Add support for MERGE SQL command

MERGE performs actions that modify rows in the target table using a
source table or query. MERGE provides a single SQL statement that can
conditionally INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE rows -- a task that would otherwise
require multiple PL statements.  For example,

MERGE INTO target AS t
USING source AS s
ON t.tid = s.sid
WHEN MATCHED AND t.balance > s.delta THEN
  UPDATE SET balance = t.balance - s.delta
WHEN MATCHED THEN
  DELETE
WHEN NOT MATCHED AND s.delta > 0 THEN
  INSERT VALUES (s.sid, s.delta)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
  DO NOTHING;

MERGE works with regular tables, partitioned tables and inheritance
hierarchies, including column and row security enforcement, as well as
support for row and statement triggers and transition tables therein.

MERGE is optimized for OLTP and is parameterizable, though also useful
for large scale ETL/ELT. MERGE is not intended to be used in preference
to existing single SQL commands for INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE since there
is some overhead.  MERGE can be used from PL/pgSQL.

MERGE does not support targetting updatable views or foreign tables, and
RETURNING clauses are not allowed either.  These limitations are likely
fixable with sufficient effort.  Rewrite rules are also not supported,
but it's not clear that we'd want to support them.

Author: Pavan Deolasee <pavan.deolasee@gmail.com>
Author: Álvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Author: Amit Langote <amitlangote09@gmail.com>
Author: Simon Riggs <simon.riggs@enterprisedb.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut <peter.eisentraut@enterprisedb.com>
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de> (earlier versions)
Reviewed-by: Peter Geoghegan <pg@bowt.ie> (earlier versions)
Reviewed-by: Robert Haas <robertmhaas@gmail.com> (earlier versions)
Reviewed-by: Japin Li <japinli@hotmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Justin Pryzby <pryzby@telsasoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Tomas Vondra <tomas.vondra@enterprisedb.com>
Reviewed-by: Zhihong Yu <zyu@yugabyte.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CANP8+jKitBSrB7oTgT9CY2i1ObfOt36z0XMraQc+Xrz8QB0nXA@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkJdBuxj9PO=2QaO9-3h3xGbQPZ34kJH=HukRekwM-GZg@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20201231134736.GA25392@alvherre.pgsql

2 files changed, 62 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/contrib/test_decoding/expected/ddl.out b/contrib/test_decoding/expected/ddl.out
index 8bb52b559f1..1e37c8c8979 100644
--- a/contrib/test_decoding/expected/ddl.out
+++ b/contrib/test_decoding/expected/ddl.out
@@ -192,6 +192,52 @@ SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL, 'inc
  COMMIT
 (33 rows)
 
+-- MERGE support
+BEGIN;
+MERGE INTO replication_example t
+	USING (SELECT i as id, i as data, i as num FROM generate_series(-20, 5) i) s
+	ON t.id = s.id
+	WHEN MATCHED AND t.id < 0 THEN
+		UPDATE SET somenum = somenum + 1
+	WHEN MATCHED AND t.id >= 0 THEN
+		DELETE
+	WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
+		INSERT VALUES (s.*);
+COMMIT;
+/* display results */
+SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1');
+                                                                       data                                                                       
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ BEGIN
+ table public.replication_example: INSERT: id[integer]:-20 somedata[integer]:-20 somenum[integer]:-20 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: INSERT: id[integer]:-19 somedata[integer]:-19 somenum[integer]:-19 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: INSERT: id[integer]:-18 somedata[integer]:-18 somenum[integer]:-18 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: INSERT: id[integer]:-17 somedata[integer]:-17 somenum[integer]:-17 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: INSERT: id[integer]:-16 somedata[integer]:-16 somenum[integer]:-16 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-15 somedata[integer]:-15 somenum[integer]:-14 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-14 somedata[integer]:-14 somenum[integer]:-13 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-13 somedata[integer]:-13 somenum[integer]:-12 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-12 somedata[integer]:-12 somenum[integer]:-11 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-11 somedata[integer]:-11 somenum[integer]:-10 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-10 somedata[integer]:-10 somenum[integer]:-9 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-9 somedata[integer]:-9 somenum[integer]:-8 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-8 somedata[integer]:-8 somenum[integer]:-7 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-7 somedata[integer]:-7 somenum[integer]:-6 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-6 somedata[integer]:-6 somenum[integer]:-5 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-5 somedata[integer]:-5 somenum[integer]:-4 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-4 somedata[integer]:-4 somenum[integer]:-3 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-3 somedata[integer]:-3 somenum[integer]:-2 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-2 somedata[integer]:-2 somenum[integer]:-1 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: UPDATE: id[integer]:-1 somedata[integer]:-1 somenum[integer]:0 zaphod1[integer]:null zaphod2[integer]:null
+ table public.replication_example: DELETE: id[integer]:0
+ table public.replication_example: DELETE: id[integer]:1
+ table public.replication_example: DELETE: id[integer]:2
+ table public.replication_example: DELETE: id[integer]:3
+ table public.replication_example: DELETE: id[integer]:4
+ table public.replication_example: DELETE: id[integer]:5
+ COMMIT
+(28 rows)
+
 CREATE TABLE tr_unique(id2 serial unique NOT NULL, data int);
 INSERT INTO tr_unique(data) VALUES(10);
 ALTER TABLE tr_unique RENAME TO tr_pkey;
diff --git a/contrib/test_decoding/sql/ddl.sql b/contrib/test_decoding/sql/ddl.sql
index ea406b13032..807bc56a451 100644
--- a/contrib/test_decoding/sql/ddl.sql
+++ b/contrib/test_decoding/sql/ddl.sql
@@ -93,6 +93,22 @@ COMMIT;
 /* display results */
 SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1', 'include-sequences', '0');
 
+-- MERGE support
+BEGIN;
+MERGE INTO replication_example t
+	USING (SELECT i as id, i as data, i as num FROM generate_series(-20, 5) i) s
+	ON t.id = s.id
+	WHEN MATCHED AND t.id < 0 THEN
+		UPDATE SET somenum = somenum + 1
+	WHEN MATCHED AND t.id >= 0 THEN
+		DELETE
+	WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
+		INSERT VALUES (s.*);
+COMMIT;
+
+/* display results */
+SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('regression_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1');
+
 CREATE TABLE tr_unique(id2 serial unique NOT NULL, data int);
 INSERT INTO tr_unique(data) VALUES(10);
 ALTER TABLE tr_unique RENAME TO tr_pkey;