565.1 DL 267.5 565.1 +262 565.1 DL 273 565.1 267.5 565.1 DL 278.5 565.1 273 565.1 DL 284 565.1 +278.5 565.1 DL 289.5 565.1 284 565.1 DL 295 565.1 289.5 565.1 DL 300.5 +565.1 295 565.1 DL 306 565.1 300.5 565.1 DL 311.5 565.1 306 565.1 DL 317 +565.1 311.5 565.1 DL 322.5 565.1 317 565.1 DL 328 565.1 322.5 565.1 DL +333.5 565.1 328 565.1 DL 339 565.1 333.5 565.1 DL 344.5 565.1 339 565.1 +DL 350 565.1 344.5 565.1 DL 355.5 565.1 350 565.1 DL 361 565.1 355.5 +565.1 DL 366.5 565.1 361 565.1 DL 372 565.1 366.5 565.1 DL 377.5 565.1 +372 565.1 DL 383 565.1 377.5 565.1 DL 388.5 565.1 383 565.1 DL 394 565.1 +388.5 565.1 DL 399.5 565.1 394 565.1 DL 405 565.1 399.5 565.1 DL 410.5 +565.1 405 565.1 DL 416 565.1 410.5 565.1 DL 421.5 565.1 416 565.1 DL 427 +565.1 421.5 565.1 DL 432.5 565.1 427 565.1 DL 438 565.1 432.5 565.1 DL +443.5 565.1 438 565.1 DL 449 565.1 443.5 565.1 DL 454.5 565.1 449 565.1 +DL 460 565.1 454.5 565.1 DL 465.5 565.1 460 565.1 DL 471 565.1 465.5 +565.1 DL 476.5 565.1 471 565.1 DL 482 565.1 476.5 565.1 DL 487.5 565.1 +482 565.1 DL 493 565.1 487.5 565.1 DL 498.5 565.1 493 565.1 DL 504 565.1 +498.5 565.1 DL F0 .029(At some time or another)108 595.4 R 2.779(,e)-.44 +G -.165(ve)-3.054 G(ry).165 E F4(POSTGRES)2.778 E F0 .028 +(site administrator has to perform all of the fol-)2.778 F(lo)108 608.6 +Q(wing actions.)-.275 E F5 3(15.2.1. Cleaning)72 634.8 R +(Up After Crashes)3 E F0(The)108 651.9 Q F1(postgres)3.101 E F0(serv) +3.101 E .351(er and the)-.165 F F1(postmaster)3.101 E F0 .351(run as tw) +3.101 F 3.101(od)-.11 G(if)-3.101 E .351(ferent processes.)-.275 F(The) +5.851 E 3.102(ym)-.165 G(ay)-3.102 E 1.494(crash separately or together) +108 665.1 R 6.993(.T)-.605 G 1.493(he housek)-6.993 F 1.493 +(eeping procedures required to \214x one kind of)-.11 F(crash are dif) +108 678.3 Q(ferent from those required to \214x the other)-.275 E(.) +-.605 E(The message you will usually see when the back)108 695.4 Q +(end serv)-.11 E(er crashes is:)-.165 E F3 +(FATAL: no response from backend: detected in ...)148 720.6 Q/F6 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(74)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 75 75 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .584(This generally means one of tw)108 97.2 R +3.334(ot)-.11 G .584(hings: there is a b)-3.334 F .584(ug in the)-.22 F +/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)3.334 E F0(serv)3.334 E(er)-.165 E +3.335(,o)-.44 G 3.335(rt)-3.335 G(here)-3.335 E .003(is a b)108 110.4 R +.003(ug in some user code that has been dynamically loaded into)-.22 F +F1(POSTGRES)2.752 E F0 5.502(.Y)C .002(ou should)-6.712 F .823 +(be able to restart your application and resume processing, b)108 123.6 +R .824(ut there are some considera-)-.22 F(tions:)108 136.8 Q(\(1\)) +113.5 153.9 Q F1(POSTGRES)16.5 E F0 1.694 +(usually dumps a core \214le \(a snapshot of process memory used for) +4.444 F(deb)142.826 167.1 Q(ugging\) in the database directory)-.22 E/F2 +10/Courier@0 SF(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base/<database>/core)182.826 +192.3 Q F0 .478(on the serv)142.826 218.5 R .479(er machine.)-.165 F +.479(If you don')5.979 F 3.229(tw)-.198 G .479(ant to try to deb)-3.339 +F .479(ug the problem or produce)-.22 F 3.399(as)142.826 231.7 S .649 +(tack trace to report the b)-3.399 F .648 +(ug to someone else, you can delete this \214le \(which is)-.22 F +(probably around 10MB\).)142.826 244.9 Q 13.75(\(2\) When)113.5 262 R +.576(one back)3.326 F .576(end crashes in an uncontrolled w)-.11 F .577 +(ay \(i.e., without calling its b)-.11 F(uilt-)-.22 E .64 +(in cleanup routines\), the)142.826 275.2 R/F3 11/Courier@0 SF +(postmaster)3.39 E F0 .64(will detect this situation, kill all running) +3.39 F(serv)142.826 288.4 Q 2.589 +(ers and reinitialize the state shared among all back)-.165 F 2.589 +(ends \(e.g., the shared)-.11 F -.22(bu)142.826 301.6 S -.275(ff).22 G +1.61(er pool and locks\).).275 F 1.61(If your serv)7.11 F 1.609 +(er crashed, you will get the \231no response\232)-.165 F 1.132 +(message sho)142.826 314.8 R 1.132(wn abo)-.275 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 6.632 +(.I).165 G 3.882(fy)-6.632 G 1.132(our serv)-3.882 F 1.132(er w)-.165 F +1.132(as killed because someone else')-.11 F 3.882(ss)-.605 G(erv)-3.882 +E(er)-.165 E(crashed, you will see the follo)142.826 328 Q +(wing message:)-.275 E F2 6(Ih)182.826 353.2 S +(ave been signalled by the postmaster.)-6 E +(Some backend process has died unexpectedly and possibly)182.826 365.4 Q +(corrupted shared memory.)182.826 377.6 Q(The current transaction was)12 +E(aborted, and I am going to exit.)182.826 389.8 Q(Please resend the)12 +E(last query. -- The postgres backend)182.826 402 Q F0 13.75 +(\(3\) Sometimes)113.5 432.1 R .371 +(shared state is not completely cleaned up.)3.121 F .37 +(Frontend applications may)5.87 F(see errors of the form:)142.826 445.3 +Q F2(WARN: cannot write block 34 of myclass [mydb] blind)182.826 470.5 Q +F0(In this case, you should kill the)142.826 496.7 Q F3(postmaster)2.75 +E F0(and restart it.)2.75 E 13.75(\(4\) When)113.5 513.8 R .541(the sys\ +tem crashes while updating the system catalogs \(e.g., when you are)3.29 +F .581(creating a class, de\214ning an inde)142.826 527 R .581 +(x, retrie)-.165 F .58(ving into a class, etc.\) the B-tree indices) +-.275 F .986(de\214ned on the catalogs are sometimes corrupted.)142.826 +540.2 R .987(The general \(and non-unique\))6.487 F .363 +(symptom is that)142.826 553.4 R/F4 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(all)3.113 E F0 +.363(queries stop w)3.113 F 3.113(orking. If)-.11 F .363(you ha)3.113 F +.693 -.165(ve t)-.22 H .363(ried all of the abo).165 F .693 -.165(ve s) +-.165 H(teps).165 E .231(and nothing else seems to w)142.826 566.6 R +.231(ork, try using the)-.11 F F3(reindexdb)2.981 E F0 2.981 +(command. If)2.981 F F3(rein-)2.981 E(dexdb)142.826 579.8 Q F0 .293 +(succeeds b)3.043 F .293(ut things still don')-.22 F 3.043(tw)-.198 G +.293(ork, you ha)-3.153 F .623 -.165(ve a)-.22 H .292 +(nother problem; if it f).165 F(ails,)-.11 E .084 +(the system catalogs themselv)142.826 593 R .084 +(es were almost certainly corrupted and you will ha)-.165 F -.165(ve) +-.22 G(to go back to your backups.)142.826 606.2 Q(The)108 623.3 Q F3 +(postmaster)3.443 E F0 .693(does not usually crash \(it doesn')3.443 F +3.443(td)-.198 G 3.443(ov)-3.443 G .693(ery much e)-3.608 F .693 +(xcept start serv)-.165 F(ers\))-.165 E -.22(bu)108 636.5 S 4.052(ti).22 +G 4.052(td)-4.052 G 1.302(oes happen on occasion.)-4.052 F 1.302 +(In addition, there are a fe)6.802 F 4.053(wc)-.275 G 1.303 +(ases where it encounters)-4.053 F .574 +(problems during the reinitialization of shared resources.)108 649.7 R +(Speci\214cally)6.074 E 3.324(,t)-.715 G .574(here are race con-)-3.324 +F .482(ditions where the operating system lets the)108 662.9 R F3 +(postmaster)3.232 E F0 .482(free shared resources b)3.232 F .483 +(ut then)-.22 F .788(will not permit it to reallocate the same amount o\ +f shared resources \(e)108 676.1 R -.165(ve)-.275 G 3.538(nw).165 G .788 +(hen there is)-3.538 F(no contention\).)108 689.3 Q -1.21(Yo)108 706.4 S +5.278(uw)1.21 G 2.528(ill typically ha)-5.278 F 2.858 -.165(ve t)-.22 H +5.278(or).165 G 2.528(un the)-5.278 F F3(ipcclean)5.278 E F0 2.529 +(command if system errors cause the)5.278 F F3(postmaster)108 719.6 Q F0 +3.334(to crash.)6.084 F 3.333 +(If this happens, you may \214nd \(using the)8.833 F F1(UNIX)6.083 E F3 +(ipcs)6.083 E F0(\(1\))A F4(75)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 76 76 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .354(command\) that the \231postgres\232 user h\ +as shared memory and/or semaphores allocated e)108 97.2 R -.165(ve)-.275 +G(n).165 E .265(though no)108 110.4 R/F1 11/Courier@0 SF(postmaster) +3.015 E F0 .265(process is running.)3.015 F .265 +(In this case, you should run)5.765 F F1(ipcclean)3.014 E F0(as)3.014 E +2.671(the \231postgres\232 user in order to deallocate these resources.) +108 123.6 R 2.672(Be w)8.171 F 2.672(arned that)-.11 F/F2 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(all)5.422 E F0(such)5.422 E .269(resources o)108 +136.8 R .268(wned by the \231postgres\232 user will be deallocated.) +-.275 F .268(If you ha)5.768 F .598 -.165(ve m)-.22 H(ultiple).165 E F1 +(post-)3.018 E(master)108 150 Q F0 .383(processes running on the same m\ +achine, you should kill all of them before run-)3.133 F(ning)108 163.2 Q +F1(ipcclean)2.913 E F0 .163(\(otherwise, the)2.913 F 2.913(yw)-.165 G +.163(ill crash on their o)-2.913 F .162 +(wn when their shared resources are)-.275 F(suddenly deallocated\).)108 +176.4 Q/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.2.2. Mo)72 202.6 R(ving Database Dir) +-.12 E(ectories)-.216 E F0 4.764(By def)108 219.7 R 4.764(ault, all)-.11 +F/F4 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)7.515 E F0 4.765 +(databases are stored in separate subdirectories under)7.515 F F1 +(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base)108 235.1 Q F0(.)A/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 +SF(10)-4.4 I F0 1.688(At some point, you may \214nd that you)4.438 4.4 N +.8(wish to mo)108 248.3 R 1.13 -.165(ve o)-.165 H .799(ne or more datab\ +ases to another location \(e.g., to a \214lesystem with more).165 F +(free space\).)108 261.5 Q(If you wish to mo)108 278.6 Q -.165(ve)-.165 +G F2(all)2.915 E F0(of your databases to the ne)2.75 E 2.75(wl)-.275 G +(ocation, you can simply:)-2.75 E 5.5<834b>113.5 295.7 S(ill the)-5.5 E +F1(postmaster)2.75 E F0(.)A 5.5<8343>113.5 308.9 S(op)-5.5 E 2.838(yt) +-.11 G .088(he entire)-2.838 F F1(data)2.838 E F0 .089 +(directory to the ne)2.838 F 2.839(wl)-.275 G .089 +(ocation \(making sure that the ne)-2.839 F 2.839<778c>-.275 G .089 +(les are)-2.839 F -.275(ow)122.85 322.1 S +(ned by user \231postgres\232\).).275 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF 6(%c)162.85 +347.3 S 6(p-)-6 G(rp /usr/local/postgres95/data /new/place/data)-6 E F0 +5.5<8352>113.5 373.5 S .773(eset your)-5.5 F F1(PGDATA)3.523 E F0(en) +3.523 E .773(vironment v)-.44 F .773 +(ariable \(as described earlier in this manual and in)-.275 F +(the installation instructions\).)122.85 386.7 Q F6 6(#u)162.85 411.9 S +(sing csh or tcsh...)-6 E 6(%s)162.85 424.1 S +(etenv PGDATA /new/place/data)-6 E 6(#u)162.85 448.5 S +(sing sh, ksh or bash...)-6 E 6(%P)162.85 460.7 S +(GDATA=/new/place/data; export PGDATA)-6 E F0 5.5<8352>113.5 486.9 S +(estart the)-5.5 E F1(postmaster)2.75 E F0(.)A F6 6(%p)162.85 512.1 S +(ostmaster &)-6 E F0 5.5<8341>113.5 538.3 S 1.129 +(fter you run some queries and are sure that the ne)-5.5 F(wly-mo)-.275 +E -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.879(dd).165 G 1.129(atabase w)-3.879 F 1.129 +(orks, you)-.11 F(can remo)122.85 551.5 Q .33 -.165(ve t)-.165 H(he old) +.165 E F1(data)2.75 E F0(directory)2.75 E(.)-.715 E F6 6(%r)162.85 576.7 +S 6(m-)-6 G(rf /usr/local/postgres95/data)-6 E F0 2.673 -.88(To i)108 +606.8 T .913(nstall a).88 F F2(single)3.663 E F0 .913 +(database in an alternate directory while lea)3.663 F .913 +(ving all other databases in)-.22 F(place, do the follo)108 620 Q(wing:) +-.275 E 5.5<8343>113.5 637.1 S .81(reate the database \(if it doesn') +-5.5 F 3.561(ta)-.198 G .811(lready e)-3.561 F .811(xist\) using the) +-.165 F/F7 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)3.561 E(eatedb)-.198 E F0 3.561 +(command. In)3.561 F(the)3.561 E(follo)122.85 650.3 Q +(wing steps we will assume the database is named)-.275 E F1(foo)2.75 E +F0(.)A .32 LW 76 667.4 72 667.4 DL 80 667.4 76 667.4 DL 84 667.4 80 +667.4 DL 88 667.4 84 667.4 DL 92 667.4 88 667.4 DL 96 667.4 92 667.4 DL +100 667.4 96 667.4 DL 104 667.4 100 667.4 DL 108 667.4 104 667.4 DL 112 +667.4 108 667.4 DL 116 667.4 112 667.4 DL 120 667.4 116 667.4 DL 124 +667.4 120 667.4 DL 128 667.4 124 667.4 DL 132 667.4 128 667.4 DL 136 +667.4 132 667.4 DL 140 667.4 136 667.4 DL 144 667.4 140 667.4 DL 148 +667.4 144 667.4 DL 152 667.4 148 667.4 DL 156 667.4 152 667.4 DL 160 +667.4 156 667.4 DL 164 667.4 160 667.4 DL 168 667.4 164 667.4 DL 172 +667.4 168 667.4 DL 176 667.4 172 667.4 DL 180 667.4 176 667.4 DL 184 +667.4 180 667.4 DL 188 667.4 184 667.4 DL 192 667.4 188 667.4 DL 196 +667.4 192 667.4 DL 200 667.4 196 667.4 DL 204 667.4 200 667.4 DL 208 +667.4 204 667.4 DL 212 667.4 208 667.4 DL 216 667.4 212 667.4 DL/F8 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(10)93.6 677.8 Q F5 .324 +(Data for certain classes may stored else)2.324 3.2 N .324 +(where if a non-standard storage manager w)-.2 F .324 +(as speci\214ed when the)-.08 F 2.323(yw)-.12 G .323(ere created.)-2.323 +F(Use)4.323 E(of non-standard storage managers is an e)72 690.6 Q +(xperimental feature that is not supported outside of Berk)-.12 E(ele) +-.08 E -.52(y.)-.12 G F7(76)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 77 77 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 5.5<834b>113.5 97.2 S(ill the)-5.5 E/F1 11 +/Courier@0 SF(postmaster)2.75 E F0(.)A 5.5<8343>113.5 110.4 S(op)-5.5 E +4.575(yt)-.11 G 1.824(he directory)-4.575 F F1 +(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)4.574 E F0 1.824(and its con-)4.574 +F(tents to its ultimate destination.)122.85 123.6 Q +(It should still be o)5.5 E(wned by the \231postgres\232 user)-.275 E(.) +-.605 E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF 6(%c)162.85 148.8 S 6(p-)-6 G +(rp /usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo /new/place/foo)-6 E F0 5.5<8352> +113.5 175 S(emo)-5.5 E .33 -.165(ve t)-.165 H(he directory).165 E F1 +(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)2.75 E F0(:)A F2 6(%r)162.85 200.2 +S 6(m-)-6 G(rf /usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)-6 E F0 5.5<834d> +113.5 226.4 S(ak)-5.5 E 3.48(eas)-.11 G .73(ymbolic link from)-3.48 F F1 +(/usr/local/postgres95/data/base)3.48 E F0 .73(to the ne)3.48 F(w)-.275 +E(directory:)122.85 239.6 Q F2 6(%l)162.85 264.8 S 6(n-)-6 G 6(s/)-6 G +(new/place/foo /usr/local/postgres95/data/base/foo)-6 E F0 5.5<8352> +113.5 291 S(estart the)-5.5 E F1(postmaster)2.75 E F0(.)A/F3 12 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.2.3. Updating)72 317.2 R(Databases)3 E/F4 10 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 334.3 Q F0 .679(is a research system.) +3.429 F .679(In general,)6.179 F F4(POSTGRES)3.429 E F0 .679 +(may not retain the same binary)3.429 F .715 +(format for the storage of databases from release to release.)108 347.5 +R .715(Therefore, when you update)6.215 F(your)108 360.7 Q F4(POSTGRES) +2.8 E F0(softw)2.8 E .05(are, you will probably ha)-.11 F .38 -.165 +(ve t)-.22 H 2.8(om).165 G .049(odify your databases as well.)-2.8 F +(This)5.549 E .248(is a common occurrence with commercial database syst\ +ems as well; unfortunately)108 373.9 R 2.998(,u)-.715 G(nlik)-2.998 E(e) +-.11 E .598(commercial systems,)108 387.1 R F4(POSTGRES)3.348 E F0 .598 +(does not come with user)3.348 F .597(-friendly utilities to mak)-.22 F +3.347(ey)-.11 G(our)-3.347 E(life easier when these updates occur)108 +400.3 Q(.)-.605 E .171(In general, you must do the follo)108 417.4 R +.172(wing to update your databases to a ne)-.275 F 2.922(ws)-.275 G +(oftw)-2.922 E .172(are release:)-.11 F<83>113.5 434.5 Q/F5 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Extensions)5.5 E F0 1.073(\(such as user)3.823 F +1.073(-de\214ned types, functions, aggre)-.22 F -.055(ga)-.165 G 1.072 +(tes, etc.\) must be reloaded).055 F(by re-e)122.85 447.7 Q -.165(xe) +-.165 G(cuting the SQL).165 E/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(CREA)2.75 E(TE) +-1.045 E F0 2.75(commands. See)2.75 F(Appendix A for more details.)2.75 +E<83>113.5 460.9 Q F5(Data)5.5 E F0 1.08 +(must be dumped from the old classes into ASCII \214les \(using the) +3.829 F F6(COPY)3.83 E F0(com-)3.83 E .235(mand\), the ne)122.85 474.1 R +2.985(wc)-.275 G .235(lasses created in the ne)-2.985 F 2.985(wd)-.275 G +.234(atabase \(using the)-2.985 F F6(CREA)2.984 E(TE)-1.045 E F0 -1.023 +(TA)C .234(BLE com-)1.023 F +(mand\), and the data reloaded from the ASCII \214les.)122.85 487.3 Q +<83>113.5 500.5 Q F5(Rules)5.5 E F0(and)4.214 E F5(vie)4.214 E(ws)-.165 +E F0 1.465(must also be reloaded by re-e)4.215 F -.165(xe)-.165 G 1.465 +(cuting the v).165 F(arious)-.275 E F6(CREA)4.215 E(TE)-1.045 E F0(com-) +4.215 E(mands.)122.85 513.7 Q -1.21(Yo)108 530.8 S 4.717(us)1.21 G 1.966 +(hould gi)-4.717 F 2.296 -.165(ve a)-.275 H 2.296 -.165(ny n).165 H +2.516 -.275(ew r).165 H 1.966 +(elease a \231trial period\232; in particular).275 F 4.716(,d)-.44 G +4.716(on)-4.716 G 1.966(ot delete the old)-4.716 F 1.741(database until\ + you are satis\214ed that there are no compatibility problems with the \ +ne)108 544 R(w)-.275 E(softw)108 557.2 Q 3.529(are. F)-.11 F .779(or e) +-.165 F .779(xample, you do not w)-.165 F .779(ant to disco)-.11 F -.165 +(ve)-.165 G 3.529(rt).165 G .779(hat a b)-3.529 F .779(ug in a type') +-.22 F 3.529<7399>-.605 G .778(input\232 \(con-)-3.529 F -.165(ve)108 +570.4 S 2.143(rsion from ASCII\) and \231output\232 \(con).165 F -.165 +(ve)-.44 G 2.143(rsion to ASCII\) routines pre).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G +2.143(nts you from).165 F 1.032(reloading your data after you ha)108 +583.6 R 1.362 -.165(ve d)-.22 H(estro).165 E 1.031 +(yed your old databases!)-.11 F 1.031(\(This should be stan-)6.531 F +.838(dard procedure when updating an)108 596.8 R 3.589(ys)-.165 G(oftw) +-3.589 E .839(are package, b)-.11 F .839 +(ut some people try to economize)-.22 F +(on disk space without applying enough foresight.\))108 610 Q F3 3 +(15.3. Database)72 636.2 R(Security)3 E .44 LW 77.5 649.4 72 649.4 DL +80.5 649.4 75 649.4 DL 86 649.4 80.5 649.4 DL 91.5 649.4 86 649.4 DL 97 +649.4 91.5 649.4 DL 102.5 649.4 97 649.4 DL 108 649.4 102.5 649.4 DL +113.5 649.4 108 649.4 DL 119 649.4 113.5 649.4 DL 124.5 649.4 119 649.4 +DL 130 649.4 124.5 649.4 DL 135.5 649.4 130 649.4 DL 141 649.4 135.5 +649.4 DL 146.5 649.4 141 649.4 DL 152 649.4 146.5 649.4 DL 157.5 649.4 +152 649.4 DL 163 649.4 157.5 649.4 DL 168.5 649.4 163 649.4 DL 174 649.4 +168.5 649.4 DL 179.5 649.4 174 649.4 DL 185 649.4 179.5 649.4 DL 190.5 +649.4 185 649.4 DL 196 649.4 190.5 649.4 DL 201.5 649.4 196 649.4 DL 207 +649.4 201.5 649.4 DL 212.5 649.4 207 649.4 DL 218 649.4 212.5 649.4 DL +223.5 649.4 218 649.4 DL 229 649.4 223.5 649.4 DL 234.5 649.4 229 649.4 +DL 240 649.4 234.5 649.4 DL 245.5 649.4 240 649.4 DL 251 649.4 245.5 +649.4 DL 256.5 649.4 251 649.4 DL 262 649.4 256.5 649.4 DL 267.5 649.4 +262 649.4 DL 273 649.4 267.5 649.4 DL 278.5 649.4 273 649.4 DL 284 649.4 +278.5 649.4 DL 289.5 649.4 284 649.4 DL 295 649.4 289.5 649.4 DL 300.5 +649.4 295 649.4 DL 306 649.4 300.5 649.4 DL 311.5 649.4 306 649.4 DL 317 +649.4 311.5 649.4 DL 322.5 649.4 317 649.4 DL 328 649.4 322.5 649.4 DL +333.5 649.4 328 649.4 DL 339 649.4 333.5 649.4 DL 344.5 649.4 339 649.4 +DL 350 649.4 344.5 649.4 DL 355.5 649.4 350 649.4 DL 361 649.4 355.5 +649.4 DL 366.5 649.4 361 649.4 DL 372 649.4 366.5 649.4 DL 377.5 649.4 +372 649.4 DL 383 649.4 377.5 649.4 DL 388.5 649.4 383 649.4 DL 394 649.4 +388.5 649.4 DL 399.5 649.4 394 649.4 DL 405 649.4 399.5 649.4 DL 410.5 +649.4 405 649.4 DL 416 649.4 410.5 649.4 DL 421.5 649.4 416 649.4 DL 427 +649.4 421.5 649.4 DL 432.5 649.4 427 649.4 DL 438 649.4 432.5 649.4 DL +443.5 649.4 438 649.4 DL 449 649.4 443.5 649.4 DL 454.5 649.4 449 649.4 +DL 460 649.4 454.5 649.4 DL 465.5 649.4 460 649.4 DL 471 649.4 465.5 +649.4 DL 476.5 649.4 471 649.4 DL 482 649.4 476.5 649.4 DL 487.5 649.4 +482 649.4 DL 493 649.4 487.5 649.4 DL 498.5 649.4 493 649.4 DL 504 649.4 +498.5 649.4 DL F0 1.632(Most sites that use)108 679.7 R F4(POSTGRES) +4.383 E F0 1.633 +(are educational or research institutions and do not pay)4.383 F 1.615 +(much attention to security in their)108 692.9 R F4(POSTGRES)4.365 E F0 +4.365(installations. If)4.365 F 1.614(desired, one can install)4.365 F +F4(POSTGRES)108 706.1 Q F0 1.524(with additional security features.) +4.274 F(Naturally)7.024 E 4.274(,s)-.715 G 1.524 +(uch features come with addi-)-4.274 F(tional administrati)108 719.3 Q +.33 -.165(ve ove)-.275 H(rhead that must be dealt with.).165 E F6(77) +282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 78 78 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF 3(15.3.1. K)72 97.2 R(erber)-.3 E(os)-.216 E/F1 +10/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)108 114.3 Q/F2 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.328 +(can be con\214gured to use the MIT K)4.078 F 1.327(erberos netw)-.275 F +1.327(ork authentication system.)-.11 F .791(This pre)108 127.5 R -.165 +(ve)-.275 G .791(nts outside users from connecting to your databases o) +.165 F -.165(ve)-.165 G 3.541(rt).165 G .791(he netw)-3.541 F .792 +(ork without)-.11 F(the correct authentication information.)108 140.7 Q +F0 3(15.4. Querying)72 166.9 R(the System Catalogs)3 E .44 LW 77.5 180.1 +72 180.1 DL 80.5 180.1 75 180.1 DL 86 180.1 80.5 180.1 DL 91.5 180.1 86 +180.1 DL 97 180.1 91.5 180.1 DL 102.5 180.1 97 180.1 DL 108 180.1 102.5 +180.1 DL 113.5 180.1 108 180.1 DL 119 180.1 113.5 180.1 DL 124.5 180.1 +119 180.1 DL 130 180.1 124.5 180.1 DL 135.5 180.1 130 180.1 DL 141 180.1 +135.5 180.1 DL 146.5 180.1 141 180.1 DL 152 180.1 146.5 180.1 DL 157.5 +180.1 152 180.1 DL 163 180.1 157.5 180.1 DL 168.5 180.1 163 180.1 DL 174 +180.1 168.5 180.1 DL 179.5 180.1 174 180.1 DL 185 180.1 179.5 180.1 DL +190.5 180.1 185 180.1 DL 196 180.1 190.5 180.1 DL 201.5 180.1 196 180.1 +DL 207 180.1 201.5 180.1 DL 212.5 180.1 207 180.1 DL 218 180.1 212.5 +180.1 DL 223.5 180.1 218 180.1 DL 229 180.1 223.5 180.1 DL 234.5 180.1 +229 180.1 DL 240 180.1 234.5 180.1 DL 245.5 180.1 240 180.1 DL 251 180.1 +245.5 180.1 DL 256.5 180.1 251 180.1 DL 262 180.1 256.5 180.1 DL 267.5 +180.1 262 180.1 DL 273 180.1 267.5 180.1 DL 278.5 180.1 273 180.1 DL 284 +180.1 278.5 180.1 DL 289.5 180.1 284 180.1 DL 295 180.1 289.5 180.1 DL +300.5 180.1 295 180.1 DL 306 180.1 300.5 180.1 DL 311.5 180.1 306 180.1 +DL 317 180.1 311.5 180.1 DL 322.5 180.1 317 180.1 DL 328 180.1 322.5 +180.1 DL 333.5 180.1 328 180.1 DL 339 180.1 333.5 180.1 DL 344.5 180.1 +339 180.1 DL 350 180.1 344.5 180.1 DL 355.5 180.1 350 180.1 DL 361 180.1 +355.5 180.1 DL 366.5 180.1 361 180.1 DL 372 180.1 366.5 180.1 DL 377.5 +180.1 372 180.1 DL 383 180.1 377.5 180.1 DL 388.5 180.1 383 180.1 DL 394 +180.1 388.5 180.1 DL 399.5 180.1 394 180.1 DL 405 180.1 399.5 180.1 DL +410.5 180.1 405 180.1 DL 416 180.1 410.5 180.1 DL 421.5 180.1 416 180.1 +DL 427 180.1 421.5 180.1 DL 432.5 180.1 427 180.1 DL 438 180.1 432.5 +180.1 DL 443.5 180.1 438 180.1 DL 449 180.1 443.5 180.1 DL 454.5 180.1 +449 180.1 DL 460 180.1 454.5 180.1 DL 465.5 180.1 460 180.1 DL 471 180.1 +465.5 180.1 DL 476.5 180.1 471 180.1 DL 482 180.1 476.5 180.1 DL 487.5 +180.1 482 180.1 DL 493 180.1 487.5 180.1 DL 498.5 180.1 493 180.1 DL 504 +180.1 498.5 180.1 DL F2 .509 +(As an administrator \(or sometimes as a plain user\), you w)108 210.4 R +.51(ant to \214nd out what e)-.11 F(xtensions)-.165 E(ha)108 223.6 Q +.854 -.165(ve b)-.22 H .524(een added to a gi).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G +3.273(nd).165 G 3.273(atabase. The)-3.273 F .523(queries listed belo) +3.273 F 3.273(wa)-.275 G .523(re \231canned\232 queries that)-3.273 F +.599(you can run on an)108 236.8 R 3.35(yd)-.165 G .6 +(atabase to get simple answers.)-3.35 F .6(Before e)6.1 F -.165(xe)-.165 +G .6(cuting an).165 F 3.35(yo)-.165 G 3.35(ft)-3.35 G .6(he queries) +-3.35 F(belo)108 250 Q 1.46 -.715(w, b)-.275 H 2.78(es).715 G .03 +(ure to e)-2.78 F -.165(xe)-.165 G .029(cute the).165 F F1(POSTGRES) +2.779 E/F3 11/Courier@0 SF(vacuum)2.779 E F2 2.779(command. \(The)2.779 +F .029(queries will run much)2.779 F(more quickly that w)108 263.2 Q(ay) +-.11 E 2.75(.\) Also,)-.715 F +(note that these queries are also listed in)2.75 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +(/usr/local/postgres95/tutorial/syscat.sql)148 288.4 Q F2 +(so use cut-and-paste \(or the)108 314.6 Q F3(\\i)2.75 E F2 +(command\) instead of doing a lot of typing.)2.75 E 3.742(This query pr\ +ints the names of all database adminstrators and the name of their)108 +331.7 R(database\(s\).)108 344.9 Q F4(SELECT usename, datname)148 370.1 +Q(FROM pg_user, pg_database)172 382.3 Q +(WHERE usesysid = int2in\(int4out\(datdba\)\))172 394.5 Q +(ORDER BY usename, datname;)172 406.7 Q F2(This query lists all user)108 +432.9 Q(-de\214ned classes in the database.)-.22 E F4(SELECT relname)148 +458.1 Q(FROM pg_class)172 470.3 Q(WHERE relkind = 'r')172 482.5 Q +(-- not indices)66 E(and relname !~ '^pg_')184 494.7 Q(-- not catalogs) +42 E(and relname !~ '^Inv')184 506.9 Q(-- not large objects)42 E +(ORDER BY relname;)172 519.1 Q F2 .671(This query lists all simple indi\ +ces \(i.e., those that are not de\214ned o)108 545.3 R -.165(ve)-.165 G +3.421(raf).165 G .671(unction of se)-3.421 F(v-)-.275 E(eral attrib)108 +558.5 Q(utes\).)-.22 E F4(SELECT bc.relname AS class_name,)148 583.7 Q +(ic.relname AS index_name,)202 595.9 Q(a.attname)202 608.1 Q +(FROM pg_class bc,)172 620.3 Q(-- base class)78 E(pg_class ic,)202 632.5 +Q(-- index class)78 E(pg_index i,)202 644.7 Q(pg_attribute a)202 656.9 Q +(-- att in base)66 E(WHERE i.indrelid = bc.oid)172 669.1 Q +(and i.indexrelid = ic.oid)190 681.3 Q(and i.indkey[0] = a.attnum)190 +693.5 Q(and a.attrelid = bc.oid)190 705.7 Q(and i.indproc = '0'::oid)190 +717.9 Q(-- no functional indices)18 E/F5 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(78)282.5 756 +Q EP +%%Page: 79 79 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(ORDER BY class_name, index_name, attname;)172 96.2 Q +/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .14(This query prints a report of the user)108 +122.4 R .14(-de\214ned attrib)-.22 F .14 +(utes and their types for all user)-.22 F(-de\214ned)-.22 E +(classes in the database.)108 135.6 Q F0 +(SELECT c.relname, a.attname, t.typname)148 160.8 Q +(FROM pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_type t)172 173 Q +(WHERE c.relkind = 'r')172 185.2 Q(-- no indices)30 E +(and c.relname !~ '^pg_' -- no catalogs)184 197.4 Q +(and c.relname !~ '^Inv' -- no large objects)184 209.6 Q +(and a.attnum > 0)184 221.8 Q(-- no system att's)48 E +(and a.attrelid = c.oid)184 234 Q(and a.atttypid = t.oid)184 246.2 Q +(ORDER BY relname, attname;)172 258.4 Q F1(This query lists all user)108 +284.6 Q(-de\214ned base types \(not including array types\).)-.22 E F0 +(SELECT u.usename, t.typname)148 309.8 Q(FROM pg_type t, pg_user u)172 +322 Q(WHERE u.usesysid = int2in\(int4out\(t.typowner\)\))172 334.2 Q +(and t.typrelid = '0'::oid)184 346.4 Q(-- no complex types)18 E +(and t.typelem = '0'::oid)184 358.6 Q(-- no arrays)24 E +(and u.usename <> 'postgres')184 370.8 Q(ORDER BY usename, typname;)172 +383 Q F1(This query lists all left-unary \(post-\214x\) operators.)108 +409.2 Q F0(SELECT o.oprname AS left_unary,)148 434.4 Q +(right.typname AS operand,)202 446.6 Q(result.typname AS return_type)202 +458.8 Q(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type right, pg_type result)172 471 Q +(WHERE o.oprkind = 'l')172 483.2 Q(-- left unary)66 E +(and o.oprright = right.oid)184 495.4 Q(and o.oprresult = result.oid)184 +507.6 Q(ORDER BY operand;)172 519.8 Q F1 +(This query lists all right-unary \(pre-\214x\) operators.)108 546 Q F0 +(SELECT o.oprname AS right_unary,)148 571.2 Q(left.typname AS operand,) +202 583.4 Q(result.typname AS return_type)202 595.6 Q +(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type left, pg_type result)172 607.8 Q +(WHERE o.oprkind = 'r')172 620 Q(-- right unary)60 E +(and o.oprleft = left.oid)184 632.2 Q(and o.oprresult = result.oid)184 +644.4 Q(ORDER BY operand;)172 656.6 Q F1 +(This query lists all binary operators.)108 682.8 Q F0 +(SELECT o.oprname AS binary_op,)148 708 Q(left.typname AS left_opr,)202 +720.2 Q/F2 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(79)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 80 80 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Courier@0 SF(right.typname AS right_opr,)202 96.2 Q +(result.typname AS return_type)202 108.4 Q +(FROM pg_operator o, pg_type left, pg_type right, pg_type result)172 +120.6 Q(WHERE o.oprkind = 'b')172 132.8 Q(-- binary)54 E +(and o.oprleft = left.oid)184 145 Q(and o.oprright = right.oid)184 157.2 +Q(and o.oprresult = result.oid)184 169.4 Q +(ORDER BY left_opr, right_opr;)172 181.6 Q/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.527 +(This query returns the name, number of ar)108 207.8 R 1.526 +(guments \(parameters\) and return type of all)-.198 F(user)108 221 Q +.826(-de\214ned C functions.)-.22 F .826 +(The same query can be used to \214nd all b)6.326 F .827 +(uilt-in C functions if)-.22 F 3.101(you change the \231C\232 to \231in\ +ternal\232, or all SQL functions if you change the \231C\232 to)108 +234.2 R(\231postquel\232.)108 247.4 Q F0 +(SELECT p.proname, p.pronargs, t.typname)148 272.6 Q +(FROM pg_proc p, pg_language l, pg_type t)172 284.8 Q +(WHERE p.prolang = l.oid)172 297 Q(and p.prorettype = t.oid)184 309.2 Q +(and l.lanname = 'c')184 321.4 Q(ORDER BY proname;)172 333.6 Q F1 1.286 +(This query lists all of the aggre)108 359.8 R -.055(ga)-.165 G 1.286 +(te functions that ha).055 F 1.616 -.165(ve b)-.22 H 1.287 +(een installed and the types to).165 F 1.369(which the)108 373 R 4.119 +(yc)-.165 G 1.368(an be applied.)-4.119 F/F2 11/Courier@0 SF(count)6.868 +E F1 1.368(is not included because it can tak)4.118 F 4.118(ea)-.11 G +1.698 -.165(ny t)-4.118 H 1.368(ype as its).165 F(ar)108 386.2 Q +(gument.)-.198 E F0(SELECT a.aggname, t.typname)148 411.4 Q +(FROM pg_aggregate a, pg_type t)172 423.6 Q(WHERE a.aggbasetype = t.oid) +172 435.8 Q(ORDER BY aggname, typname;)172 448 Q F1 1.036(This query li\ +sts all of the operator classes that can be used with each access metho\ +d as)108 474.2 R +(well as the operators that can be used with the respecti)108 487.4 Q +.33 -.165(ve o)-.275 H(perator classes.).165 E F0 +(SELECT am.amname, opc.opcname, opr.oprname)148 512.6 Q +(FROM pg_am am, pg_amop amop, pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr)172 524.8 +Q(WHERE amop.amopid = am.oid)172 537 Q(and amop.amopclaid = opc.oid)184 +549.2 Q(and amop.amopopr = opr.oid)184 561.4 Q +(ORDER BY amname, opcname, oprname;)172 573.6 Q/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF +(80)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 81 81 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 19/Times-Bold@0 SF 4.75(16. REFERENCES)72 165.4 R 77.5 178.6 +72 178.6 DL 80.5 178.6 75 178.6 DL 86 178.6 80.5 178.6 DL 91.5 178.6 86 +178.6 DL 97 178.6 91.5 178.6 DL 102.5 178.6 97 178.6 DL 108 178.6 102.5 +178.6 DL 113.5 178.6 108 178.6 DL 119 178.6 113.5 178.6 DL 124.5 178.6 +119 178.6 DL 130 178.6 124.5 178.6 DL 135.5 178.6 130 178.6 DL 141 178.6 +135.5 178.6 DL 146.5 178.6 141 178.6 DL 152 178.6 146.5 178.6 DL 157.5 +178.6 152 178.6 DL 163 178.6 157.5 178.6 DL 168.5 178.6 163 178.6 DL 174 +178.6 168.5 178.6 DL 179.5 178.6 174 178.6 DL 185 178.6 179.5 178.6 DL +190.5 178.6 185 178.6 DL 196 178.6 190.5 178.6 DL 201.5 178.6 196 178.6 +DL 207 178.6 201.5 178.6 DL 212.5 178.6 207 178.6 DL 218 178.6 212.5 +178.6 DL 223.5 178.6 218 178.6 DL 229 178.6 223.5 178.6 DL 234.5 178.6 +229 178.6 DL 240 178.6 234.5 178.6 DL 245.5 178.6 240 178.6 DL 251 178.6 +245.5 178.6 DL 256.5 178.6 251 178.6 DL 262 178.6 256.5 178.6 DL 267.5 +178.6 262 178.6 DL 273 178.6 267.5 178.6 DL 278.5 178.6 273 178.6 DL 284 +178.6 278.5 178.6 DL 289.5 178.6 284 178.6 DL 295 178.6 289.5 178.6 DL +300.5 178.6 295 178.6 DL 306 178.6 300.5 178.6 DL 311.5 178.6 306 178.6 +DL 317 178.6 311.5 178.6 DL 322.5 178.6 317 178.6 DL 328 178.6 322.5 +178.6 DL 333.5 178.6 328 178.6 DL 339 178.6 333.5 178.6 DL 344.5 178.6 +339 178.6 DL 350 178.6 344.5 178.6 DL 355.5 178.6 350 178.6 DL 361 178.6 +355.5 178.6 DL 366.5 178.6 361 178.6 DL 372 178.6 366.5 178.6 DL 377.5 +178.6 372 178.6 DL 383 178.6 377.5 178.6 DL 388.5 178.6 383 178.6 DL 394 +178.6 388.5 178.6 DL 399.5 178.6 394 178.6 DL 405 178.6 399.5 178.6 DL +410.5 178.6 405 178.6 DL 416 178.6 410.5 178.6 DL 421.5 178.6 416 178.6 +DL 427 178.6 421.5 178.6 DL 432.5 178.6 427 178.6 DL 438 178.6 432.5 +178.6 DL 443.5 178.6 438 178.6 DL 449 178.6 443.5 178.6 DL 454.5 178.6 +449 178.6 DL 460 178.6 454.5 178.6 DL 465.5 178.6 460 178.6 DL 471 178.6 +465.5 178.6 DL 476.5 178.6 471 178.6 DL 482 178.6 476.5 178.6 DL 487.5 +178.6 482 178.6 DL 493 178.6 487.5 178.6 DL 498.5 178.6 493 178.6 DL 504 +178.6 498.5 178.6 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF([D)108 208.9 Q -1.221(AT) +-.44 G 16.445(E93] Date,)1.221 F .066 +(C. J. and Darwen, Hugh, A Guide to The SQL Standard, 3rd Edition,)2.816 +F(Reading, MA, June 1993.)173.186 222.1 Q([MEL)108 239.2 Q 15.18 +(T93] Melton,)-1.012 F 2.75(J. Understanding)2.75 F(the Ne)2.75 E 2.75 +(wS)-.275 G(QL, 1994.)-2.75 E 20.284([ONG90] Ong,)108 256.3 R .878 +(L. and Goh, J., `)3.628 F 2.638 -.88(`A U)-.814 H .878(ni\214ed Frame) +.88 F -.11(wo)-.275 G .878(rk for V).11 F .878(ersion Modeling Using) +-1.221 F .172(Production Rules in a Database System," Electronics Resea\ +rch Laboratory)173.186 269.5 R(,)-.715 E(Uni)173.186 282.7 Q -.165(ve) +-.275 G .611(rsity of California, ERL T).165 F .612 +(echnical Memorandum M90/33, Berk)-.77 F(ele)-.11 E -.715(y,)-.165 G +(CA, April 1990.)173.186 295.9 Q([R)108 313 Q -.385(OW)-.44 G 12.551 +(E87] Ro).385 F 2.491(we, L. and Stonebrak)-.275 F(er)-.11 E 5.241(,M) +-.44 G 2.491(., `)-5.241 F 2.491(`The POSTGRES Data Model,)-.814 F 4.118 +-.814('' P)-.77 H(roc.).814 E +(1987 VLDB Conference, Brighton, England, Sept. 1987.)173.186 326.2 Q +([ST)108 343.3 Q 15.587(ON86] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 3.433(,M)-.44 +G 3.433(.a)-3.433 G .683(nd Ro)-3.433 F .683(we, L., `)-.275 F .683 +(`The Design of POSTGRES,)-.814 F 2.311 -.814('' P)-.77 H .684 +(roc. 1986).814 F -.44(AC)173.186 356.5 S 2.147 +(M-SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, W).44 F 2.146 +(ashington, DC,)-.88 F(May 1986.)173.186 369.7 Q([ST)108 386.8 Q 10.703 +(ON87a] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 3.378(,M)-.44 G .628 +(., Hanson, E. and Hong, C.-H., `)-3.378 F .628(`The Design of the POST) +-.814 F(-)-1.012 E .476(GRES Rules System,)173.186 400 R 2.104 -.814 +('' P)-.77 H .475(roc. 1987 IEEE Conference on Data Engineering,).814 F +(Los Angeles, CA, Feb)173.186 413.2 Q 2.75(.1)-.44 G(987.)-2.75 E([ST) +108 430.3 Q 10.087(ON87b] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 4.026(,M)-.44 G +1.276(., `)-4.026 F 1.276(`The POSTGRES Storage System,)-.814 F 2.904 +-.814('' P)-.77 H 1.276(roc. 1987 VLDB).814 F +(Conference, Brighton, England, Sept. 1987.)173.186 443.5 Q([ST)108 +460.6 Q 15.587(ON89] Stonebrak)-.198 F(er)-.11 E 3.64(,M)-.44 G .89 +(., Hearst, M., and Potamianos, S., `)-3.64 F 2.65 -.88(`A C)-.814 H .89 +(ommentary on the).88 F(POSTGRES Rules System,)173.186 473.8 Q 1.628 +-.814('' S)-.77 H(IGMOD Record).814 E/F2 11/Times-Italic@0 SF(18)2.75 E +F1(\(3\), Sept. 1989.)A([ST)108 490.9 Q 10.703(ON90a] Stonebrak)-.198 F +(er)-.11 E 2.878(,M)-.44 G .128(., Ro)-2.878 F .129 +(we, L. A., and Hirohama, M., `)-.275 F .129(`The Implementation of) +-.814 F(POSTGRES,)173.186 504.1 Q 3.993 -.814('' I)-.77 H 2.365(EEE T) +.814 F 2.365(ransactions on Kno)-.385 F 2.365 +(wledge and Data Engineering)-.275 F F2(2)173.186 517.3 Q F1 +(\(1\), March 1990.)A([ST)108 534.4 Q 10.087(ON90b] Stonebrak)-.198 F +(er)-.11 E 5.388(,M)-.44 G 5.389(.e)-5.388 G 5.389(ta)-5.389 G 2.639 +(l., `)-5.389 F 2.639(`On Rules, Procedures, Caching and V)-.814 F(ie) +-.66 E 2.639(ws in)-.275 F 1.245(Database Systems,)173.186 547.6 R 2.873 +-.814('' P)-.77 H 1.245(roc. 1990 A).814 F 1.244 +(CM-SIGMOD Conference on Manage-)-.44 F(ment of Data, Atlantic City) +173.186 560.8 Q 2.75(,N)-.715 G(.J., June 1990.)-2.75 E/F3 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(81)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 82 82 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +.44 LW 77.5 97.2 72 97.2 DL 80.5 97.2 75 97.2 DL 86 97.2 80.5 97.2 DL +91.5 97.2 86 97.2 DL 97 97.2 91.5 97.2 DL 102.5 97.2 97 97.2 DL 108 97.2 +102.5 97.2 DL 113.5 97.2 108 97.2 DL 119 97.2 113.5 97.2 DL 124.5 97.2 +119 97.2 DL 130 97.2 124.5 97.2 DL 135.5 97.2 130 97.2 DL 141 97.2 135.5 +97.2 DL 146.5 97.2 141 97.2 DL 152 97.2 146.5 97.2 DL 157.5 97.2 152 +97.2 DL 163 97.2 157.5 97.2 DL 168.5 97.2 163 97.2 DL 174 97.2 168.5 +97.2 DL 179.5 97.2 174 97.2 DL 185 97.2 179.5 97.2 DL 190.5 97.2 185 +97.2 DL 196 97.2 190.5 97.2 DL 201.5 97.2 196 97.2 DL 207 97.2 201.5 +97.2 DL 212.5 97.2 207 97.2 DL 218 97.2 212.5 97.2 DL 223.5 97.2 218 +97.2 DL 229 97.2 223.5 97.2 DL 234.5 97.2 229 97.2 DL 240 97.2 234.5 +97.2 DL 245.5 97.2 240 97.2 DL 251 97.2 245.5 97.2 DL 256.5 97.2 251 +97.2 DL 262 97.2 256.5 97.2 DL 267.5 97.2 262 97.2 DL 273 97.2 267.5 +97.2 DL 278.5 97.2 273 97.2 DL 284 97.2 278.5 97.2 DL 289.5 97.2 284 +97.2 DL 295 97.2 289.5 97.2 DL 300.5 97.2 295 97.2 DL 306 97.2 300.5 +97.2 DL 311.5 97.2 306 97.2 DL 317 97.2 311.5 97.2 DL 322.5 97.2 317 +97.2 DL 328 97.2 322.5 97.2 DL 333.5 97.2 328 97.2 DL 339 97.2 333.5 +97.2 DL 344.5 97.2 339 97.2 DL 350 97.2 344.5 97.2 DL 355.5 97.2 350 +97.2 DL 361 97.2 355.5 97.2 DL 366.5 97.2 361 97.2 DL 372 97.2 366.5 +97.2 DL 377.5 97.2 372 97.2 DL 383 97.2 377.5 97.2 DL 388.5 97.2 383 +97.2 DL 394 97.2 388.5 97.2 DL 399.5 97.2 394 97.2 DL 405 97.2 399.5 +97.2 DL 410.5 97.2 405 97.2 DL 416 97.2 410.5 97.2 DL 421.5 97.2 416 +97.2 DL 427 97.2 421.5 97.2 DL 432.5 97.2 427 97.2 DL 438 97.2 432.5 +97.2 DL 443.5 97.2 438 97.2 DL 449 97.2 443.5 97.2 DL 454.5 97.2 449 +97.2 DL 460 97.2 454.5 97.2 DL 465.5 97.2 460 97.2 DL 471 97.2 465.5 +97.2 DL 476.5 97.2 471 97.2 DL 482 97.2 476.5 97.2 DL 487.5 97.2 482 +97.2 DL 493 97.2 487.5 97.2 DL 498.5 97.2 493 97.2 DL 504 97.2 498.5 +97.2 DL/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF -.3(Ap)72 136.6 S +(pendix A: Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions).3 E 77.5 149.8 72 149.8 +DL 80.5 149.8 75 149.8 DL 86 149.8 80.5 149.8 DL 91.5 149.8 86 149.8 DL +97 149.8 91.5 149.8 DL 102.5 149.8 97 149.8 DL 108 149.8 102.5 149.8 DL +113.5 149.8 108 149.8 DL 119 149.8 113.5 149.8 DL 124.5 149.8 119 149.8 +DL 130 149.8 124.5 149.8 DL 135.5 149.8 130 149.8 DL 141 149.8 135.5 +149.8 DL 146.5 149.8 141 149.8 DL 152 149.8 146.5 149.8 DL 157.5 149.8 +152 149.8 DL 163 149.8 157.5 149.8 DL 168.5 149.8 163 149.8 DL 174 149.8 +168.5 149.8 DL 179.5 149.8 174 149.8 DL 185 149.8 179.5 149.8 DL 190.5 +149.8 185 149.8 DL 196 149.8 190.5 149.8 DL 201.5 149.8 196 149.8 DL 207 +149.8 201.5 149.8 DL 212.5 149.8 207 149.8 DL 218 149.8 212.5 149.8 DL +223.5 149.8 218 149.8 DL 229 149.8 223.5 149.8 DL 234.5 149.8 229 149.8 +DL 240 149.8 234.5 149.8 DL 245.5 149.8 240 149.8 DL 251 149.8 245.5 +149.8 DL 256.5 149.8 251 149.8 DL 262 149.8 256.5 149.8 DL 267.5 149.8 +262 149.8 DL 273 149.8 267.5 149.8 DL 278.5 149.8 273 149.8 DL 284 149.8 +278.5 149.8 DL 289.5 149.8 284 149.8 DL 295 149.8 289.5 149.8 DL 300.5 +149.8 295 149.8 DL 306 149.8 300.5 149.8 DL 311.5 149.8 306 149.8 DL 317 +149.8 311.5 149.8 DL 322.5 149.8 317 149.8 DL 328 149.8 322.5 149.8 DL +333.5 149.8 328 149.8 DL 339 149.8 333.5 149.8 DL 344.5 149.8 339 149.8 +DL 350 149.8 344.5 149.8 DL 355.5 149.8 350 149.8 DL 361 149.8 355.5 +149.8 DL 366.5 149.8 361 149.8 DL 372 149.8 366.5 149.8 DL 377.5 149.8 +372 149.8 DL 383 149.8 377.5 149.8 DL 388.5 149.8 383 149.8 DL 394 149.8 +388.5 149.8 DL 399.5 149.8 394 149.8 DL 405 149.8 399.5 149.8 DL 410.5 +149.8 405 149.8 DL 416 149.8 410.5 149.8 DL 421.5 149.8 416 149.8 DL 427 +149.8 421.5 149.8 DL 432.5 149.8 427 149.8 DL 438 149.8 432.5 149.8 DL +443.5 149.8 438 149.8 DL 449 149.8 443.5 149.8 DL 454.5 149.8 449 149.8 +DL 460 149.8 454.5 149.8 DL 465.5 149.8 460 149.8 DL 471 149.8 465.5 +149.8 DL 476.5 149.8 471 149.8 DL 482 149.8 476.5 149.8 DL 487.5 149.8 +482 149.8 DL 493 149.8 487.5 149.8 DL 498.5 149.8 493 149.8 DL 504 149.8 +498.5 149.8 DL/F1 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.43(After you ha)108 180.1 R +1.761 -.165(ve c)-.22 H 1.431(reated and re).165 F 1.431 +(gistered a user)-.165 F 1.431(-de\214ned function, your w)-.22 F 1.431 +(ork is essentially)-.11 F(done.)108 193.3 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF +(POSTGRES)5.585 E F1 2.835(,h)C -.275(ow)-2.835 G -2.365 -.275(ev e).275 +H .965 -.44(r, m).275 H .085(ust load the).44 F/F3 11/Times-Italic@0 SF +.085(object code)2.835 F F1 .085(\(e.g., a)2.835 F/F4 11/Courier@0 SF +(.o)2.835 E F1 .084(\214le, or a shared library\))2.835 F .536 +(that implements your function.)108 206.5 R .537(As pre)6.036 F .537 +(viously mentioned,)-.275 F F2(POSTGRES)3.287 E F1 .537 +(loads your code at)3.287 F 1.335(run-time, as required.)108 219.7 R +1.334(In order to allo)6.834 F 4.084(wy)-.275 G 1.334 +(our code to be dynamically loaded, you may)-4.084 F(ha)108 232.9 Q 1.43 +-.165(ve t)-.22 H 3.85(oc).165 G 1.1 +(ompile and link-edit it in a special w)-3.85 F(ay)-.11 E 6.6(.T)-.715 G +1.1(his section brie\215y describes ho)-6.6 F 3.85(wt)-.275 G(o)-3.85 E +.666(perform the compilation and link-editing required before you can l\ +oad your user)108 246.1 R(-de\214ned)-.22 E .222 +(functions into a running)108 259.3 R F2(POSTGRES)2.973 E F1(serv)2.973 +E(er)-.165 E 5.723(.N)-.605 G .223(ote that)-5.723 F F3 .223(this pr) +2.973 F .223(ocess has c)-.495 F(hang)-.165 E .223(ed as of V)-.11 F(er) +-1.221 E(-)-.22 E .177(sion 4.2.)108 274.7 R/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(11) +-4.4 I F1 -1.21(Yo)2.927 4.4 O 2.927(us)1.21 G .177(hould e)-2.927 F +.177 +(xpect to read \(and reread, and re-reread\) the manual pages for the) +-.165 F 3.075(Cc)108 287.9 S(ompiler)-3.075 E(,)-.44 E F4(cc)3.075 E F1 +.325(\(1\), and the link editor)B(,)-.44 E F4(ld)3.075 E F1 .324 +(\(1\), if you ha)B .654 -.165(ve s)-.22 H .324(peci\214c questions.) +.165 F .324(In addition,)5.824 F 36.494(the re)108 301.1 R 36.494 +(gression test suites in the directory)-.165 F F4 +(/usr/local/postgres95/src/regress)108 314.3 Q F1 2.851(contain se)5.602 +F -.165(ve)-.275 G 2.851(ral w).165 F 2.851(orking e)-.11 F 2.851 +(xamples of)-.165 F(this process.)108 327.5 Q(If you cop)5.5 E 2.75(yw) +-.11 G(hat these tests do, you should not ha)-2.75 E .33 -.165(ve a)-.22 +H .33 -.165(ny p).165 H(roblems.).165 E(The follo)108 344.6 Q +(wing terminology will be used belo)-.275 E(w:)-.275 E(Dynamic loading) +108 361.7 Q .398(is what)133 374.9 R F2(POSTGRES)3.148 E F1 .399 +(does to an object \214le.)3.149 F .399 +(The object \214le is copied into the running)5.899 F F2(POSTGRES)133 +388.1 Q F1(serv)3.051 E .301(er and the functions and v)-.165 F .3 +(ariables within the \214le are made a)-.275 F -.275(va)-.22 G(ilable) +.275 E 2.218(to the functions within the)133 401.3 R F2(POSTGRES)4.968 E +F1(process.)4.969 E F2(POSTGRES)7.719 E F1 2.219(does this using the) +4.969 F(dynamic loading mechanism pro)133 414.5 Q +(vided by the operating system.)-.165 E(Loading and link editing)108 +431.6 Q .438(is what you do to an object \214le in order to produce ano\ +ther kind of object \214le \(e.g.,)133 444.8 R .433(an e)133 458 R -.165 +(xe)-.165 G .433(cutable program or a shared library\).).165 F -1.21(Yo) +5.933 G 3.184(up)1.21 G .434(erform this using the link editing)-3.184 F +(program,)133 471.2 Q F4(ld)2.75 E F1(\(1\).)A(The follo)108 488.3 Q +(wing general restrictions and notes also apply to the discussion belo) +-.275 E -.715(w.)-.275 G 5.5<8350>113.5 505.4 S 1.132(aths gi)-5.665 F +-.165(ve)-.275 G 3.882(nt).165 G 3.882(ot)-3.882 G(he)-3.882 E/F6 11 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)3.882 E 1.131(eate function)-.198 F F1 1.131 +(command must be absolute paths \(i.e., start with)3.881 F .535(\231/\ +\232\) that refer to directories visible on the machine on which the) +122.85 518.6 R F2(POSTGRES)3.285 E F1(serv)3.285 E .535(er is)-.165 F +(running.)122.85 534 Q F5(12)-4.4 I F1 5.5<8354>113.5 547.2 S(he)-5.5 E +F2(POSTGRES)4.044 E F1 1.294(user must be able to tra)4.044 F -.165(ve) +-.22 G 1.294(rse the path gi).165 F -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.044(nt).165 G +4.043(ot)-4.044 G(he)-4.043 E F6(cr)4.043 E 1.293(eate function)-.198 F +F1 1.102(command and be able to read the object \214le.)122.85 560.4 R +1.102(This is because the)6.602 F F2(POSTGRES)3.852 E F1(serv)3.853 E +(er)-.165 E 2.562(runs as the)122.85 573.6 R F2(POSTGRES)5.311 E F1 +(user)5.311 E 5.311(,n)-.44 G 2.561 +(ot as the user who starts up the frontend process.)-5.311 F .32 LW 76 +583.2 72 583.2 DL 80 583.2 76 583.2 DL 84 583.2 80 583.2 DL 88 583.2 84 +583.2 DL 92 583.2 88 583.2 DL 96 583.2 92 583.2 DL 100 583.2 96 583.2 DL +104 583.2 100 583.2 DL 108 583.2 104 583.2 DL 112 583.2 108 583.2 DL 116 +583.2 112 583.2 DL 120 583.2 116 583.2 DL 124 583.2 120 583.2 DL 128 +583.2 124 583.2 DL 132 583.2 128 583.2 DL 136 583.2 132 583.2 DL 140 +583.2 136 583.2 DL 144 583.2 140 583.2 DL 148 583.2 144 583.2 DL 152 +583.2 148 583.2 DL 156 583.2 152 583.2 DL 160 583.2 156 583.2 DL 164 +583.2 160 583.2 DL 168 583.2 164 583.2 DL 172 583.2 168 583.2 DL 176 +583.2 172 583.2 DL 180 583.2 176 583.2 DL 184 583.2 180 583.2 DL 188 +583.2 184 583.2 DL 192 583.2 188 583.2 DL 196 583.2 192 583.2 DL 200 +583.2 196 583.2 DL 204 583.2 200 583.2 DL 208 583.2 204 583.2 DL 212 +583.2 208 583.2 DL 216 583.2 212 583.2 DL/F7 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(11)93.6 +593.6 Q F5 .445(The old)2.446 3.2 N/F8 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.445 +E F5 .445(dynamic loading mechanism required in-depth kno)2.445 F .445 +(wledge in terms of e)-.2 F -.12(xe)-.12 G .445 +(cutable format, placement and).12 F .174(alignment of e)72 606.4 R -.12 +(xe)-.12 G .174(cutable instructions within memory).12 F 2.174(,e)-.52 G +.174(tc. on the part of the person writing the dynamic loader)-2.174 F +4.174(.S)-.44 G .174(uch loaders tended to)-4.174 F .862(be slo)72 616 R +2.862(wa)-.2 G .862(nd b)-2.862 F(uggy)-.16 E 4.862(.A)-.52 G 2.862(so) +-4.862 G 2.862(fV)-2.862 G .862(ersion 4.2, the)-3.75 F F8(POSTGRES) +2.862 E F5 .862(dynamic loading mechanism has been re)2.862 F .861 +(written to use the dynamic loading)-.2 F .698(mechanism pro)72 625.6 R +.698(vided by the operating system.)-.12 F .699 +(This approach is generally f)4.698 F(aster)-.08 E 2.699(,m)-.32 G .699 +(ore reliable and more portable than our pre)-2.699 F(vious)-.2 E .181 +(dynamic loading mechanism.)72 635.2 R .18 +(The reason for this is that nearly all modern v)4.181 F .18(ersions of) +-.12 F F8(UNIX)2.18 E F5 .18(use a dynamic loading mechanism to im-)2.18 +F .648(plement shared libraries and must therefore pro)72 644.8 R .648 +(vide a f)-.12 F .648(ast and reliable mechanism.)-.08 F .648 +(On the other hand, the object \214le must be post-)4.648 F .433 +(processed a bit before it can be loaded into)72 654.4 R F8(POSTGRES) +2.433 E F5 4.433(.W)C 2.433(eh)-5.073 G .433(ope that the lar)-2.433 F +.432(ge increase in speed and reliability will mak)-.144 F 2.432(eu)-.08 +G 2.432(pf)-2.432 G .432(or the)-2.432 F(slight decrease in con)72 664 Q +-.12(ve)-.32 G(nience.).12 E F7(12)93.6 674.4 Q F5(Relati)2.257 3.2 M +.497 -.12(ve p)-.2 H .257(aths do in f).12 F .257(act w)-.08 F .257 +(ork, b)-.08 F .257(ut are relati)-.16 F .497 -.12(ve t)-.2 H 2.257(ot) +.12 G .257 +(he directory where the database resides \(which is generally in)-2.257 +F .256(visible to the)-.32 F .044(frontend application\).)72 687.2 R(Ob) +4.044 E(viously)-.12 E 2.044(,i)-.52 G 2.044(tm)-2.044 G(ak)-2.044 E +.044(es no sense to mak)-.08 F 2.044(et)-.08 G .044(he path relati) +-2.044 F .284 -.12(ve t)-.2 H 2.044(ot).12 G .044 +(he directory in which the user started the frontend ap-)-2.044 F +(plication, since the serv)72 696.8 Q +(er could be running on a completely dif)-.12 E(ferent machine!)-.2 E F6 +(82)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Page: 83 83 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.887(\(Making the \214le or a higher)122.85 +97.2 R(-le)-.22 E -.165(ve)-.275 G 4.637(ld).165 G 1.887 +(irectory unreadable and/or une)-4.637 F -.165(xe)-.165 G 1.887 +(cutable by the).165 F(\231postgres\232 user is an)122.85 110.4 Q/F1 11 +/Times-Italic@0 SF -.22(ex)2.75 G(tr).22 E(emely)-.407 E F0 +(common mistak)2.75 E(e.\))-.11 E 5.5<8353>113.5 123.6 S 1.373(ymbol na\ +mes de\214ned within object \214les must not con\215ict with each other\ + or with)-5.5 F(symbols de\214ned in)122.85 136.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 +SF(POSTGRES)2.75 E F0(.)A 5.5<8354>113.5 150 S .308 +(he GNU C compiler usually does not pro)-5.5 F .308 +(vide the special options that are required to)-.165 F 1.35 +(use the operating system')122.85 163.2 R 4.1(sd)-.605 G 1.349 +(ynamic loader interf)-4.1 F 4.099(ace. In)-.11 F 1.349 +(such cases, the C compiler)4.099 F +(that comes with the operating system must be used.)122.85 176.4 Q/F3 12 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(UL)72 202.6 Q(TRIX)-1.104 E F0 .024(It is v)108 219.7 R +.024(ery easy to b)-.165 F .025 +(uild dynamically-loaded object \214les under UL)-.22 F 2.775(TRIX. UL) +-1.012 F .025(TRIX does not)-1.012 F(ha)108 232.9 Q 2.587 -.165(ve a) +-.22 H 2.587 -.165(ny s).165 H 2.257 +(hared-library mechanism and hence does not place an).165 F 5.007(yr) +-.165 G 2.256(estrictions on the)-5.007 F .204(dynamic loader interf)108 +246.1 R 2.954(ace. On)-.11 F .205 +(the other hand, we had to \(re\)write a non-portable dynamic)2.955 F +(loader ourselv)108 259.3 Q(es and could not use true shared libraries.) +-.165 E 1.364(Under UL)108 276.4 R 1.363(TRIX, the only restriction is \ +that you must produce each object \214le with the)-1.012 F(option)108 +289.6 Q/F4 11/Courier@0 SF(-G 0)2.75 E F0 5.5(.\()C(Notice that that') +-5.5 E 2.75(st)-.605 G(he numeral `)-2.75 E(`)-.814 E F4(0)A F0 1.628 +-.814('' a)D(nd not the letter `).814 E(`)-.814 E F4(O)A F0 -.814('')C +2.75(\). F).814 F(or e)-.165 E(xample,)-.165 E/F5 10/Courier@0 SF 6(#s) +184 314.8 S(imple ULTRIX example)-6 E 6(%c)184 327 S 6(c-)-6 G 6(G0-)-6 +G 6(cf)-6 G(oo.c)-6 E F0 1.628(produces an object \214le called)108 +353.2 R F4(foo.o)4.378 E F0 1.628 +(that can then be dynamically loaded into)4.378 F F2(POST)4.379 E(-)-.92 +E(GRES)108 366.4 Q F0 5.5(.N)C 2.75(oa)-5.5 G +(dditional loading or link-editing must be performed.)-2.75 E F3 +(DEC OSF/1)72 392.6 Q F0 .797(Under DEC OSF/1, you can tak)108 409.7 R +3.547(ea)-.11 G 1.126 -.165(ny s)-3.547 H .796 +(imple object \214le and produce a shared object \214le).165 F .834 +(by running the)108 422.9 R F4(ld)3.584 E F0 .834(command o)3.584 F +-.165(ve)-.165 G 3.584(ri).165 G 3.584(tw)-3.584 G .835 +(ith the correct options.)-3.584 F .835(The commands to do this)6.335 F +(look lik)108 436.1 Q(e:)-.11 E F5 6(#s)184 461.3 S +(imple DEC OSF/1 example)-6 E 6(%c)184 473.5 S 6(c-)-6 G 6(cf)-6 G(oo.c) +-6 E 6(%l)184 485.7 S 6(d-)-6 G +(shared -expect_unresolved '*' -o foo.so foo.o)-6 E F0 .224 +(The resulting shared object \214le can then be loaded into)108 511.9 R +F2(POSTGRES)2.974 E F0 5.724(.W)C .224(hen specifying the)-5.724 F .062 +(object \214le name to the)108 525.1 R/F6 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)2.812 E +.062(eate function)-.198 F F0 .063(command, one must gi)2.812 F .393 +-.165(ve i)-.275 H 2.813(tt).165 G .063(he name of the shared)-2.813 F +.996(object \214le \(ending in)108 540.5 R F4(.so)3.746 E F0 3.746(\)r)C +.996(ather than the simple object \214le.)-3.746 F/F7 8/Times-Roman@0 SF +(13)-4.4 I F0 .996(If the \214le you specify is)3.746 4.4 N +(not a shared object, the back)108 553.7 Q(end will hang!)-.11 E F3 +(SunOS 4.x, Solaris 2.x and HP-UX)72 579.9 Q F0 .348(Under both SunOS 4\ +.x, Solaris 2.x and HP-UX, the simple object \214le must be created by) +108 597 R 1.225 +(compiling the source \214le with special compiler \215ags)108 610.2 R +F1(and)3.976 E F0 3.976(as)3.976 G 1.226(hared library must be pro-) +-3.976 F(duced.)108 623.4 Q .32 LW 76 633 72 633 DL 80 633 76 633 DL 84 +633 80 633 DL 88 633 84 633 DL 92 633 88 633 DL 96 633 92 633 DL 100 633 +96 633 DL 104 633 100 633 DL 108 633 104 633 DL 112 633 108 633 DL 116 +633 112 633 DL 120 633 116 633 DL 124 633 120 633 DL 128 633 124 633 DL +132 633 128 633 DL 136 633 132 633 DL 140 633 136 633 DL 144 633 140 633 +DL 148 633 144 633 DL 152 633 148 633 DL 156 633 152 633 DL 160 633 156 +633 DL 164 633 160 633 DL 168 633 164 633 DL 172 633 168 633 DL 176 633 +172 633 DL 180 633 176 633 DL 184 633 180 633 DL 188 633 184 633 DL 192 +633 188 633 DL 196 633 192 633 DL 200 633 196 633 DL 204 633 200 633 DL +208 633 204 633 DL 212 633 208 633 DL 216 633 212 633 DL/F8 5 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(13)93.6 643.4 Q F7(Actually)2.723 3.2 M(,)-.52 E/F9 7 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(POSTGRES)2.723 E F7 .723(does not care what you name \ +the \214le as long as it is a shared object \214le.)2.723 F .724 +(If you prefer to name your)4.724 F .041 +(shared object \214les with the e)72 656.2 R(xtension)-.12 E/F10 8 +/Courier@0 SF(.o)2.041 E F7 2.041(,t)C .041(his is \214ne with)-2.041 F +F9(POSTGRES)2.041 E F7 .041(so long as you mak)2.041 F 2.041(es)-.08 G +.04(ure that the correct \214le name is gi)-2.041 F -.12(ve)-.2 G 2.04 +(nt).12 G 2.04(ot)-2.04 G(he)-2.04 E/F11 8/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)72 665.8 Q +.331(eate function)-.144 F F7 2.331(command. In)2.331 F .331(other w) +2.331 F .331(ords, you must simply be consistent.)-.08 F(Ho)4.331 E(we) +-.2 E -.12(ve)-.2 G .971 -.32(r, f).12 H .332 +(rom a pragmatic point of vie).32 F 1.372 -.52(w, w)-.2 H 2.332(ed).52 G +(iscourage)-2.332 E .626 +(this practice because you will undoubtedly confuse yourself with re)72 +675.4 R -.04(ga)-.12 G .626(rds to which \214les ha).04 F .865 -.12 +(ve b)-.16 H .625(een made into shared object \214les and).12 F .557 +(which ha)72 685 R .797 -.12(ve n)-.16 H 2.557(ot. F).12 F .557(or e) +-.12 F .558(xample, it')-.12 F 2.558(sv)-.44 G .558(ery hard to write) +-2.678 F F10(Makefile)2.558 E F7 2.558(st)C 2.558(od)-2.558 G 2.558(ot) +-2.558 G .558 +(he link-editing automatically if both the object \214le and the)-2.558 +F(shared object \214le end in)72 694.6 Q F10(.o)2 E F7(!)A F6(83)282.5 +756 Q EP +%%Page: 84 84 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 11/Times-Roman@0 SF .671 +(The necessary steps with HP-UX are as follo)108 97.2 R 3.42(ws. The) +-.275 F/F1 11/Courier@0 SF(+z)3.42 E F0 .67 +(\215ag to the HP-UX C compiler)3.42 F 1.752 +(produces so-called \231Position Independent Code\232 \(PIC\) and the) +108 110.4 R F1(+u)4.502 E F0 1.752(\215ag remo)4.502 F -.165(ve)-.165 G +4.502(ss).165 G(ome)-4.502 E 1.207(alignment restrictions that the P)108 +123.6 R 1.207(A-RISC architecture normally enforces.)-1.012 F 1.206 +(The object \214le)6.706 F 1.607(must be turned into a shared library u\ +sing the HP-UX link editor with the)108 136.8 R F1(-b)4.357 E F0 +(option.)4.357 E .109(This sounds complicated b)108 150 R .109 +(ut is actually v)-.22 F .108 +(ery simple, since the commands to do it are just:)-.165 F/F2 10 +/Courier@0 SF 6(#s)184 175.2 S(imple HP-UX example)-6 E 6(%c)184 187.4 S +6(c+)-6 G 6(z+)-6 G 6(u-)-6 G 6(cf)-6 G(oo.c)-6 E 6(%l)184 199.6 S 6(d-) +-6 G 6(b-)-6 G 6(of)-6 G(oo.sl foo.o)-6 E F0 1.502(As with the)108 225.8 +R F1(.so)4.252 E F0 1.503(\214les mentioned in the last subsection, the) +4.253 F/F3 11/Times-Bold@0 SF(cr)4.253 E 1.503(eate function)-.198 F F0 +(command)4.253 E .378(must be told which \214le is the correct \214le t\ +o load \(i.e., you must gi)108 239 R .708 -.165(ve i)-.275 H 3.128(tt) +.165 G .378(he location of the)-3.128 F(shared library)108 252.2 Q 2.75 +(,o)-.715 G(r)-2.75 E F1(.sl)2.75 E F0(\214le\).)2.75 E +(Under SunOS 4.x, the commands look lik)108 269.3 Q(e:)-.11 E F2 6(#s) +184 294.5 S(imple SunOS 4.x example)-6 E 6(%c)184 306.7 S 6(c-)-6 G +(PIC -c foo.c)-6 E 6(%l)184 318.9 S 6(d-)-6 G +(dc -dp -Bdynamic -o foo.so foo.o)-6 E F0(and the equi)108 345.1 Q -.275 +(va)-.275 G(lent lines under Solaris 2.x are:).275 E F2 6(#s)184 370.3 S +(imple Solaris 2.x example)-6 E 6(%c)184 382.5 S 6(c-)-6 G 6(KP)-6 G +(IC -c foo.c)-6 E(or)220 394.7 Q 6(%g)184 406.9 S(cc -fPIC -c foo.c)-6 E +6(%l)184 419.1 S 6(d-)-6 G 6(G-)-6 G(Bdynamic -o foo.so foo.o)-6 E F0 +.827(When linking shared libraries, you may ha)108 445.3 R 1.157 -.165 +(ve t)-.22 H 3.577(os).165 G .827 +(pecify some additional shared libraries)-3.577 F(\(typically system li\ +braries, such as the C and math libraries\) on your)108 458.5 Q F1(ld) +2.75 E F0(command line.)2.75 E F3(84)282.5 756 Q EP +%%Trailer +end +%%EOF |