Faster expression evaluation and targetlist projection.

This replaces the old, recursive tree-walk based evaluation, with
non-recursive, opcode dispatch based, expression evaluation.
Projection is now implemented as part of expression evaluation.

This both leads to significant performance improvements, and makes
future just-in-time compilation of expressions easier.

The speed gains primarily come from:
- non-recursive implementation reduces stack usage / overhead
- simple sub-expressions are implemented with a single jump, without
  function calls
- sharing some state between different sub-expressions
- reduced amount of indirect/hard to predict memory accesses by laying
  out operation metadata sequentially; including the avoidance of
  nearly all of the previously used linked lists
- more code has been moved to expression initialization, avoiding
  constant re-checks at evaluation time

Future just-in-time compilation (JIT) has become easier, as
demonstrated by released patches intended to be merged in a later
release, for primarily two reasons: Firstly, due to a stricter split
between expression initialization and evaluation, less code has to be
handled by the JIT. Secondly, due to the non-recursive nature of the
generated "instructions", less performance-critical code-paths can
easily be shared between interpreted and compiled evaluation.

The new framework allows for significant future optimizations. E.g.:
- basic infrastructure for to later reduce the per executor-startup
  overhead of expression evaluation, by caching state in prepared
  statements.  That'd be helpful in OLTPish scenarios where
  initialization overhead is measurable.
- optimizing the generated "code". A number of proposals for potential
  work has already been made.
- optimizing the interpreter. Similarly a number of proposals have
  been made here too.

The move of logic into the expression initialization step leads to some
backward-incompatible changes:
- Function permission checks are now done during expression
  initialization, whereas previously they were done during
  execution. In edge cases this can lead to errors being raised that
  previously wouldn't have been, e.g. a NULL array being coerced to a
  different array type previously didn't perform checks.
- The set of domain constraints to be checked, is now evaluated once
  during expression initialization, previously it was re-built
  every time a domain check was evaluated. For normal queries this
  doesn't change much, but e.g. for plpgsql functions, which caches
  ExprStates, the old set could stick around longer.  The behavior
  around might still change.

Author: Andres Freund, with significant changes by Tom Lane,
	changes by Heikki Linnakangas
Reviewed-By: Tom Lane, Heikki Linnakangas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20161206034955.bh33paeralxbtluv@alap3.anarazel.de

1 files changed, 18 insertions, 21 deletions

diff --git a/src/backend/executor/execMain.c b/src/backend/executor/execMain.c
index c28cf9c8eab..f2995f2e7ba 100644
--- a/src/backend/executor/execMain.c
+++ b/src/backend/executor/execMain.c
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@ ExecCheckRTEPerms(RangeTblEntry *rte)
 
 	/*
 	 * Only plain-relation RTEs need to be checked here.  Function RTEs are
-	 * checked by init_fcache when the function is prepared for execution.
-	 * Join, subquery, and special RTEs need no checks.
+	 * checked when the function is prepared for execution.  Join, subquery,
+	 * and special RTEs need no checks.
 	 */
 	if (rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
 		return true;
@@ -1275,8 +1275,8 @@ InitResultRelInfo(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
 
 		resultRelInfo->ri_TrigFunctions = (FmgrInfo *)
 			palloc0(n * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
-		resultRelInfo->ri_TrigWhenExprs = (List **)
-			palloc0(n * sizeof(List *));
+		resultRelInfo->ri_TrigWhenExprs = (ExprState **)
+			palloc0(n * sizeof(ExprState *));
 		if (instrument_options)
 			resultRelInfo->ri_TrigInstrument = InstrAlloc(n, instrument_options);
 	}
@@ -1723,7 +1723,6 @@ ExecRelCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
 	ConstrCheck *check = rel->rd_att->constr->check;
 	ExprContext *econtext;
 	MemoryContext oldContext;
-	List	   *qual;
 	int			i;
 
 	/*
@@ -1735,13 +1734,14 @@ ExecRelCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
 	{
 		oldContext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);
 		resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs =
-			(List **) palloc(ncheck * sizeof(List *));
+			(ExprState **) palloc(ncheck * sizeof(ExprState *));
 		for (i = 0; i < ncheck; i++)
 		{
-			/* ExecQual wants implicit-AND form */
-			qual = make_ands_implicit(stringToNode(check[i].ccbin));
-			resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs[i] = (List *)
-				ExecPrepareExpr((Expr *) qual, estate);
+			Expr	   *checkconstr;
+
+			checkconstr = stringToNode(check[i].ccbin);
+			resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs[i] =
+				ExecPrepareExpr(checkconstr, estate);
 		}
 		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldContext);
 	}
@@ -1758,14 +1758,14 @@ ExecRelCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
 	/* And evaluate the constraints */
 	for (i = 0; i < ncheck; i++)
 	{
-		qual = resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs[i];
+		ExprState  *checkconstr = resultRelInfo->ri_ConstraintExprs[i];
 
 		/*
 		 * NOTE: SQL specifies that a NULL result from a constraint expression
-		 * is not to be treated as a failure.  Therefore, tell ExecQual to
-		 * return TRUE for NULL.
+		 * is not to be treated as a failure.  Therefore, use ExecCheck not
+		 * ExecQual.
 		 */
-		if (!ExecQual(qual, econtext, true))
+		if (!ExecCheck(checkconstr, econtext))
 			return check[i].ccname;
 	}
 
@@ -1793,8 +1793,7 @@ ExecPartitionCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo, TupleTableSlot *slot,
 	{
 		List	   *qual = resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheck;
 
-		resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr = (List *)
-			ExecPrepareExpr((Expr *) qual, estate);
+		resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr = ExecPrepareCheck(qual, estate);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1810,7 +1809,7 @@ ExecPartitionCheck(ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo, TupleTableSlot *slot,
 	 * As in case of the catalogued constraints, we treat a NULL result as
 	 * success here, not a failure.
 	 */
-	return ExecQual(resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr, econtext, true);
+	return ExecCheck(resultRelInfo->ri_PartitionCheckExpr, econtext);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1990,11 +1989,9 @@ ExecWithCheckOptions(WCOKind kind, ResultRelInfo *resultRelInfo,
 		 * is visible (in the case of a view) or that it passes the
 		 * 'with-check' policy (in the case of row security). If the qual
 		 * evaluates to NULL or FALSE, then the new tuple won't be included in
-		 * the view or doesn't pass the 'with-check' policy for the table.  We
-		 * need ExecQual to return FALSE for NULL to handle the view case (the
-		 * opposite of what we do above for CHECK constraints).
+		 * the view or doesn't pass the 'with-check' policy for the table.
 		 */
-		if (!ExecQual((List *) wcoExpr, econtext, false))
+		if (!ExecQual(wcoExpr, econtext))
 		{
 			char	   *val_desc;
 			Bitmapset  *modifiedCols;